For the Students of Diploma in IT as well as CM
Scheme: G
Semester:4th
Subject:Microprocessor & Programming.
Subject.Code: 17431
Chapter.No: 1
Title: Basics of Micro-Processor
Question.No.1: Draw & Explain the Pin-Diagram of 8085 Micro-Processor.
The document provides information about microprocessors and the 8085 microprocessor. It defines key terms like microprocessor, ALU, registers, control unit, bus, machine cycle, T-state, instruction cycle, fetch cycle, execute cycle, flags, memory mapping, opcode fetch, interrupts, polling, and interrupt types. It describes the basic units and operations of a microprocessor, bus types, the instruction execution process, and interrupt handling. It also discusses I/O techniques, 8085 pins and signals, addressing modes, and differences between memory mapped and I/O mapped I/O.
The document discusses various addressing modes and instructions of the 8051 microcontroller. It describes the five addressing modes - immediate, register, direct, register indirect and indexed. It explains each addressing mode in detail. It also explains the various instruction groups - data transfer, arithmetic, logical, boolean and branching instructions. It provides examples of instructions like MOV, ADD, ANL, JMP etc. and how they are used to manipulate data in the 8051.
The document discusses the instruction set of the 8086 microprocessor. It describes that the 8086 has over 20,000 instructions that are classified into several categories like data transfer, arithmetic, bit manipulation, program execution transfer, and string instructions. Under each category, it provides details about specific instructions like MOV, ADD, AND, CALL, etc. and explains their functionality and operand usage.
This document discusses memory interfacing with the 8085 microprocessor. It begins by describing the different types of computer memory, including primary/volatile memory (RAM and ROM) and secondary/non-volatile memory (magnetic tapes, disks, optical disks). It then discusses how the 8085 microprocessor interfaces with memory chips through an interface circuit. The interface circuit matches the memory chip signals to the microprocessor address and control signals. Memory interfacing involves selecting the appropriate memory chip, identifying the correct register using address lines, and enabling read/write buffers using control signals.
Time delay programs and assembler directives 8086Dheeraj Suri
Instructor's slides for writing time delay programs in 8086 microprocessor. Also an introduction to assembler directives and their advantage in writing assembly language programs.
The document discusses interrupts in the 8085 microprocessor. It defines interrupts as a mechanism to suspend normal execution and service external devices or instructions. The 8085 has hardware and software interrupts. Hardware interrupts can be maskable or non-maskable. Maskable interrupts like RST 7.5, 6.5, 5.5 and INTR can be enabled and disabled, while the non-maskable TRAP interrupt cannot. Software interrupts use RST instructions to redirect execution to subroutines.
The document provides an overview of microprocessors and the 8085 microprocessor architecture. It discusses that a microprocessor is a programmable VLSI chip that includes an ALU, registers, and control circuits. The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor that can address 64KB of memory. It has three main functional blocks - a register array, ALU and logical group, and instruction decoder/timing and control circuitry. The document also describes the various registers, buses, pins and control signals of the 8085 microprocessor.
The document provides information about microprocessors and the 8085 microprocessor. It defines key terms like microprocessor, ALU, registers, control unit, bus, machine cycle, T-state, instruction cycle, fetch cycle, execute cycle, flags, memory mapping, opcode fetch, interrupts, polling, and interrupt types. It describes the basic units and operations of a microprocessor, bus types, the instruction execution process, and interrupt handling. It also discusses I/O techniques, 8085 pins and signals, addressing modes, and differences between memory mapped and I/O mapped I/O.
The document discusses various addressing modes and instructions of the 8051 microcontroller. It describes the five addressing modes - immediate, register, direct, register indirect and indexed. It explains each addressing mode in detail. It also explains the various instruction groups - data transfer, arithmetic, logical, boolean and branching instructions. It provides examples of instructions like MOV, ADD, ANL, JMP etc. and how they are used to manipulate data in the 8051.
The document discusses the instruction set of the 8086 microprocessor. It describes that the 8086 has over 20,000 instructions that are classified into several categories like data transfer, arithmetic, bit manipulation, program execution transfer, and string instructions. Under each category, it provides details about specific instructions like MOV, ADD, AND, CALL, etc. and explains their functionality and operand usage.
This document discusses memory interfacing with the 8085 microprocessor. It begins by describing the different types of computer memory, including primary/volatile memory (RAM and ROM) and secondary/non-volatile memory (magnetic tapes, disks, optical disks). It then discusses how the 8085 microprocessor interfaces with memory chips through an interface circuit. The interface circuit matches the memory chip signals to the microprocessor address and control signals. Memory interfacing involves selecting the appropriate memory chip, identifying the correct register using address lines, and enabling read/write buffers using control signals.
Time delay programs and assembler directives 8086Dheeraj Suri
Instructor's slides for writing time delay programs in 8086 microprocessor. Also an introduction to assembler directives and their advantage in writing assembly language programs.
The document discusses interrupts in the 8085 microprocessor. It defines interrupts as a mechanism to suspend normal execution and service external devices or instructions. The 8085 has hardware and software interrupts. Hardware interrupts can be maskable or non-maskable. Maskable interrupts like RST 7.5, 6.5, 5.5 and INTR can be enabled and disabled, while the non-maskable TRAP interrupt cannot. Software interrupts use RST instructions to redirect execution to subroutines.
