This chapter discusses upgrading and maintaining PC memory. It describes different types of memory technologies including RAM, ROM, DIMMs, SIMMs, and RIMMs. It provides details on DIMM technologies such as SDRAM, DDR, DDR2, DDR3, ECC memory, and buffered memory. The chapter explains how to identify the memory installed in a PC and select the right additional modules for upgrading memory capacity and performance. It outlines steps for physically installing new memory modules.
This chapter discusses upgrading and troubleshooting memory. It covers different memory technologies like RAM, ROM, SIMMs, DIMMs and RIMMs. It describes how to identify the type of memory in a system and select compatible memory for upgrade. The chapter explains how to safely install additional memory modules and troubleshoot issues like systems that do not recognize upgrades or have memory errors.
The document discusses i-RAM (Intelligent Random Access Memory), which merges processing and memory into a single chip. It describes how i-RAM works, Gigabyte's i-RAM storage device, who produces i-RAM, i-RAM technology, and some of i-RAM's products like solutions for smart grids, street light management, and building automation. The document contains details on the history, definition, advantages, and challenges of i-RAM.
The goal of Intelligent RAM (IRAM) is to design a cost-effective computer by designing a processor in a memory fabrication process, instead of in a conventional logic fabrication process, and include memory on-chip.
Dave Patterson proposed in 1997 integrating a microprocessor into a memory chip, called Intelligent RAM or IRAM, to reduce bandwidth and latency issues between the processor and memory. IRAM could provide higher bandwidth and lower latency with less physical distance and complexity compared to using a memory bus. However, manufacturing challenges would increase costs per bit and affect refresh rates. While early prototypes like VIRAM showed potential for parallelism, they were not efficient for short vectors or non-vectorizable workloads. Though IRAM was not successfully commercialized, the concept influenced later technologies bringing processors and memory closer together.
Computer is an electronic device that receives input, processes data based on stored instructions, and produces output. It consists of both hardware and software. Computer components include the system unit, CPU, memory, ports, input/output devices, and storage devices. Computers are categorized based on size, speed, and cost into personal computers, palmtop computers, servers, mainframes, and supercomputers. Computers are widely used at home, for education, e-commerce, finance, and telecommuting.
The document discusses the key hardware components of a computer system. It explains that a computer requires both hardware and software to function, with the hardware comprising physical components like the monitor, keyboard, memory and hard drive. The hardware's main functions are input, processing, storage and output of data. Central to the system is the motherboard, which contains the CPU and connections for other internal and external components to communicate with each other. The document provides details on other internal components like RAM, hard drives, expansion cards, and the power supply, as well as external input/output devices.
The document discusses various aspects of computer systems including:
1. Computers are used daily in homes, education, workplaces, and outdoors for tasks like internet, education, record keeping, ATMs, and more.
2. Computers perform operations of input, processing, output, and storage in the IPOS cycle. Hardware includes internal components like the CPU and external components like keyboards. Software includes system and application programs.
3. Additional sections cover computer memory, ports, buses, input/output devices, and specific devices like keyboards and mice in more detail. Diagrams illustrate computer networks and system unit components.
This document discusses various types of computers and components. It begins by defining a computer and its basic characteristics of being programmable and able to execute stored instructions. The main hardware components of all computers are then described as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, mass storage, input/output devices. Types of computers are then classified based on size and power as personal computers, workstations, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers. Microprocessors, microcontrollers, and digital signal processors are also defined. The document provides detailed descriptions of the architecture and characteristics of these various computer components.
This chapter discusses upgrading and troubleshooting memory. It covers different memory technologies like RAM, ROM, SIMMs, DIMMs and RIMMs. It describes how to identify the type of memory in a system and select compatible memory for upgrade. The chapter explains how to safely install additional memory modules and troubleshoot issues like systems that do not recognize upgrades or have memory errors.
The document discusses i-RAM (Intelligent Random Access Memory), which merges processing and memory into a single chip. It describes how i-RAM works, Gigabyte's i-RAM storage device, who produces i-RAM, i-RAM technology, and some of i-RAM's products like solutions for smart grids, street light management, and building automation. The document contains details on the history, definition, advantages, and challenges of i-RAM.
