Medicinal plants are commonly used for traditional medicine and are increasingly cultivated. However, they can be affected by various insects, mites, nematodes, bacteria, fungi and viruses. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) uses cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical control methods to manage pests in a way that minimizes risks to human health and the environment. Good Agricultural Practices provide guidelines for the cultivation, harvesting, processing, packaging, storage, and transportation of medicinal plants to ensure quality and safety.

2. Insects annd Diseases of MAP;s
Through Good Agriculture Practices
Former .
Director General
Agriculture
Extension KPK Province
Allahdad52@gmail.com
03329221298
Mr Allah dad Khan

3. Medicinal Plants
 Medicinal plants and herbs are used (or have
been) by nearly all cultures to prevent or treat
illness. The World Health Organization estimates
that in many African and Asian countries, nearly
80 percent of the population depends on herbal
medicine as the primary source of care.

4. Pests of MAP.s
 Medicinal plants are attacked regularly by insects,
mites, nematodes, bacteria, fungi and viruses.
Leaf and seed extracts in water (5–10%), seed
cakes (250 kg ha−1), crude oils (0.5–3%) or
essential oils (3000 ppm) have been effectively
used to control inter alia, the sap sucking pests,
foliar diseases and root-knot nematodes.
 Medicinal plants now a days are being cultivated
in the fields to meet the increasing demand for
pharmaceutical industries. Like any other plants,
medicinal plants too have to bear the devastating
attacks of injurious insect pests.

5. Insects of MAP’s
Aphids - Aphids love the tender new leaves of herbs and, in
large numbers, may cause curling of the foliage. The
resulting honeydew secretion may promote sooty mold as
well as attract ants. Aphids are most commonly found
among crowded and rapidly growing herbs. Horticultural
soaps and neem oil may aid in exterminating these pests
Control
 1 bulb of garlic
1 small onion
1 tablespoon cayenne (red) pepper
2 tablespoons liquid soap
1 quart water
Spray bottle

6. Whiteflies
 Whiteflies will also appear on the underside of the
leaves. When infested plants are disturbed, great
clouds of the winged adults fly into the air. Both
nymphs and adults damage plants by sucking the
juices from new growth causing stunted growth, leaf
yellowing and reduced yields. Plants become weak
and susceptible to disease. Like aphids, whiteflies
secrete honeydew, so leaves maybe sticky or covered
with a black sooty mold. They are also responsible for
transmitting several plant viruses.

7. White Fly Control
 the Bug Blaster to hose off plants with a strong stream of water and reduce pest
numbers. Natural predators of this pest include ladybugs and lacewing larvae,
which feed on their eggs aYellow stictrapky s are helpful for monitoring and
suppressing adult populations. If found,. Insecticidal soap, neem oil and botanical
insecticides can be used to spot treat heavily infuse nd the whitefly
parasite which destroys nymphs and pupae. For best results, make releases
when pest levels are low to medium. If populations are high, use a least-
toxic, short-lived organic pesticide to establish control, then release predatory
insects to maintain controlested areas if population become intolerable.

8. Leafhoppers
 Leafhoppers rarely do much damage but do feed on basil, oregano,
and parsley.
 They are small, brightly colored insects that often feed on the
stems and undersides of leaves for their sap, causing a mottled
look. They can move very quickly when disturbed, making
control difficult.

9. Control of Leaf Hopper
 Some damage is tolerable, but when infestations
are severe, apply dormant oil sprays to kill adults
over-wintering on fruit trees.
Wash nymphs from plants with a strong spray of
water.
Nymphs can also be controlled with insecticidal
soap. Thorough coverage of both upper and
lower infested leaves is necessary for effective
control. Coverage of the fruit is of secondary
importance. If pest levels become intolerable,
spot treat with botanical insecticides as a last

10. Leaf miners
Leaf miners will also attack succulent basil, leaving
tunneling trails between the upper and lower leaf

11.  Parsley worms – Black
swallowtail caterpillars morph into spectacular
butterflies. Hence, many gardeners refrain from
eliminating them and simply plant plenty of the
parsley, dill and fennel these guy love to munch
on

12.  Flea beetles – Yet another pest, the flea beetle is
just that again, chewing pinprick holes in the
leaves of herbs but sustaining no serious
damage.

13. Diseases of MAP’s
 Very few herbs (mints and lemon grass) thrive in wet
soil. Waterlogged soils encourage fungal diseases
such as fusarium root rot. Symptoms appear as
brown streaks on the herb stems with an end result
often of the general collapse of the plant.
 Rust plagues many members of the mint family and
presents itself as rusty orange lesions on the
underside of the leaves.
 Defenses against diseases of herbs are proper
growing conditions, sanitation, removal of weak or
otherwise infested foliage and regular pruning. Raised
beds will foster good drainage and watering in the
morning to give the herb plenty of time to dry out will
also retard the spread of fungal spores which could
result in disease.