The document provides an overview of microprocessors and the 8085 microprocessor architecture. It discusses that a microprocessor is a programmable VLSI chip that includes an ALU, registers, and control circuits. The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor that can address 64KB of memory. It has three main functional blocks - a register array, ALU and logical group, and instruction decoder/timing and control circuitry. The document also describes the various registers, buses, pins and control signals of the 8085 microprocessor.
This document discusses memory and I/O interfacing with the 8085 microprocessor. It defines interfaces as points of interaction between components that allow communication. Memory interfacing requires address decoding and multiplexing of address and data lines. I/O devices can be interfaced either through memory mapping or I/O mapping. Common memory types include RAM, ROM, SRAM and DRAM. RAM can be static or dynamic. ROM includes PROM, EPROM and EEPROM. A stack is a reserved part of memory used to temporarily store information during program execution.
The document discusses the timing diagram of the 8085 microprocessor. It explains that a timing diagram is a graphical representation of the execution time of each instruction. It then describes the different machine cycles of the 8085 including the opcode fetch cycle, memory read cycle, memory write cycle, I/O read cycle, I/O write cycle, and interrupt acknowledge cycle. It provides details on the T-states within each machine cycle and examples of timing diagrams for different instructions like STA, IN, OUT, MVI, INR and ADD. Finally, it lists several references used to collect information on the 8085 timing diagram.
This document provides an outline for a course on 8086 Assembly Language Programming. It begins with an introduction to machine language and assembly language. It then covers topics like the organization of the 8086 processor, assembly language syntax, data representation, variables, instruction types, memory segmentation, program structure, addressing modes, and input/output. The document is intended to guide students through the key concepts needed to program in 8086 assembly language.
Advanced Comuter Architecture Ch6 Problem SolutionsJoe Christensen
This document contains problems and solutions related to pipelining and superscalar techniques in computer architecture. It discusses speedup factors, efficiency, throughput, and latency for a pipelined processor. It also analyzes the DEC Alpha architecture in terms of scalability and addresses a multiprocessor implementation. Several problems are solved related to reservation tables, collision vectors, state transition diagrams, and determining minimum average latency for pipeline scheduling.
This document provides an overview of the instruction set of the 8085 microprocessor. It begins by defining what an instruction is and the classification of the 8085 instruction set. It then proceeds to describe various data transfer, arithmetic, logical, branching, and control instructions in detail through opcode, operands, examples, and before/after execution illustrations. The document aims to provide a comprehensive reference for the complete set of 246 instructions supported by the 8085 microprocessor.
This document discusses a course on microprocessor-based design. It covers the following key points:
1) The course objectives are to familiarize students with microprocessor internals and various interfacing methods and important design issues.
2) The course will cover the architecture of the 8086 microprocessor including memory segmentation, addressing modes, and hardware specifications.
3) Subsequent modules will discuss the internal blocks of the 8086 microprocessor such as the execution unit, registers, address generation unit, and memory segmentation.
Minimum mode and Maximum mode Configuration in 8086Jismy .K.Jose
The document discusses the minimum and maximum mode configurations of the 8086 microprocessor. In minimum mode, a single 8086 processor controls all signals and there is one microprocessor. In maximum mode, more than one microprocessor is present and status signals determine control signals from a bus controller chip. The document also provides details on the pins, signals, and timing diagrams used in read, write, and bus request cycles for both minimum and maximum mode configurations.
The document discusses the architecture and support components of the 8085 microprocessor. It describes the pin diagram and functions of the 8085, its operations including memory and I/O access, internal architecture consisting of ALU, registers, buses, and interfacing with memory and I/O devices using memory-mapped and peripheral-mapped techniques. Examples of programs to read from an input port and write to an output port are also provided.
This document provides an overview of synchronous sequential logic and storage elements such as latches and flip-flops. It discusses the differences between combinational and sequential circuits, and between synchronous and asynchronous sequential circuits. Storage elements like latches and flip-flops are described, including SR latches, D latches, and edge-triggered D, JK, and T flip-flops. Characteristic tables and equations are presented for different flip-flop types. Timing parameters for flip-flops like setup time and hold time are also covered. The document is for a lecture on synchronous sequential logic given by Professor Jim Evangelos at Cecil College.
This presentation discusses the Serial Communication features in 8051, the support for UART. It also discusses serial vs parallel communication, simplex, duplex and full-duplex modes, MAX232, RS232 standards
This document discusses carry lookahead adders. It explains that carry lookahead adders improve speed by reducing the time needed to determine carry bits. It describes how carry lookahead adders work by calculating whether each digit position will propagate a carry and combining these values to deduce carries. The document also discusses implementing carry lookahead adders using groups to reduce span and adding additional levels of carry lookahead to handle more bits.
This document provides an overview of assembly language programming for the 8085 microprocessor. It discusses the 8085 programming model including registers, flags, and addressing modes. The document also covers the instruction set categories such as data transfer, arithmetic, logical and branching instructions. Examples are given to demonstrate how to write an assembly language program for the 8085 including analyzing a problem, developing an algorithm, flowchart, and coding the solution. Input/output and memory addressing modes are also explained.
The document describes the Intel 8259 programmable interrupt controller chip. It contains blocks for buffering data to and from the system data bus, controlling read/write signals, storing interrupt requests in the interrupt request register, masking interrupts in the interrupt mask register, tracking interrupts being serviced in the in-service register, resolving interrupt priorities, and cascading multiple 8259 chips. The pin diagram shows inputs for interrupt requests, read/write control, an ID comparator for cascading, and an 8-bit data bus.
