This document provides an overview of asthma, including its definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, classification, and management. Some key points: - Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by variable airflow obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness leading to recurrent wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing. - It affects over 300 million people worldwide and its prevalence is increasing, especially in children. Common risk factors include atopy, air pollution, infections and obesity. - Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, lung function tests and allergy testing. Severity is classified based on symptoms, lung function and medication needs. - Management follows a six-part asthma

1. Asthma MBBS.weebly.com

2. Beethoven Ludwig van He was a patient with asthma, and died in 1827.

3. Teresa Deng She was also a patient with asthma, and died in 1995.

4. Asthma incidence of children

5. G IN A lobal itiative for sthma

9. Worldwide Variation in Prevalence of Asthma Symptoms International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children (ISAAC) Lancet 1998;351:1225

10. Increasing Prevalence of Asthma in Children/Adolescents 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 1992 1982 1989 1975 1992 1982 1994 1989 1992 1982 1992 1982 1991 1979 1989 1966 Finland (Haahtela et al ) Sweden (Aberg et al ) Japan (Nakagomi et al ) Scotland (Rona et al ) UK (Omran et al ) USA (NHIS) New Zealand (Shaw et al ) Australia (Peat et al ) { Prevalence (%) { { { { { { {

11. 70 60 50 40 30 20 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 Rate/1,000 Persons Year <18 18-44 45-64 65+ Total (All Ages) Age (years) Trends in Prevalence of Asthma By Age, U.S., 1985-1996 95 96 80

22. Typical Spirometric (FEV 1 ) Tracings 1 Time (sec) 2 3 4 5 FEV 1 Volume Normal Subject Asthmatic (After Bronchodilator) Asthmatic (Before Bronchodilator) Note: Each FEV 1 curve represents the highest of three repeat measurements

29. Pointers that differentiate asthma from COPD COPD Asthma History Smoker or ex-smoker Nearly all Possibly Symptoms under age 45 Uncommon Often Chronic productive cough Common Uncommon Breathlessness Persistent and progressive Variable Winter bronchitis Common Uncommon Investigations Serial PEF Obstructive picture May be normal Day to day and diurnal variation Reversibility testing Minimal variation Usually<15% or 200ml change Usually>15% or 200ml change

31. Classification of Severity of chronic stable asthma CLASSIFY SEVERITY Clinical Features Before Treatment Symptoms Nocturnal Symptoms FEV 1 or PEF STEP 4 Severe Persistent STEP 3 Moderate Persistent STEP 2 Mild Persistent STEP 1 Intermittent Continuous Limited physical activity Daily Attacks affect activity > 1 time a week but < 1 time a day < 1 time a week Asymptomatic and normal PEF between attacks Frequent > 1 time a week > 2 times a month  2 times a month  60% predicted Variability > 30% 60 - 80% predicted Variability > 30%  80% predicted Variability 20 - 30%  80% predicted Variability < 20% The presence of one feature of severity is sufficient to place patient in that category.

32. Classification of Severity

33. Classification of severity of asthma exacerbation breathlessness RR HR PEF/FEV1 PaO2 PaCO2 SaO2 Mild With activity ↑ <100 >80% normal <45 >95 Moderate With talking ↑ 100~120 60-80% 60~80 <45 91~95 Severe At rest >30 >120 <60% <60 >45 <91 Impending respiratory failure Consciousness Relative bradycardia <60 >45 <91

34. Six-Part Asthma Management Program 1. Educate patients to develop a partnership in asthma management 2. Assess and monitor asthma severity with symptom reports and measures of lung function as much as possible 3. Avoid exposure to risk factors 4. Establish medication plans for chronic management in children and adults 5. Establish individual plans for managing exacerbations 6. Provide regular follow-up care

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55. Emergency Department Management Acute Asthma Respiratory Failure Admit to ICU Good Response Observe for at least 1 hour If Stable, Discharge to Home Initial Assessment History, Physical Examination, PEF or FEV 1 Initial Therapy Bronchodilators; O 2 if needed Incomplete/Poor Response Add Systemic Glucocorticosteroids Good Response Discharge Poor Response Admit to Hospital

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