The passage discusses the importance of protecting privacy and limiting data collection in the digital age. It notes that large technology companies now collect vast amounts of personal data on users through their devices and online activities. However, unchecked data collection could threaten privacy and enable unanticipated uses of personal information that people did not consent to sharing.

1. Prashant Sharma, Lecturer, ET&T, MMGGP, Rajnandgaon (C.G.) Page 1
Instruction Set of 8085 microprocessor
a) Data Transfer Group
b) Arithmetic Group
c) Logical Group
d) Branching/Loop Group
e) Stack and Machine Control Group
Notation used in Instruction and opcode
Notations Meaning
M Memory location pointed by HL register pair
R 8-bit register
RP 16-bit register pair
RS Source register
RD Destination register
Addr 16-bit address
X 8-bit data
c) Logical Group
1. ANA R 2. ANA M 3. ANI data 4. ORA R
5. ORA M 6. ORI data 7. XRA R 8. XRA M
9. XRI data 10. CMA 11. CMC 12. STC
13. CMP R 14. CMP M 15. CPI data 16. RLC
17. RRC 18. RAL 19. RAR
1. ANA R
Description - Logical AND content of register R with accumulator A and store
the result in accumulator A.
Operation - A AND R ----> A
No. of Bytes- 1
Flags - S, Z and P are modified to reflect the result of operation. Carry is
reset and AC is set.

2. Prashant Sharma, Lecturer, ET&T, MMGGP, Rajnandgaon (C.G.) Page 2
Example - ANA E
Before Execution After Execution
R= E = 41H R= E = 41H
A = 35H A = 01H
E = 41H 0100 0001
A = 35H 0011 0101
0000 0001
2. ANA M
Description - Logical AND content of memory location M with accumulator A
and store the result in accumulator A.
Operation - A AND M ----> A OR A AND (HL) ----> A
No. of Bytes- 1
Flags - S, Z and P are modified to reflect the result of operation. Carry is
reset and AC is set.
Example - ANA M
Before Execution After Execution
M= (HL) = (1200) = 41H M= (HL) = (1200) = 41H
A = 35H A = 01H
Note: - AND operation is performed same as ANA R.
3. ANI data
Description - Logical AND immediate data with accumulator A and store the
result in accumulator A.
Operation - A AND data ----> A
No. of Bytes- 2
Flags - S, Z and P are modified to reflect the result of operation. Carry is
reset and AC is set.
Example - ANI 41H
Before Execution After Execution
data = 41H data = 41H
A = 35H A = 01H
Note: - AND operation is performed same as ANA R.
AND Operation

3. Prashant Sharma, Lecturer, ET&T, MMGGP, Rajnandgaon (C.G.) Page 3
4. ORA R
Description - Logical OR content of register R with accumulator A and store the
result in accumulator A.
Operation - A OR R ----> A
No. of Bytes- 1
Flags - S, Z and P are modified to reflect the result of operation. Carry is
reset and AC is set.
Example - ORA E
Before Execution After Execution
R= E = 41H R= E = 41H
A = 35H A = 75H
E = 41H 0100 0001
A = 35H 0011 0101
0111 0101
5. ORA M
Description - Logical OR content of memory location M with accumulator A
and store the result in accumulator A.
Operation - A OR M ----> A OR A OR (HL) ----> A
No. of Bytes- 1
Flags - S, Z and P are modified to reflect the result of operation. Carry is
reset and AC is set.
Example - ORA M
Before Execution After Execution
M= (HL) = (1200) = 41H M= (HL) = (1200) = 41H
A = 35H A = 75H
Note: - OR operation is performed same as ORA R.
OR Operation

4. Prashant Sharma, Lecturer, ET&T, MMGGP, Rajnandgaon (C.G.) Page 4
6. ORI data
Description - Logical OR immediate data with accumulator A and store the
result in accumulator A.
Operation - A OR data ----> A
No. of Bytes- 2
Flags - S, Z and P are modified to reflect the result of operation. Carry is
reset and AC is set.
Example - ORI 41H
Before Execution After Execution
data = 41H data = 41H
A = 35H A = 75H
Note: - OR operation is performed same as ORA R.
7. XRA R
Description - Logical X-OR content of register R with accumulator A and store
the result in accumulator A.
Operation - A X-OR R ----> A
No. of Bytes- 1
Flags - S, Z and P are modified to reflect the result of operation. Carry is
reset and AC is set.
Example - XRA E
Before Execution After Execution
R= E = 41H R= E = 41H
A = 35H A = 74H
E = 41H 0100 0001
A = 35H 0011 0101
0111 0100
X-OR Operation