The document discusses the architecture of the Intel 8085 microprocessor. It describes the 8085 as an 8-bit microprocessor introduced in 1976 that uses a single +5 volt power supply. The internal architecture includes a control unit, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), registers including the accumulator, program counter, stack pointer, instruction register/decoder, and timing and control unit. The document also briefly discusses interrupts, serial I/O, and some applications of microprocessors like mobile phones, watches, and appliances.
In these slides the registration organization and stack organization have discussed in detail. Stack organization is discussed with the aid of animation to let the user understand it in a better and easy way.
The document discusses counters and time delays in microprocessors. It defines counters as circuits used to keep track of events and time delays as important for setting timing between events. It then provides details on designing counters and time delays using registers, loops, and instructions. It discusses different techniques for creating longer time delays using register pairs, nested loops, and inserting dummy instructions. Example programs are given to count hexadecimal numbers and generate pulse waveforms with delays. Common errors in programming counters and delays are also outlined.
This document discusses interprocessor arbitration in multiprocessor systems. It describes serial and parallel arbitration procedures for determining which processor will be granted access to shared resources like memory. Serial arbitration involves connecting the arbitration circuits of each processor in a daisy chain configuration to prioritize requests. Parallel arbitration uses an external priority encoder and decoder. Different dynamic arbitration algorithms are also covered, such as round-robin time slicing and prioritizing the longest waiting request. The functions of typical bus control signals used in arbitration are defined.
The document discusses timer programming for the 8051 microcontroller. It contains the following information:
- The 8051 has two timers/counters that can be used as timers to generate time delays or as event counters.
- Timers use 1/12 of the crystal frequency as the input clock. Registers like TH0, TL0, TMOD, and TCON are used to program and control the timers.
- Timer Mode 1 is a 16-bit timer mode where the TH and TL registers increment continuously until they roll over, setting the timer flag. Programming involves initializing the registers, starting the timer, and monitoring the flag.
The 8085 microprocessor has 40 pins that operate at 5V. The pins can be grouped into power/frequency pins, serial I/O pins, address bus pins, data bus pins, control/status pins, and externally initiated pins. The address bus pins carry memory/I/O addresses, while the data bus pins carry data and lower addresses in a time-multiplexed fashion. Control signals include ALE, RD, WR, IO/M and status signals S1-S0. Interrupt pins include TRAP, RST 7.5-5.5, INTR. HOLD and HLDA pins support DMA operations while RESET and READY pins control resetting and peripheral handshaking.
Bus structure of 8085 microprocessor 8085 microprocessor complete tutorialmadhurace
There are three main buses in the 8085 microprocessor: 1) The address bus carries the memory address and is 16 bits wide, allowing access to 64KB of memory. 2) The 8-bit wide data bus transfers data bi-directionally between the CPU and memory/I/O devices. 3) The control bus sends control signals like read, write to memory and I/O devices to enable data transfer.
This document discusses memory and I/O interfacing with the 8085 microprocessor. It defines interfaces as points of interaction between components that allow communication. Memory interfacing requires address decoding and multiplexing of address and data lines. I/O devices can be interfaced either through memory mapping or I/O mapping. Common memory types include RAM, ROM, SRAM and DRAM. RAM can be static or dynamic. ROM includes PROM, EPROM and EEPROM. A stack is a reserved part of memory used to temporarily store information during program execution.
The document discusses the timing diagram of the 8085 microprocessor. It explains that a timing diagram is a graphical representation of the execution time of each instruction. It then describes the different machine cycles of the 8085 including the opcode fetch cycle, memory read cycle, memory write cycle, I/O read cycle, I/O write cycle, and interrupt acknowledge cycle. It provides details on the T-states within each machine cycle and examples of timing diagrams for different instructions like STA, IN, OUT, MVI, INR and ADD. Finally, it lists several references used to collect information on the 8085 timing diagram.
This document provides an outline for a course on 8086 Assembly Language Programming. It begins with an introduction to machine language and assembly language. It then covers topics like the organization of the 8086 processor, assembly language syntax, data representation, variables, instruction types, memory segmentation, program structure, addressing modes, and input/output. The document is intended to guide students through the key concepts needed to program in 8086 assembly language.
Advanced Comuter Architecture Ch6 Problem SolutionsJoe Christensen
This document contains problems and solutions related to pipelining and superscalar techniques in computer architecture. It discusses speedup factors, efficiency, throughput, and latency for a pipelined processor. It also analyzes the DEC Alpha architecture in terms of scalability and addresses a multiprocessor implementation. Several problems are solved related to reservation tables, collision vectors, state transition diagrams, and determining minimum average latency for pipeline scheduling.
This document provides an overview of the instruction set of the 8085 microprocessor. It begins by defining what an instruction is and the classification of the 8085 instruction set. It then proceeds to describe various data transfer, arithmetic, logical, branching, and control instructions in detail through opcode, operands, examples, and before/after execution illustrations. The document aims to provide a comprehensive reference for the complete set of 246 instructions supported by the 8085 microprocessor.
This document discusses a course on microprocessor-based design. It covers the following key points:
1) The course objectives are to familiarize students with microprocessor internals and various interfacing methods and important design issues.
2) The course will cover the architecture of the 8086 microprocessor including memory segmentation, addressing modes, and hardware specifications.
