Gagne's theory of instruction outlines 9 events of instruction: 1) gaining attention 2) informing learners of objectives 3) stimulating recall of prior learning 4) presenting the stimulus 5) providing learner guidance 6) eliciting performance 7) giving feedback 8) assessing performance and 9) enhancing retention and transfer. Each event corresponds to an internal mental process and is designed to facilitate different types of learning outcomes. The theory also identifies 5 types of learning and emphasizes that instruction should be tailored based on the specific learning goals.

1. 9 GAGNE’S EVENTS
Marta Fondo García

2. Gagne's most essential ingredients of teaching are:
• Presenting the knowledge or demonstrating the skill
• Providing practice with feedback
• Providing learner guidance
In this theory five major types of learning levels are identified:
1. Verbal information
2. Intellectual skills
3. Cognitive strategies
4. Motor skills
5. Attitudes

3. Gagne also contends that learning tasks for intellectual skills
can be organized in a hierarchy according to complexity:
1. Response generation
2. Stimulus recognition
3. Procedure following
4. Use of terminology
5. Discriminations
6. Concept formation
7. Rule application
8. Problem solving

4. Principles
 Different instruction is required for different learning outcomes.
 Events of learning operate on the learner in ways that constitute
the conditions of learning.
 The specific operations that constitute instructional events are
different for each different type of learning outcome.
 Learning hierarchies define what intellectual skills are to be
learned and a sequence of instruction.

5. Instructional Event Internal Mental Process
1. Gain attention: Stimulus activates receptors - reception
2. Inform learners of objectives: Creates level of expectation for learning - expectancy
3. Stimulate recall of prior learning: Retrieval and activation of short-term memory - retrieval
4. Present the stimulus (content): Selective perception of content - selective perception
5. Provide "learning guidance": Semantic encoding for storage long-term memory - semantic
encoding
6. Elicit performance (practice): Responds to questions to enhance encoding and verification
- responding
7. Provide feedback: Reinforcement and assessment of correct performance - reinforcement
8. Assess performance: Retrieval and reinforcement of content as final valuation - retrieval
9. Enhance retention and transfer to the job: Retrieval and generalization of learned skill to
new situation - generalization
Detailed…

6. 1.Gaining Attention - reception
Giving background information creates validity.
The use of multimedia grabs the audience’s attention.
Asking questions in the beginning creates an interactive atmosphere
Example: show a variety of computer generated triangles
2.Informing the Learner of the Objective - expectancy
Make learners aware of what to expect so that they are aware and
prepared to receive information.
Example: pose question: "What is an equilateral triangle?"
3.Stimulating Recall of Prior Learning - retrieval
When learning something new, accessing prior knowledge is a major factor
in the process of acquiring new information.
Example: review definitions of triangles

7. 4.Presenting the Stimulus - selective perception
Present the content. The goal is information acquisition.
Example: give definition of equilateral triangle
5.Providing Learner Guidance - semantic encoding
Presentation of content is different from instructions on how to learn.
Use of different channel
Example: show example of how to create equilateral
6.Eliciting Performance - responding
Requiring the learner to produce based on what has been taught
enables the learner to confirm their learning.
Example: ask students to create 5 different examples

8. 7. Giving Feedback - semantic encoding
Regular feedback enhances learning.
Example: check all examples as correct/incorrect
8. Assessing Performance - retrieval
Independent practice forces students to use what they learned and apply
it. Assessing such gives instructors a means of testing student learning
outcomes.
Example: provide scores and remediation
9. Enhancing Retention and Transfer - generalization
Applying learning in real-life situations is a step towards Mastery Learning.
Example: show pictures of objects and ask students to identify equilateral triangles.