5. Prashant Sharma, Lecturer, ET&T, MMGGP, Rajnandgaon (C.G.) Page 5
8. XRA M
Description - Logical X-OR content of memory location M with accumulator A
and store the result in accumulator A.
Operation - A X-OR M ----> A OR A X-OR (HL) ----> A
No. of Bytes- 1
Flags - S, Z and P are modified to reflect the result of operation. Carry is
reset and AC is set.
Example - XRA M
Before Execution After Execution
M= (HL) = (1200) = 41H M= (HL) = (1200) = 41H
A = 35H A = 74H
Note: - X-OR operation is performed same as XRA R.
9. XRI data
Description - Logical X-OR immediate data with accumulator A and store the
result in accumulator A.
Operation - A X-OR data ----> A
No. of Bytes- 2
Flags - S, Z and P are modified to reflect the result of operation. Carry is
reset and AC is set.
Example - XRI 41H
Before Execution After Execution
data = 41H data = 41H
A = 35H A = 74H
Note: - X-OR operation is performed same as XRA R.

6. Prashant Sharma, Lecturer, ET&T, MMGGP, Rajnandgaon (C.G.) Page 6
10. CMA
Description - Complement accumulator A and store the result in accumulator
A.
Operation - A̅ ----> A
No. of Bytes- 1
Flags - No flags are modified.
Example - CMA
Before Execution After Execution
A = 35H A = CA H
A = 35H = 0011 0101
A̅ = CA H = 1100 1010
11.CMC
Description - Complement the carry flag.
Operation - CY̅̅̅̅----> CY
No. of Bytes- 1
Flags - Only carry flag is complemented. No other flags are modified.
Example - CMC
Before Execution After Execution
(i) CY = Set CY = Reset
(ii) CY = Reset CY = Set
12.STC
Description - Set the carry flag.
Operation - CY = Set
No. of Bytes- 1
Flags - Only carry flag is complemented. No other flags are modified.
Example - STC
Before Execution After Execution
(i) CY = Set CY = Set
(ii) CY = Reset CY = Set

7. Prashant Sharma, Lecturer, ET&T, MMGGP, Rajnandgaon (C.G.) Page 7
13.CMP R
Description - Compare content of register R with accumulator A. The contents
of register R and accumulator A are not altered.
Operation - A compare R----> Flag Register
No. of Bytes- 1
Flags - S, Z and P are modified to reflect the result of operation and Z, CY
are used to indicate the result of comparison.
(i) A > R: CY is Reset and Zero flag is Reset.
(ii) A = R: Zero flag is set.
(iii) A < R: CY flag is set.
Example - CMP D
Before Execution After Execution
(i) A = 35H A > D
D = 25H
A = 35H = 0011 0101
D = 25H = 0010 0101
2’s complement of 25H -----> 1101 1011
A = 35H = 0011 0101
2’s complement of 25H -----> + 1101 1011
1 0001 0000
Carry is generated so CY = set, microprocessor complement this carry so CY = reset
and also zero flag is reset, which represent that the A is greater than D.
(ii) A = 35H A = D
D = 35H
A = 35H = 0011 0101
D = 35H = 0011 0101
2’s complement of 35H -----> 1100 1011
A = 35H = 0011 0101
2’s complement of 35H -----> + 1100 1011
1 0000 0000
Carry is generated so CY = set, microprocessor complement this carry so CY = reset
and zero flag is set, which represent that the A is equal to D.