3) Subsequent modules will discuss the internal blocks of the 8086 microprocessor such as the execution unit, registers, address generation unit, and memory segmentation.
Minimum mode and Maximum mode Configuration in 8086Jismy .K.Jose
The document discusses the minimum and maximum mode configurations of the 8086 microprocessor. In minimum mode, a single 8086 processor controls all signals and there is one microprocessor. In maximum mode, more than one microprocessor is present and status signals determine control signals from a bus controller chip. The document also provides details on the pins, signals, and timing diagrams used in read, write, and bus request cycles for both minimum and maximum mode configurations.
The document discusses the architecture and support components of the 8085 microprocessor. It describes the pin diagram and functions of the 8085, its operations including memory and I/O access, internal architecture consisting of ALU, registers, buses, and interfacing with memory and I/O devices using memory-mapped and peripheral-mapped techniques. Examples of programs to read from an input port and write to an output port are also provided.
This document provides an overview of synchronous sequential logic and storage elements such as latches and flip-flops. It discusses the differences between combinational and sequential circuits, and between synchronous and asynchronous sequential circuits. Storage elements like latches and flip-flops are described, including SR latches, D latches, and edge-triggered D, JK, and T flip-flops. Characteristic tables and equations are presented for different flip-flop types. Timing parameters for flip-flops like setup time and hold time are also covered. The document is for a lecture on synchronous sequential logic given by Professor Jim Evangelos at Cecil College.
This presentation discusses the Serial Communication features in 8051, the support for UART. It also discusses serial vs parallel communication, simplex, duplex and full-duplex modes, MAX232, RS232 standards
This document discusses carry lookahead adders. It explains that carry lookahead adders improve speed by reducing the time needed to determine carry bits. It describes how carry lookahead adders work by calculating whether each digit position will propagate a carry and combining these values to deduce carries. The document also discusses implementing carry lookahead adders using groups to reduce span and adding additional levels of carry lookahead to handle more bits.
This document provides an overview of assembly language programming for the 8085 microprocessor. It discusses the 8085 programming model including registers, flags, and addressing modes. The document also covers the instruction set categories such as data transfer, arithmetic, logical and branching instructions. Examples are given to demonstrate how to write an assembly language program for the 8085 including analyzing a problem, developing an algorithm, flowchart, and coding the solution. Input/output and memory addressing modes are also explained.
The document describes the Intel 8259 programmable interrupt controller chip. It contains blocks for buffering data to and from the system data bus, controlling read/write signals, storing interrupt requests in the interrupt request register, masking interrupts in the interrupt mask register, tracking interrupts being serviced in the in-service register, resolving interrupt priorities, and cascading multiple 8259 chips. The pin diagram shows inputs for interrupt requests, read/write control, an ID comparator for cascading, and an 8-bit data bus.
The document discusses the architecture of the Intel 8085 microprocessor. It describes the 8085 as an 8-bit microprocessor introduced in 1976 that uses a single +5 volt power supply. The internal architecture includes a control unit, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), registers including the accumulator, program counter, stack pointer, instruction register/decoder, and timing and control unit. The document also briefly discusses interrupts, serial I/O, and some applications of microprocessors like mobile phones, watches, and appliances.
In these slides the registration organization and stack organization have discussed in detail. Stack organization is discussed with the aid of animation to let the user understand it in a better and easy way.
The document discusses counters and time delays in microprocessors. It defines counters as circuits used to keep track of events and time delays as important for setting timing between events. It then provides details on designing counters and time delays using registers, loops, and instructions. It discusses different techniques for creating longer time delays using register pairs, nested loops, and inserting dummy instructions. Example programs are given to count hexadecimal numbers and generate pulse waveforms with delays. Common errors in programming counters and delays are also outlined.
This document discusses interprocessor arbitration in multiprocessor systems. It describes serial and parallel arbitration procedures for determining which processor will be granted access to shared resources like memory. Serial arbitration involves connecting the arbitration circuits of each processor in a daisy chain configuration to prioritize requests. Parallel arbitration uses an external priority encoder and decoder. Different dynamic arbitration algorithms are also covered, such as round-robin time slicing and prioritizing the longest waiting request. The functions of typical bus control signals used in arbitration are defined.
The document discusses timer programming for the 8051 microcontroller. It contains the following information:
- The 8051 has two timers/counters that can be used as timers to generate time delays or as event counters.
- Timers use 1/12 of the crystal frequency as the input clock. Registers like TH0, TL0, TMOD, and TCON are used to program and control the timers.
- Timer Mode 1 is a 16-bit timer mode where the TH and TL registers increment continuously until they roll over, setting the timer flag. Programming involves initializing the registers, starting the timer, and monitoring the flag.
The 8085 microprocessor has 40 pins that operate at 5V. The pins can be grouped into power/frequency pins, serial I/O pins, address bus pins, data bus pins, control/status pins, and externally initiated pins. The address bus pins carry memory/I/O addresses, while the data bus pins carry data and lower addresses in a time-multiplexed fashion. Control signals include ALE, RD, WR, IO/M and status signals S1-S0. Interrupt pins include TRAP, RST 7.5-5.5, INTR. HOLD and HLDA pins support DMA operations while RESET and READY pins control resetting and peripheral handshaking.
Bus structure of 8085 microprocessor 8085 microprocessor complete tutorialmadhurace
There are three main buses in the 8085 microprocessor: 1) The address bus carries the memory address and is 16 bits wide, allowing access to 64KB of memory. 2) The 8-bit wide data bus transfers data bi-directionally between the CPU and memory/I/O devices. 3) The control bus sends control signals like read, write to memory and I/O devices to enable data transfer.
