This document provides an overview of microprocessors and their applications. It consists of 5 units: (1) introduction to microcomputers and microprocessor architecture, (2) assembly language programming, (3) counters and timers, (4) conversions between numeric representations, and (5) interrupts and I/O interfaces. It also defines common hardware and software terms like bits, bytes, memory, and computer languages from machine code to fifth-generation languages. Translators like assemblers, compilers, and interpreters are discussed which convert programs to machine-executable code.

1. STAFF NAME: B.RAMA PRABHA,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE,
K.C.S.KASI NADAR COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCE
MICROPROCESSOR AND ITS
APPLICATION
SUBJECT CODE:SAZ3B

2. Unit 1:
Introduction to microcomputers-microprocessor and assembly languages-
microprocessor architecture and its operations-8085 MPU-8085 instruction set and
classifications
Unit 2:
Writing assembly level programs-programming techniques such as
looping-counting and indexing addressing modes-data transfer instructions-
arithmetic and log ic operations-dynamic debugging
Unit 3:
Counters and time delays-hexadecimal counter modulo 10 counter-pulse
timings for flashing lights-debugging counter and time delay program-stack-
subroutine-conditional call and return instructions
SYALLABUS

3. Unit 4:
BCD to binary and binary to BCD conversions-BCD to HEX and HEX to
BCD conversions-ASCII to BCD to ASCII conversions-BCD to seven segment LED
code conversions-binary to ASCII and ASCII to binary conversions-multi byte
addition-multi byte subtraction-BCD addition-BCD subtraction-multiplication and
division
Unit 5:
Interrupt-implementing interrupts-multiple interrupt 8085-trap-problems on
implementing 8085 interrupt-DMA memory interfaces-RAM & ROM –I/O interface-
direct I/O memory mapped I/O.
SYLLABUS(contd…)

4.  SOFTWARE:
A Software is a set of programs, which is designed to
perform a well-defined function.
A program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a
particular problem.
BASIC TERMS USED IN MICROPROCESSOR

5. Hardware represents the physical
and tangible components of a
computer, i.e. the components that
can be seen and touched.
Examples of Hardware are the
following −
Input devices − keyboard, mouse,
etc.
Output devices − printer, monitor,
etc.
Secondary storage devices − Hard
disk, CD, DVD, etc.
Internal components − CPU,
motherboard, RAM, etc.
HARDWARE

6. DATA
 BIT :
A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a
computer. A bit has a Single binary value, either 0 or 1.
 NIBBLE :
A group of 4 bits is called nibble. (Eg:1011)
 BYTE :
A group of 8 bits is called byte. A byte is the smallest unit,
which can represent a data item or a character. (Eg:10111100)

7. DATA
 WORD :
A computer word, like a byte, is a group of fixed number of
bits processed as a unit, which varies from computer to computer but
is fixed for each computer.
 WORD SIZE:
The length of a computer word is called word-size or word
length. It may be as small as 8 bits or may be as long as 96 bits. A
computer stores the information in the form of computer words.

8. MEMORY
 A memory is just like a human brain.
 It is used to store data and instructions.
 Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is to
be processed and instructions required for processing are stored.
 The memory is divided into large number of small parts called cells.
Each location or cell has a unique address, which varies from zero to
memory size minus one.

9. MEMORY CLASSIFICATION

10. COMPUTER LANGUAGES

11. Machine Language is a
low-level language and it is
coming under 1st generation
languages.
• Machine language uses
only the symbols ‘0’ and
‘1’.
• Machine language is a
Low-level language.
• This is the only language
computer can understand
directly.
MACHINE LANGUAGE

12. Assembly language is also a
low-level language and it is
coming under 2nd generation
Languages.
-Assembly language
uses Mnemonic codes in place
of 0s and 1s.
-Mnemonic is an abbreviation
of a binary instruction.
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

13. Third generation languages also called as High-level languages.
• Programs are written in English like manner.
• As this language is close to English programmers finds it easy to
learn and use.
• A language translator is required to convert high-level language
programs.
• Examples: C, C++, Java, BASIC, Pascal, FORTRAN, etc.
HIGHLEVEL LANGUAGES

14. 4GL are called as very high level languages.
• They have user-friendly interfaces.
• They are easier than high-level languages.
• They are very close to English language structure.
• Examples: APL, CSP, Power Builder, Access.
VERY HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES

15. • 5GL closely resemble to human speech.
• 5GL designed to make the computer solve a problem without a
program written by programmer.
• Fifth Generation languages are used in Artificial Intelligence research.
Examples: LISP (List processing), PROLOG
5TH GENERATION LANGUAGES

16.  Since computer only understands binary codes, 0 and 1, all
programs written in any other language need to be translated to
machine language before execution. There are three types of
translator programs.
THEY ARE:
 Assembler
 Compiler.
 Interpreter.
TRANSLATOR

17. ASSEMBLER:
Assembler is a system software which translates assembly
language to machine language.
INTERPRETER:
Interpreter is a system software which translates high-level
languages to machine language. Interpreter translates and executes the
programs line-by-line.
COMPILER:
Compiler is a system software which translates high level
language programs to machine language. Compiler translates the whole
program first and then start executing the program.

18. Bus is a group of conducting wires which carries
information, all the peripherals are connected to
microprocessor through Bus.
BUS

19. • Every microprocessor has a certain set of instructions
that it is capable of executing.
• This group of instructions is referred to as its instruction
set.
• Each type of microprocessor will have its own
instruction set it can interpret and executive.
Instruction Set