14. GoodAgriculturePractices
Guidelines for Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) of
Medicinal Plants
Principles and Guidelines for Good Agricultural Practice
(GAP)
1 Seeds and propagation material -Parent material used in
organic production has to be certified as authentically organic.
2. Cultivation -Depending on the method of cultivation e.g.
conventional or organic, growers should be allowed to follow
different »Standard Operating Procedures« for cultivation (to
be
elaborated).
3. Soil and Fertilization -Medicinal and aromatic plants should
not be grown in soils that are contaminated by sludge.It should
therefore be endeavoured to apply the use of chemical
products with as minimum negative effect as possible.
4. Irrigation -Irrigation should be minimized as much as
possible and only be applied according to the needs of the
plant.

15. GoodAgriculturePracticescontd
5. Tillage should be adapted to the growth and
requirements of plants.
6. Pesticide and herbicide application shoud be
avoided as far as possible.
7. Harvest- Harvesting should take place when the
plants are of best possible quality, according to their
different utilizations.
8. Primary processing -Primary processing after
harvest includes such processing steps as washing,
freezing, distilling, drying, etc. All these processes,
whether for food or medicinal use

16. Good Agriculture Practices
9.Packaging – packaged in new, clean and dry
sacks, bags or chests. The label must be clear,
permanently fixed and be made of non-toxic
material. Information must conform with the
national labelling regulations
10.Storage and Transport -Fresh products
(except basil) should be stored between 1°C and
5°C while frozen products should be stored
below –18°C (or below –20°C for longer term
storage).
11. Personnel and Facilities -Personnel should
receive adequate botanical education before
performing tasks that require this knowledge.

17. Good Agriculture Practices Contd
12. . Documentation -All parent materials and processing steps,
including the location of cultivation, have to be documented.
Field records showing previous cropping and used inputs
should be maintained by all growers.
13. Education -It is highly advisable to educate all personnel
dealing with the crop or those engaged in the management of
production, in production techniques as well as the appropriate
use of herbicides and pesticides.
14. Quality Guarantee -Consultation between producers and
buyers of medicinal and aromatic plants, with regard to quality
questions, e.g. active principles and other characteristic
ingredients.

18. Good Agriculture Practices Contd
 15. Personnel and Facilities
 Personnel should receive adequate botanical education before performing tasks that require
this knowledge.
 16. . Documentation
 All parent materials and processing steps, including the location of cultivation, have to be
documented. Field records showing previous cropping and used inputs should be maintained
by all growers.
 17. Education
 It is highly advisable to educate all personnel dealing with the crop or those engaged in the
management of production, in production techniques as well as the appropriate use of
herbicides and pesticides.

 18. Quality Guarantee
 Consultation between producers and buyers of medicinal and aromatic plants, with regard to
quality questions, e.g. active principles and other characteristic ingredients, optical and
sensoric properties, limited germ numbers, plant protection chemical residues and heavy
metals, must be based on nternationally recognized or national specifications and should be
laid down in written form.

19. Integrated Pest Management
(IPM)

20. Reasons for IPM
 Chemical pesticides
can impact the
human health and
ecosystems
 Example: DDT, a
pesticide, can
accumulate in the
fatty tissue of
animals and affect
bird reproduction

21. Reasons for IPM Insects can
become resistant
to chemical
pesticides
 Approximately 500
species of insects
are resistant to
one or more
pesticides

22. Insect Control
Cultural
Mechanical
Biological
Beneficial
Chemical

23. Cultural Control
 Soil Preparation
 Plant selection
 Rotation
 Planting dates
 Interplantings
 Trap crops

24. Healthy soil encourages healthy,
unstressed plants. Proper pH
and fertilization are important.
Uncomposted organic matter
can encourage pests.
Soil Preparation

25. Plant Selection
Use disease- and insect free-
plants. Buy plants from reputable
sources and choose resistant
cultivars when possible.

26. Rotation
Planting similar crops
in successive years
tends to increase
pest problems.

27. Planting Dates
Some pests can be avoided by
planting a crop before a pest moves
into the area.
Some root rot and germination
problems can be avoided by later
plantings.

28. Interplantings
Avoid placing all plants of one
kind together. Alternate groups
of different plants within rows
or patches.

29. Trap Crops
Plant a crop that is more
attractive to a pest than
the one you intend to grow.
Then treat the pest on the
infested decoy plants.

30. Mechanical Control
Handpicking
Traps
Barriers
Pruning

31. Handpicking
Inspect plants for egg clusters,
beetles, caterpillars, or other pests.
Squash them or drop them in sudsy
water.

32. Traps
Insect traps can be useful
for detection and sometimes
management. There are many
kinds. Be sure that you are
not attracting more pests into
an area.

33. Barriers
Mechanical barriers such as
collars, cages, netting, or
sticky barriers can be very
effective against specific pests.