The document discusses the architecture of the 8085 microprocessor. It describes the main components of a processor system including the CPU, ALU, registers, memory and I/O interfaces. It then provides details on the internal architecture of the 8085 CPU, describing its registers including the program counter, accumulator, flags register and stack pointer. It also explains the address bus, data bus and control bus and how the 8085 uses time-sharing of address/data lines.
The document discusses the 8085 microprocessor. It presents information about its features, pin configuration, architecture, registers, bus structure, advantages, and disadvantages. The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor with 8 data lines, 16 address lines, and a clock frequency of 3MHz. It has features like 8-bit operations, 64KB memory capacity, and 74 instructions with 5 addressing modes. The document concludes that while the 8085 had benefits like a 5V power supply, it also had limitations like low speed and small memory that led to later versions like the 8086.
This document provides an overview of the 8085 microprocessor, including its hardware architecture, functional blocks, registers, arithmetic logic unit, memory organization, I/O ports, pins, and interrupts. It describes the program counter, stack pointer, data bus, address bus, control bus, status signals, flag register, pin descriptions, and serial I/O ports of the 8085 microprocessor.
8085 microprocessor Architecture and pin description Vijay Kumar
The document provides information about the Intel 8085 microprocessor, which was an 8-bit microprocessor introduced in 1976. It has 16 address lines and 8 data lines, allowing it to access 64KB of memory. It provides registers like the accumulator, flag register, and general purpose registers. It operates at a clock frequency of 3MHz and requires a +5V power supply. The 8085 has features like interrupts, serial I/O lines, and the ability to interface with external devices. It was available in a 40-pin DIP package.
The document compares the Intel 8085 and 8086 microprocessors. The 8086 is a faster, more powerful 16-bit processor compared to the 8-bit 8085. Key differences include the 8086 having a larger address bus and data bus, more transistors allowing for faster processing, additional registers and instructions, and features like memory segmentation and parallel processing that improved performance. The 8086 also used a pipeline architecture to more efficiently fetch and execute instructions.
The document compares the 8085 and 8086 microprocessors. The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor with a 16-bit address line that can access 64KB of memory, has 5 flags, and does not support pipelining or memory segmentation. In contrast, the 8086 is a 16-bit microprocessor with a 20-bit address line that can access 1MB of memory, has 9 flags, and supports pipelining and memory segmentation.
Detailed Explanation of Pin Description of 8085 microprocessorRamesh Dabhole
The document describes the pin diagram and functions of the 40 pins in the 8085 microprocessor. It discusses 14 groups of pins: 1) clock input pins, 2) reset output pin, 3) serial I/O pins, 4) interrupt pins, 5) address/data pins, 6) power/ground pins, 7) address output pins, 8) status/control pins, 9) interrupt pin, 10) interrupt acknowledgement pin, 11) address/data pins, 12) ground pin, 13) higher-order address pins, and 14) power input pin. Each group of pins has a specific role in executing instructions and transferring data in the 8085 microprocessor.
This document provides an overview of data buses, including their components and functions. It describes common bus architectures like parallel and serial buses. It then focuses on specific aerospace data buses, particularly ARINC 429 which is the most widely used on commercial aircraft. It details the specifications, format, and applications of ARINC 429 and other protocols like ARINC 629 and MIL-STD-1553B.
The main Objective of this presentation is to define computer buses , especially system bus . which is consists of data bus , address bus and control bus.
The document discusses the 8085 microprocessor. It describes that the 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor that can address 64KB of memory using 40 pins that operate at 5V with a maximum frequency of 3MHz. It has registers, ALU, instruction decoder, address buffer and other functional blocks. The registers include general purpose registers, temporary registers, flags register and program counter and stack pointer. The document also discusses the addressing modes, instruction formats and types of instructions of the 8085 microprocessor.
Buses are systems that transfer data between computer components like the CPU, memory, and expansion cards. The main types of buses are the front-side bus between the CPU and memory, and expansion buses like PCI and PCIe that connect add-on cards. Buses reduce the number of pathways needed to connect components by using a single channel. Faster buses allow for higher bandwidth and improved performance. Newer standards like PCIe use point-to-point connections to avoid bottlenecks and enable much faster data transfer rates compared to older bus architectures.
This document discusses data types and data structures. It defines them and describes their key attributes. For data types, it covers specification, implementation, operations and examples of elementary types. For data structures, it discusses composition, organization, representation and implementation of operations. It also addresses type equivalence checking, conversion and lists several common data structures like arrays, records, lists and files.
The document discusses the microprocessor 8085. It covers the following topics over 5 weeks: basic concepts of microprocessors, the architecture of the 8085, addressing modes and instruction set, interrupts, and peripherals. The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor that uses 246 bit patterns to form its 74 instruction set. An assembly language uses mnemonics like "INR A" to represent instructions, making programs easier for humans to understand compared to machine language.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to programming languages. It discusses the definition of a programming language and the history and evolution of popular languages from 1951 to present. It covers programming language paradigms like procedural, object-oriented, functional, and logic-based languages. It also discusses factors that influence language design like efficiency, regularity, and issues in language translation. Finally, it summarizes the structure and operation of computers and how different programming models map to underlying computer architectures.