8. Prashant Sharma, Lecturer, ET&T, MMGGP, Rajnandgaon (C.G.) Page 8
(iii) A = 25H A < D
D = 35H
A = 25H = 0010 0101
D = 35H = 0011 0101
2’s complement of 35H -----> 1100 1011
A = 25H = 0010 0101
2’s complement of 35H -----> + 1100 1011
1111 0000
No carry generated so CY = reset, microprocessor complement this carry so CY = set,
which represent that the A is less than D.
14.CMP M
Description - Compare content of memory location M with accumulator A. The
contents of memory location M and accumulator A are not altered.
Operation - A compare M----> Flag Register
OR
A compare (HL)----> Flag Register
No. of Bytes- 1
Flags - S, Z and P are modified to reflect the result of operation and Z, CY
are used to indicate the result of comparison.
(i) A > M: CY is Reset and Zero flag is Reset.
(ii) A = M: Zero flag is set.
(iii) A < M: CY flag is set.
Example - CMP M
Before Execution After Execution
A = 35H A > M
M = (HL) = (1000) = 25H
A = 35H = 0011 0101
M = (HL) = (1000) = 25H = 0010 0101
2’s complement of 25H -----> 1101 1011

9. Prashant Sharma, Lecturer, ET&T, MMGGP, Rajnandgaon (C.G.) Page 9
A = 35H = 0011 0101
2’s complement of 25H -----> + 1101 1011
1 0001 0000
Carry is generated so CY = set, microprocessor complement this carry so CY = reset
and also zero flag is reset, which represent that the A is greater than M.
Note: - Other comparison examples (A=M & A<M) are same as CMP R.
15.CPI data
Description - Compare immediate data with accumulator A. The immediate
and accumulator A are not altered.
Operation - A compare data----> Flag Register
No. of Bytes- 2
Flags - S, Z and P are modified to reflect the result of operation and Z, CY
are used to indicate the result of comparison.
(i) A > data: CY is Reset and Zero flag is Reset.
(ii) A = data: Zero flag is set.
(iii) A < data: CY flag is set.
Example - CPI 25H
Before Execution After Execution
A = 35H A > data
data = 25H
A = 35H = 0011 0101
data = 25H = 0010 0101
2’s complement of 25H -----> 1101 1011
A = 35H = 0011 0101
2’s complement of 25H -----> + 1101 1011
1 0001 0000
Carry is generated so CY = set, microprocessor complement this carry so CY = reset
and also zero flag is reset, which represent that the A is greater than immediate
data.
Note: - Other comparison examples (A=data & A<data) are same as CMP R.

10. Prashant Sharma, Lecturer, ET&T, MMGGP, Rajnandgaon (C.G.) Page 10
16. RLC
Description - Rotate accumulator A left by 1 bit.
Operation - Accumulator: Dn Dn+1 (n=0 to 6)
D7 D0
D7 CY
No. of Bytes- 1
Flags - Only carry flag is modified. No other flags are modified.
Example - RLC
Before Execution After Execution
A = 48H A = 90H
CY = 0
Value D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
A = 48H 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
A = 91H 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
17. RRC
Description - Rotate accumulator A right by 1 bit.
Operation - Accumulator: Dn+1 Dn (n=0 to 6)
D0 D7
D0 CY
No. of Bytes- 1
Flags - Only carry flag is modified. No other flags are modified.
Example - RRC
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
CY
CY = 0
CY

11. Prashant Sharma, Lecturer, ET&T, MMGGP, Rajnandgaon (C.G.) Page 11
Before Execution After Execution
A = 48H A = 24H
CY = 0
Value D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
A = 48H 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
A = 24H 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
18. RAL
Description - Rotate accumulator A left through carry by 1 bit.
Operation - Accumulator: Dn Dn+1 (n=0 to 6)
D7 CY
CY D0
No. of Bytes- 1
Flags - Only carry flag is modified. No other flags are modified.
Example - RAL
Before Execution After Execution
A = 58H A = B1H
CY = 1 CY = 0
Value D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
A = 58H 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
A = B1H 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
CY=1
New Value Previous Value
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
CY = 0
CY
CY = 0

12. Prashant Sharma, Lecturer, ET&T, MMGGP, Rajnandgaon (C.G.) Page 12
19. RAR
Description - Rotate accumulator A right through carry by 1 bit.
Operation - Accumulator: Dn+1 Dn (n=0 to 6)
D0 CY
CY D7
No. of Bytes- 1
Flags - Only carry flag is modified. No other flags are modified.
Example - RAR
Before Execution After Execution
A = 59H A = 2C H
CY = 0 CY = 1
Value D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
A = 59H 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
A = 2C H 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
CY=0
Previous Value New Value
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
CY
CY = 1