34. Pruning
& Raking
Some pests can be controlled
by pruning out infected twigs or
raking fallen twigs or leaves
in which the insects overwinter.

35. Biological Control
Biological control uses predators,
parasites, or disease organisms
to attack unwanted pests.

36. Use of Biological Pest and Disease Control
. They may be microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, virus or bigger life forms like
insects, worms, reptiles, mammal and birds. You can learn to increase the beneficial
insects, microorganisms and other animal and plant life in your farms to counter pests
and diseases harming your crops. Let us protect and increase these beneficial enemies
of pests.

37. Beneficials
Beneficial organisms such
as lady beetles, lacewings,
wasps, and syrphid flies,
can be protected, encouraged,
or introduced in the garden.

38. Chemical Control
Botanicals
Soaps
Horticultural Oils
Synthetic Insecticides
Biologicals

39. Botanicals
Botanical insecticides are naturally
occurring chemicals extracted from
plants. Some examples are nicotine, neem
rotenone, and pyrethrum.

40. Soaps
Commercial insecticidal soaps work well
against soft bodied insects. They do less
damage against the parasites and predator
of some pests.

41. Horticultural Oils
These oils work best on soft-bodied
insects and disrupt metabolism. They have
low toxicity to humans. Be sure to read
the label to use them correctly.

42. Synthetic Chemicals
These are chemicals made in a
laboratory. Some kill insects by
contact, some through ingestion,
and some through inhalation.
Always follow label instructions
with all pesticides.

43. Biologicals
Biological insecticides use
other living organisms to
attack pests. It is similar to giving them
a disease. Examples are the bacterial
insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.)
and parasitic nematodes.

44. The biologicalagents
 Predators such as ladybird beetle, spiders,
dragonflies and mites.
 Parasites such as Trichogramma, Braconids
 Pathogens such as bacteria and fungi which
cause diseases to pest.

45. SOME ENENIES OF INSECT PESTS
1. Trichogramma
2. Braconid
3. Pirate bug
4. Spiders
5. Praying Manthis
6. Birds
7. Frogs etc.

47. Types of Biopesticides
 Microbial pesticides consist of a microorganism (e.g., a bacterium, fungus, virus,
or protozoan) as the active ingredient. Microbial pesticides can control many
different kinds of pests, although each separate active ingredient is relatively
specific for its target pest[s]. For example, there are fungi that control certain
weeds, and other fungi that kill specific insects. Example BT
 Biochemical pesticides are naturally occurring substances that control pests by
non-toxic mechanisms. Conventional pesticides, by contrast, are generally
synthetic materials that directly kill or inactivate the pest. Biochemical pesticides
include substances, such as insect sex pheromones
 Plant pesticides are pesticidal substances that plants produce from genetic
material that has been added to the plant. For example, scientists can take the
gene for the Bt pesticidal protein and introduce the gene into the plant's own
genetic material

48. Used of Organic Pest and Disease Control
Herbal preparations to control pest and diseases can easily be made by
farmers themselves since we have abundant plants in the country that
are suitable ingredient.

49. Here is a short list of plants that can be effective against a wide range of insect
pest.
1. GOAT WEED (Aegaratum conisoides) Leaves
2. DAMONG MARIA (Artemesia vulgaris) Leaves mango tip borer.
3. LANTANA (Lantana camara) Flowers
4. DITA (Derris philippinensis) Roots
5. WILD SUNFLOWER (Tethornia diversifolia) Leaves
6. MARIGOLD (Targetes erecta) Roots
7. BLACK PEPPER (Piper nigrum) Fruits
8. HOT PEPPER (Capscium frutesens) Fruit
9. CUSTARD (Annona aquamosa) Seeds
10. NEEM (Azadiracta indica) Seeds
11. Tobacco Leaves
12. GARLIC (Allium sativum) Cloves
13. AMARANTH (Amaranthus gracilis) Leaves
14. PAPAYA (Carica papaya) Leaves
15. GINGER (Zingiber officianale) Rhizome
16. RED ONION (Allium sepa) Bulb

50. Integrated Weed Management
Certain weeds are difficult to remove or control, like
grasses. Planting vines and crawling crops like sweet
potato and cover crops will help suppress weeds.

51. Integrated Nutrient Management
 inm

52. Integrated FarmManagement
 Integrated Farm Management (IFM) involves:
 a commitment to good husbandry and animal welfare
 efficient soil management and appropriate cultivation
 techniques the use of crop rotations minimum reliance on crop protection
chemicals and fertilisers
 careful choice of seed varieties maintenance of the landscape and rural
communities enhancement of wildlife habitats a commitment to team spirit
based on communication, training and involvement.

53. CONCLUSION
We can now grow our crops, following the natural law and adopt
Natural Organic and Biological Farming Systems that are self
sustaining, production cost reduction, and healthful organic food
crops that are very much in demand in the domestic and export
market today.