The document discusses the architecture of microprocessors, specifically the 8085 microprocessor. It describes the three busses (address, data, control) used by the 8085 and how they function. It then explains the internal architecture of the 8085 including registers like the program counter and stack pointer. Finally, it discusses memory organization and how the microprocessor accesses and reads/writes to memory locations.
Types of computer buses include parallel and serial buses. Parallel buses have multiple data, address, and control lines that send information simultaneously. Serial buses send this information sequentially down a single wire. Buses require arbitration mechanisms to determine which device can access the bus at a given time, such as centralized or distributed arbitration. Fair and urgent arbitration help allocate bus access between devices.
The document describes an assembly level program for the 8085 microprocessor that converts a hexadecimal number to binary coded decimal (BCD). It uses an iterative loop to process each hexadecimal digit stored in memory location 8000H. Each digit is added to the accumulator, decimal adjusted using DAA instruction, and stored in BCD at memory locations 8001H and 8002H if there is a carry. The program clears flags, decrements the loop counter, and continues until all digits are converted.
Application of 8086 and 8085 Microprocessor in Robots.pptxssuser631ea0
The document describes the architecture and pin configuration of the 8086 microprocessor. It discusses the 8086's 20-bit address bus that can access up to 1 MB of memory. It details the pin functions in minimum and maximum mode, including the address, data, control signals, and status pins. It explains the 8086's internal architecture which includes the bus interface unit and execution unit, as well as its use of segment registers to access different segments of memory.
The document discusses the 8085 microprocessor. It describes the microprocessor as an integrated circuit containing logic circuits to perform computing functions. It has an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) to perform operations, registers to store data temporarily, and a control unit that provides timing and control signals. The microprocessor resembles a central processing unit (CPU) but includes all logic circuitry on a single chip. It communicates with memory via address and data buses to read instructions and transfer data. It also has pins to interface with input/output devices.
The 8086 CPU has two functional units - the Bus Interface Unit (BIU) and Execution Unit (EU). The BIU fetches instructions and data from memory and writes data to memory or ports. It uses an instruction queue to pre-fetch up to 6 bytes to improve execution speed. The EU decodes instructions and performs operations using its 16-bit ALU. The 8086 has general purpose registers including AX, BX, CX and DX and segment registers for addressing memory. It uses flags to indicate the result of operations.
This document describes the design of a low power multiserial to Ethernet gateway for unmanned aerial vehicle data acquisition systems. The gateway uses an FPGA and Ethernet controller chip to interface with multiple serial devices and transmit the data over Ethernet. The FPGA implements UART modules to interface with sensors and an ADC. It collects data from the serial devices and sends it to the Ethernet module packed in Ethernet frames. This simplifies wiring and allows the data to be transmitted to the ground station computer over Ethernet for processing and storage.
The document provides information about the Intel 8085 microprocessor, including:
- The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor chip from Intel that was popular in the late 1970s/early 1980s.
- It has 40 pins and uses a multiplexed address/data bus. It can access 64KB of memory and 256 I/O ports.
- The document describes the various pin functions of the 8085 including power supply, serial I/O, address/data bus, control signals, and interrupt signals.
- Details are provided about the internal architecture of the 8085 including the ALU, registers, and addressing modes supported.
Firmware is a program that provides low-level control for a device's specific hardware. It performs control, monitoring and data manipulation functions. Firmware is stored in non-volatile memory like EPROM or flash memory. Common reasons for updating firmware include fixing bugs or adding new features. Firmware may be the only program that runs on an embedded system and provides all of its functions.
The document describes the pin configuration of the 8085 microprocessor. It has 40 pins grouped into 7 categories: 1) Power supply and clock signals, 2) Address bus, 3) Multiplexed address/data bus, 4) Control and status signals, 5) Status signals, 6) Interrupts and externally initiated operations, 7) Direct Memory Access. The pin configuration includes power supply pins, clock pins, address pins, data pins, control pins for reading/writing memory and I/O, interrupt pins and DMA pins.
The 8085 microprocessor was introduced by Intel in 1976 as an updated version of the 8080 microprocessor. It is an 8-bit microprocessor that can access 64KB of memory using 16-bit address lines and has 8 I/O ports. It contains registers like the accumulator, flag register, and instruction register. The 8085 has an arithmetic logic unit and uses various addressing modes like immediate, register, direct, indirect and implied addressing. It consists of functional blocks like registers, instruction decoder, address/data buffers, and interrupt control.
The document provides information about the 8085 microprocessor, including its architecture, features, instruction formats, and addressing modes. The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor with an accumulator, registers, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), flags, and I/O controls. It has three types of instructions that are 1, 2, or 3 bytes long. The addressing modes allow instructions to specify operands and include immediate, direct, register, register indirect, and implicit modes.
The 8085 microprocessor is an 8-bit CPU that can access 64KB of memory and has 40 pins. It has internal clock generation and 16 address lines. The pins are grouped into address bus, data bus, control signals, power/clock, external signals, and serial I/O. The document describes the architecture of the 8085 including its registers, ALU, instruction decoder, buses, and interrupt handling. It can perform memory and I/O operations using polling or interrupts.
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The document describes the Intel 8086 microprocessor, which was launched in 1978 as the first 16-bit microprocessor. It had major improvements over the 8085 microprocessor, with higher execution speeds. The 8086 had a 16-bit data bus, 20-bit address bus, and could address up to 1MB of memory. It included features like multiplication and division support. The document provides detailed information on the various pins and signals of the 8086 microprocessor.
