The document discusses microprocessors, microcontrollers, and embedded systems. It provides details on the 8085 microprocessor architecture including its functional units like the accumulator, ALU, registers, program counter, and flag register. It also discusses the differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers, noting that microcontrollers have CPU, memory and I/O components integrated on a single chip. Embedded systems are defined as electronic systems that include a microcontroller to perform dedicated tasks by interacting with other hardware components. Examples of embedded systems like home appliances and medical devices are provided.

1. National Institute of Electronics &
Information Technology, Gorakhpur
Deepam Dubey
(Scientist-B)
An Autonomous Scientific Society under
Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India
“4 Weeks Summer Training Programme”

2. Agenda of our discussion:
 Microprocessor
 Microcontroller
 Embedded Systems
2

3. Microprocessor
3
• Single chip computer.
• CPU contains
 ALU.
 Set of register.
 Timing & control units.
• For a complete micro computer one must add memory &
peripheral devices

4. Microprocessor
4
 It is an Integrated Circuit that contains all the functions of a
central processing unit of a computer.
 A microprocessor, sometimes called a logic chip, is a
computer processor on a microchip.
 The microprocessor contains all, or most of, the central
processing unit (CPU) functions and is the "engine" that goes
into motion when you turn your computer on. A
microprocessor is designed to perform arithmetic and logic
operations that make use of small number-holding areas
called registers.

5. Microprocessor (8085 Architecture)
5

6. Microprocessor (8085 Architecture)
6
 8085 microprocessor is an 8-bit microprocessor designed
by Intel in 1977 using NMOS technology.
 It has the following configuration −
 8-bit data bus
 16-bit address bus, which can address up-to 64KB
 A 16-bit program counter
 A 16-bit stack pointer
 Six 8-bit registers arranged in pairs: BC, DE, HL
 Requires +5V supply to operate at 3.2 MHZ single phase
clock

7. Microprocessor (8085 Functional units)
7
Accumulator
 It is an 8-bit register used to perform arithmetic, logical, I/O
& LOAD/STORE operations.
 It is connected to internal data bus & ALU.
Arithmetic and logic unit
 As the name suggests, it performs arithmetic and logical
operations like Addition, Subtraction, AND, OR, etc. on 8-bit
data.
General purpose register
 There are 6 general purpose registers in 8085 processor, i.e.
B, C, D, E, H & L. Each register can hold 8-bit data.
 These registers can work in pair to hold 16-bit data and
their pairing combination is like B-C, D-E & H-L.

8. Microprocessor (8085 Functional units)
8
Program counter:
 It is a 16-bit register used to store the memory address
location of the next instruction to be executed.
 Microprocessor increments the program whenever an
instruction is being executed, so that the program counter
points to the memory address of the next instruction that is
going to be executed.
Stack pointer:
 It is also a 16-bit register works like stack, which is always
incremented/decremented by 2 during push & pop
operations.
Temporary register
 It is an 8-bit register, which holds the temporary data of
arithmetic and logical operations.

9. Microprocessor (8085 Functional units)
9
Flag register
 It is an 8-bit register having five 1-bit flip-flops, which holds
either 0 or 1 depending upon the result stored in the
accumulator.
 These are the set of 5 flip-flops −
 Sign (S)
 Zero (Z)
 Auxiliary Carry (AC)
 Parity (P)
 Carry (C)

10. Microprocessor (8085 Pin Diagram)
10

11. Microcontroller
11
 A microcontroller is a small and low-cost microcomputer,
which is designed to perform the specific tasks of embedded
systems.
 Ex: Washing Machine System, Receiving Remote Signals, etc.
 The general microcontroller consists of the processor, the
memory (RAM, ROM, EPROM), Serial ports, peripherals
(timers, counters), etc.

12. Microcontroller (Architecture)
12

13. Microprocessor Microcontroller
CPU is stand alone, RAM,ROM, I/O & timer
are separate.
CPU, RAM,ROM, I/O & timer all are on single
chip.
Designer can decide amount of RAM,ROM,
& I/O ports.
Fixed amount of on-chip RAM,ROM, & I/O
ports.
High processing power Low processing power
High power consumption Low power consumption
Typically: 4/8/16/32/64 bit 8/16 bit
General purpose Single purpose(control oriented)
Less reliable Highly reliable
Eg.- 8086, 8085 8051
Microprocessor vs Microcontroller:
13

14. Microcontroller: Case Study
14
 A system is supposed to be designed with following intended
function.
 It should count the number of foot fall in a shopping complex.
 The system is to be installed at the Entrance Gate.
 The system must be reliable for at-least 10 years.
 How will you design the system?

15. Microcontroller (Pin Diagram)
15

16. Embedded Systems:
16
It is a Computer but
 Combination of software and hardware
 Reliable
 Preprogrammed
 Specific task

17. Embedded Systems:
17
• Computer (Programmable part) surrounded by
other sub-systems, sensors and actuators.
• Computer a (small) part of a larger system.
• The computer is called a micro-controller

18. Embedded Systems:
18
 Embedded Systems or Electronics systems that
include an application Specific Integrated Circuit
or a Microcontroller to perform a specific
dedicated application.
 Embedded System is pre-programmed to do a
specific function while a general purpose system
could be used to run any program of your choice.
 Further, the Embedded Processor Is only one of
the component of the electronic system of which
it is the part. It is cooperating with the rest of the
components to achieve the overall function.

19. Embedded Systems: (Why?)
19
 Processors have shrunk in size with increased
performance.
 Power consumption has drastically reduced.
 Cost of processors have come down to affordable
level.
 There is a greater awareness now that rather
than a totally hardwired electronic system,
incorporation of a programmable processor in a
circuit makes the design more robust with the
reduction in the design time cycle.

20. Embedded Systems: (Examples)
20

21. Embedded Systems: (Examples)
21

22. Embedded Systems: (Typical Setup)
22

23. Thank You
23