The goal of Intelligent RAM (IRAM) is to design a cost-effective computer by designing a processor in a memory fabrication process, instead of in a conventional logic fabrication process, and include memory on-chip.
Dave Patterson proposed in 1997 integrating a microprocessor into a memory chip, called Intelligent RAM or IRAM, to reduce bandwidth and latency issues between the processor and memory. IRAM could provide higher bandwidth and lower latency with less physical distance and complexity compared to using a memory bus. However, manufacturing challenges would increase costs per bit and affect refresh rates. While early prototypes like VIRAM showed potential for parallelism, they were not efficient for short vectors or non-vectorizable workloads. Though IRAM was not successfully commercialized, the concept influenced later technologies bringing processors and memory closer together.
Computer is an electronic device that receives input, processes data based on stored instructions, and produces output. It consists of both hardware and software. Computer components include the system unit, CPU, memory, ports, input/output devices, and storage devices. Computers are categorized based on size, speed, and cost into personal computers, palmtop computers, servers, mainframes, and supercomputers. Computers are widely used at home, for education, e-commerce, finance, and telecommuting.
The document discusses the key hardware components of a computer system. It explains that a computer requires both hardware and software to function, with the hardware comprising physical components like the monitor, keyboard, memory and hard drive. The hardware's main functions are input, processing, storage and output of data. Central to the system is the motherboard, which contains the CPU and connections for other internal and external components to communicate with each other. The document provides details on other internal components like RAM, hard drives, expansion cards, and the power supply, as well as external input/output devices.
The document discusses various aspects of computer systems including:
1. Computers are used daily in homes, education, workplaces, and outdoors for tasks like internet, education, record keeping, ATMs, and more.
2. Computers perform operations of input, processing, output, and storage in the IPOS cycle. Hardware includes internal components like the CPU and external components like keyboards. Software includes system and application programs.
3. Additional sections cover computer memory, ports, buses, input/output devices, and specific devices like keyboards and mice in more detail. Diagrams illustrate computer networks and system unit components.
This document discusses various types of computers and components. It begins by defining a computer and its basic characteristics of being programmable and able to execute stored instructions. The main hardware components of all computers are then described as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, mass storage, input/output devices. Types of computers are then classified based on size and power as personal computers, workstations, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers. Microprocessors, microcontrollers, and digital signal processors are also defined. The document provides detailed descriptions of the architecture and characteristics of these various computer components.
This document discusses memory types, RAM types, memory modules, and troubleshooting memory issues. It explains that memory is categorized as volatile or non-volatile, and describes common RAM types like DRAM, SDRAM, and DDR-SDRAM. It also outlines different memory module packages and how to install, upgrade, and troubleshoot computer memory problems.
This document provides an overview of microprocessors and related computer hardware components. It defines key terms like microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor, and computer types from personal computers to supercomputers. The summary discusses the basic components of all computers, including memory, storage, input/output devices, and the central processing unit (CPU). It also defines the roles of microprocessors, microcontrollers, and digital signal processors.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, as well as output devices like monitors and printers. It explains the central processing unit and computer chips. It also discusses data storage devices, computer memory, graphic user interfaces, video cards, ports, peripherals, resolution, networks, bandwidth, multitasking, multimedia, file management, and more. The document is intended as an introductory guide to fundamental computer components, technologies, and concepts.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, the central processing unit (CPU) or brain of the computer, data storage devices like hard drives and CD-ROMs, computer memory, graphic user interfaces (GUIs), video cards, ports and peripherals, resolution, local and wide area networks (LANs and WANs), bandwidth, multitasking, multimedia, file management, and importing and exporting files. The document serves as an introductory guide to understanding fundamental computer components, their functions, and basic terminology.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, the central processing unit (CPU) or brain of the computer, data storage devices like hard drives and CD-ROMs, computer memory, graphic user interfaces (GUIs), video cards, ports and peripherals, resolution, local and wide area networks (LANs and WANs), bandwidth, multitasking, multimedia, file management, and importing and exporting files. The document serves as an introductory guide to understanding fundamental computer components, their functions, and basic terminology.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, the central processing unit (CPU) or brain of the computer, data storage devices like hard drives and CD-ROMs, computer memory, graphic user interfaces (GUIs), video cards, ports and peripherals, resolution, local and wide area networks (LANs and WANs), bandwidth, multitasking, multimedia, file management, and importing and exporting files. The document serves as an introductory guide to understanding fundamental computer components, their functions, and basic terminology.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, the central processing unit (CPU) or brain of the computer, data storage devices like hard drives and CD-ROMs, computer memory, graphic user interfaces (GUIs), video cards, ports and peripherals, resolution, local and wide area networks (LANs and WANs), bandwidth, multitasking, multimedia, file management, and importing and exporting files. The document aims to explain the essential components and functions that make up basic computer systems.