This document provides an overview of a coin-based mobile phone charging system. The system uses a coin recognition module to detect valid coins, and a microcontroller then activates the charging mechanism for a predefined period of time. It is intended for use in public places to allow mobile phone users to charge their phones for a small fee. The document describes the components, including the microcontroller, LCD display, and crystal oscillator used to generate the system clock signal. It provides block diagrams and explanations of how the various modules interact and function within the overall system.
The document provides information about microprocessors and the Intel 8086 microprocessor. It discusses the following:
- The functional blocks and registers of a typical microprocessor.
- An overview of the Intel 8086 including its introduction in 1978, transistor count, and operating modes.
- The pins and signals of the 8086 including address, data, control signals and minimum/maximum mode signals.
- The architecture of the 8086 including its bus interface unit, execution unit, registers, memory organization using segments and offsets, and addressing modes.
The document describes the various buses, signals, and ports used by the 8085 microprocessor. It discusses the 16-line address bus and unidirectional data bus. It also outlines the various control signals like ALE, IO/M', RD', WR', and READY that control operations. The power supply and clock signals are mentioned along with interrupt and reset signals. The document provides details on the HOLD and HLDA signals used for DMA operations and the SID and SOD serial I/O ports.
The document discusses the system bus structure of the 8086 microprocessor. It has three parts - the data bus for data exchange, address bus for memory and I/O addressing, and control bus for coordination. It describes the minimum and maximum mode of operation, with minimum using internal 8086 signals and maximum using external bus controller. It also summarizes programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and DMA transfer for communication with peripheral devices.
The document provides information about the pin diagram of the 8085 microprocessor. It describes the various pins including:
1. Clock input pins X1 and X2 which are used to generate internal clock signals.
2. RESET IN pin which is used to reset the microprocessor and RESET OUT pin which outputs a reset signal.
3. Serial I/O pins SID and SOD which are used for serial data input and output respectively.
4. Address and data bus pins including AD0-AD7 for the lower byte and A8-A15 for the upper byte. Control signals such as ALE, IO/M, RD and WR are also described.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
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Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
8085 microprocessor
1. 1
Q.1) Draw & Explain the Pin-Diagram of 8085 Microprocessor?
Ans:
The 8080 Microprocessor is an 8-bit general-purpose microprocessor having 40 pins which is capable of
addressing 64 kb of Memory .It works on +5v of single power-supply & can operate at the maximum
frequency of 5 MHz These 40 logic pin-out of 8085 Microprocessor are divided into 6 main groups.
1) Serial I/O Ports.
2) Interrupts & Externally-Initiated Signals.
3) Data-Bus.
4) Control Signals.
5) Status Signals.
6) Address Bus.
1) X1 & X2:
a) These are the 2 clock-input pins which are connected across a crystal RCLC Circuit of 6MHz
Frequency.
b) Whenever the microprocessor requires a clock-frequency of 3MHz, these 2 clock-input pins
divides the crystal-frequency into 2 parts in the internal circuitry & supplies the 1st 3MHz of
frequency to the microprocessor, while the 2nd 3MHz of Frequency is used as an operating
frequency to synchronize the operations of 8085 Microprocessor.
2) RESET OUT:
a) This is an active high output signal which is synchronized to the processor clock of
Microprocessor.
b) Whenever the microprocessor gets the reset-acknowledgement-signal R͞E͞S͞E͞T-I͞N, it sends the
output signal RESET-OUT to reset the microprocessor which resets all the connected devices &
indicates that the CPU has been Resetted.
2. 2
3) SOD (Serial Output Data) pin:
a) It is an active high serial output line used for serial data communication.
b) It provides the data serially given by Microprocessor & delivers its output to the 7th bit of the
Accumulator when (Set Interrupt Mask) SIM instruction is executed.
4) SID (Serial Input Data) pin:
a) It is an active high Serial input data line used for serial data communication.
b) It accepts the serial-data & loads it into the 7th bit of the Accumulator whenever a (Read
Interrupt Mask) RIM instruction is executed.
5) TRAP:
a) This is an active, high-level, edge-triggered, non-maskable & highest priority interrupt.
b) It cannot be enabled or disabled using a program.
c) Whenever TRAP gets active, the program-counter of microprocessor automatically jumps to the
address 0024 respectively.
6) RST 7.5, RST 6.5, & RST 5.5:
These 3 pins are actively -high vectored maskable hardware restart interrupts.
They insert an internal restart function automatically which transfer the program-control to the
specific memory locations. It can be enabled or disabled using a program.
a) According to the priority, after the TRAP pin, the secondmost high-level pin is RST 7.5. This pin is
actively –high, vectored, edge-triggered, maskable hardware restart interrupts. When RST 7.5 is
active, the program counter jumps automatically at address 003C respectively.
b) After RST 7.5, the thirdmost high-level pin is RST 6.5. This pin is actively–high, vectored; level-
triggered, maskable hardware restart interrupts. When RST 6.5 is active, the program counter
jumps automatically at address 0034 respectively.
c) After RST 6.5, the forthmost high-level pin is RST 5.5. This pin is actively–high, vectored; level-
triggered, maskable hardware restart interrupts. When RST 6.5 is active, the program counter
jumps automatically at address 002C respectively.