The document provides an overview of printer types, features, installation, sharing, maintenance and troubleshooting. It discusses laser, inkjet, impact, thermal and dye sublimation printers. It describes how to install local and network printers in Windows Vista and XP, configure printer properties, share printers, and install printer drivers on remote PCs. Topics covered include printer consumables, routine cleaning, firmware updates, and general troubleshooting steps for issues like printers not printing.
The document discusses topics related to supporting, upgrading, and troubleshooting notebooks, including selecting and connecting peripheral devices. It covers special considerations for servicing notebooks like avoiding actions that could void the warranty and using manufacturer-provided diagnostic tools and documentation. Guidelines are provided for caring for notebooks, managing power usage, and setting passwords and backups to secure data. Tablet PCs and PDAs are also briefly mentioned.
The document discusses different types of computer storage. It begins by differentiating between storage devices and storage media. It then describes the characteristics of internal hard disks, including capacity, platters, read/write heads, cylinders, sectors, tracks, revolutions per minute, transfer rate, and access time. The document also discusses network attached storage devices, external and removable hard disks, hard disk controllers, flash memory storage, cloud storage, optical discs, tape storage, and enterprise storage.
The document discusses operating systems and their components. It describes how operating systems interface with users through graphical user interfaces, manage files and folders using directories and paths, run applications by allocating system resources to processes and threads, and interface with hardware using device drivers. It provides details on various operating systems like Windows, Mac OS, Linux, and their versions. It focuses on the components of Windows operating systems, how they manage applications and hardware, and how users can navigate and manage files using Windows Explorer.
This chapter introduces the hardware components of a computer system. It explains that hardware requires software to function and direct its operations. The main hardware components discussed are the motherboard, CPU, memory, storage devices like hard drives, optical drives, and ports for input/output. The chapter outlines how these components work together and communicate via buses and cables to allow input, processing, storage and output of data in a computer system.
This document provides information about computer organization and architecture. It discusses the motherboard as the central component that connects all other components like the CPU, RAM, expansion slots and ports. It describes how the chipset and its components like the northbridge and southbridge facilitate data exchange. It covers CPU components like the ALU and registers, and characteristics like clock speed and instruction sets. It also discusses the memory hierarchy including caches, RAM and disk storage. In summary, the document is an overview of key components and concepts in computer organization and architecture.
The document provides an overview of basic computer hardware components. It discusses the central processing unit (CPU), memory units, input/output devices, storage devices like hard disk drives, optical drives, and peripherals. It also covers the motherboard, bus architecture, and factors that affect processing speed such as registers, RAM, the system clock, cache memory, and the bus. Printers, monitors, video cards, modems, network interface cards, air conditioners, uninterruptible power supplies, and RAID devices are also briefly described.
The document discusses the various hardware components of a computer system. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice that allow entry of data, and output devices like monitors and printers that display processed information. Processing devices refer to the central processing unit (CPU) that performs computations. Storage devices like hard drives are used to permanently store programs and data. Communication devices allow connection to networks for sharing information. The system unit houses the main components connected to the motherboard, and the BIOS interfaces between hardware and software. Memory and storage are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of installing and supporting various input/output (I/O) devices for personal computers. It discusses connecting keyboards, mice, displays, video cards, expansion cards and other peripherals. The key steps for installation include ensuring device driver support, connecting cables to ports, and verifying devices are recognized properly in the operating system. Troubleshooting guidance is provided for solving issues like devices not detected or display problems.
The document provides information on various bus standards used in computers, including ISA, PCI, SCSI, IDE, and USB. It describes the history and characteristics of each standard. ISA was the original bus standard from 1981 but has been replaced by faster standards like PCI. PCI supports high-speed direct memory access and is widely used today. SCSI is used for hard drives and other peripherals but requires more pins than IDE. IDE connects hard drives and is cheaper than SCSI. USB is a serial bus standard introduced in 1995 that allows many peripheral devices to be connected using cables with standardized connectors.