7) INTR:
a) INTR is an active high, level-triggered, maskable, non-vectored, general-purpose hardware
interrupt pin.
b) It is a level-sensitive interrupt pin which has the lowest priority among the interrupts.
c) It can be enabled or disabled using a program.
d) If INTR is active, the Program Counter (PC) will be restricted from incrementing and it will
generate an interrupt acknowledge signal I͞N͞T͞A.
8) I͞N͞T͞A:
a) It is an active low, general-purpose interrupt acknowledgement signal.
b) Whenever the microprocessor receives interrupt signal, it is acknowledged by I͞N͞T͞A. So,
whenever the interrupt signal is received, I͞N͞T͞A goes high.
9) AD0-AD7:
a) These are the 8-bit bi-directional multiplexed, tri-state input pins which contains 2 sets of
signals 1) Address & 2) Data.
b) These set of lines used to carry the lower order 8-bit address as well as 8-bit data bus.
c) Here, the lower 8 bit of 16 bit address is multiplexed/time shared with data bus , because , at
one-time , 8-bit lower-address of memory is available on these lines & at another time the next
8-bit data is available.
3. 3
10) VSS:
It is an interference pin which is connected to ground for avoiding ground-interference.
11) A8-A15:
These are the 8-bit uni-directional non-multiplexed, tri-state output pins used to carry higher order
address-signals of 16-bit Address.
12) S0 & S1:
These are status signals which provides different status and functions depending on their status.
IO/M̅ S0 S1 OPERATION
0 1 1 Opcode Fetch
0 0 1 Memory Read
0 1 0 Memory Write
1 0 1 I/O Read
1 1 0 I/O Write
1 0 1 Interrupt Acknowledge
Z 1 0 Halt
Z x x Hold
Z x x Reset
13) ALE:
a) ALE i.e Address Latch Enable is an output signal used to give information of AD0-AD7 Contents &
separate Address-Signals (A0-A7)& Data-Signals (D0-D7)fromAD0-AD7 pin.
b) It is a positive going pulse generated, when a new operation is started by Microprocessor.
c) When ALE is low, it indicates that the content on AD0-AD7 lines is the 8-bit data.
d) When ALE goes high, it indicates that the content on AD0-AD7 lines is in lower-order 8-bit
address of 16-bit address.
14) W͞͞R:
a) This is an active-low, output-control-signal pin used to write the data to the Memory or an I/O
Device.
b) Here, to write a data into a device/memory, microprocessor selects a device & then it transfers
the data & data-lines by generating W͞͞R signal from W͞͞R pin.
c) Thus, when the generated W͞͞R signal is low, then the data is readed from the I/O Device &
When the generated W͞͞R signal is high, then the data is readed from the Memory.
15) R͞D:
a) This is an active-low, output-control-signal pin used to read the data from the Memory or an I/O
Device.
b) Here, to read a data from a device/memory, microprocessor selects a device & then it transfers
the data & data-lines by generating R͞D signal from R͞D pin.
c) Thus, when the generated R͞D signal is low, then the data is readed from the I/O Device & When
the generated R͞D signal is high, then the data is readed from the Memory.
16) IO/M̅ :
a) It is a Status-Signal pin which distinguishes wheather the address is for Memory or to the I/O
Devices.
b) If IO/M͞ signal is low, then the Memory is Selected & If IO/M͞ signal is high, and then the I/O
Devices is selected.
4. 4
17) READY :
a) It is an active-high, input-control signal pin used by the microprocessor to check wheather the
peripheral-devices is ready to transfer the data or not.
b) This signal is also used to synchronize slower peripheral-devices with the faster peripheral-
devices.
c) When READY Signal from READY pin is high, then the microprocessor completes the operation
& proceeds for next operation.
d) When READY Signal from READY pin is low, then the microprocessor will wait untill it goes high.
18) R͞E͞S͞E͞T-I͞N:
a) It is an active-low input reset-acknowledgement-signal used to reset the microprocessor & pass
an acknowledgement to RESET OUT signal which indicates that the CPU has been Resetted.
b) When this signal is received by the microprocessor, the address-lines, data-lines & control-lines
gets tri-stated & the memory-location of program-counter i.e 0000 is cleared along with the
flag-register & temporary-registers.
c) After this process, the program-counter is resetted where it starts executing from the Starting
memory-location 0000H onwards.
19) CLK:
a) It is output clock-signal which is used as a system-clock.
b) An Internally Operating 3MHz Frequency obtained from the crystally-connected clock-input pins
X1& X2 is stored in this pin which is used to operate other peripheral devices in the systemwith
the same speed.
20) HLDA:
It is an output-signal which indicates an acknowledgement to HOLD that the HOLD-Request has
been received.
21) HOLD:
a) HOLD is an active-high, input signal used by the DMA (Direct Memory Access) Controller to
transfer the data.
b) When a Peripheral Device wants to transfer the data, it requests DMA controller.
c) Here, in response with it , the DMA Controller ask for Buses to the 8085 Microprocessor by
making it’s HOLD output High which is connected to the Input of HOLD of Microprocessor.
d) Whenever the Microprocessor receives that high-output signal from HOLD’s input, then it sends
this high-output signal to HLDA to hold the acknowledgement that the HOLD-Request has been
received by the DMA Controller by indicating that it has turned the control over buses for other
master in the system.
e) When data-transfer is completed, then it returns the control of buses back to the 8085
Microprocessor by sending back a low HOLD Signal.
22) Vcc:
It is the main power-source pin which requires a single +5v of DC supply to run the 8085
Microprocessor.