This document provides an overview of Active Directory design and security concepts in Windows Server 2008. It discusses organizing users and computers into organizational units and how to delegate control to other users. The document also covers forests, trees, domains and the components of an Active Directory site, including domain controllers and replication. It provides information on permissions, access control lists, and inheritance as they relate to Active Directory security.
Group policies allow an administrator to centrally manage settings and configurations for users and computers in an Active Directory domain. Group policy objects (GPOs) contain the specific policy settings and can be linked to sites, domains, or organizational units (OUs). When linked, the settings in the GPO will apply to any users or computers contained within that site, domain, or OU. GPOs get replicated to domain controllers and are then applied to users and computers based on the policy's scope and the link order of multiple applicable GPOs. Administrators can configure a wide variety of policies covering security settings, application installation, user configurations, and more through group policies.
Guide To Windows 7 - Installing Windows 7Gene Carboni
Chapter 2 illustrates how to install Windows 7. Viewers will learn about the deployment enhancements in Windows 7. In addition, Chapter 2 describes the use of Windows Easy Transfer. It explains how to use and manage Windows Imaging Format image files.
This document discusses memory types, RAM types, memory modules, and troubleshooting memory issues. It explains that memory is categorized as volatile or non-volatile, and describes common RAM types like DRAM, SDRAM, and DDR-SDRAM. It also outlines different memory module packages and how to install, upgrade, and troubleshoot computer memory problems.
This document provides an overview of microprocessors and related computer hardware components. It defines key terms like microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor, and computer types from personal computers to supercomputers. The summary discusses the basic components of all computers, including memory, storage, input/output devices, and the central processing unit (CPU). It also defines the roles of microprocessors, microcontrollers, and digital signal processors.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, as well as output devices like monitors and printers. It explains the central processing unit and computer chips. It also discusses data storage devices, computer memory, graphic user interfaces, video cards, ports, peripherals, resolution, networks, bandwidth, multitasking, multimedia, file management, and more. The document is intended as an introductory guide to fundamental computer components, technologies, and concepts.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, the central processing unit (CPU) or brain of the computer, data storage devices like hard drives and CD-ROMs, computer memory, graphic user interfaces (GUIs), video cards, ports and peripherals, resolution, local and wide area networks (LANs and WANs), bandwidth, multitasking, multimedia, file management, and importing and exporting files. The document serves as an introductory guide to understanding fundamental computer components, their functions, and basic terminology.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, the central processing unit (CPU) or brain of the computer, data storage devices like hard drives and CD-ROMs, computer memory, graphic user interfaces (GUIs), video cards, ports and peripherals, resolution, local and wide area networks (LANs and WANs), bandwidth, multitasking, multimedia, file management, and importing and exporting files. The document serves as an introductory guide to understanding fundamental computer components, their functions, and basic terminology.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, the central processing unit (CPU) or brain of the computer, data storage devices like hard drives and CD-ROMs, computer memory, graphic user interfaces (GUIs), video cards, ports and peripherals, resolution, local and wide area networks (LANs and WANs), bandwidth, multitasking, multimedia, file management, and importing and exporting files. The document serves as an introductory guide to understanding fundamental computer components, their functions, and basic terminology.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, the central processing unit (CPU) or brain of the computer, data storage devices like hard drives and CD-ROMs, computer memory, graphic user interfaces (GUIs), video cards, ports and peripherals, resolution, local and wide area networks (LANs and WANs), bandwidth, multitasking, multimedia, file management, and importing and exporting files. The document aims to explain the essential components and functions that make up basic computer systems.
The document provides an overview of printer types, features, installation, sharing, maintenance and troubleshooting. It discusses laser, inkjet, impact, thermal and dye sublimation printers. It describes how to install local and network printers in Windows Vista and XP, configure printer properties, share printers, and install printer drivers on remote PCs. Topics covered include printer consumables, routine cleaning, firmware updates, and general troubleshooting steps for issues like printers not printing.
The document discusses topics related to supporting, upgrading, and troubleshooting notebooks, including selecting and connecting peripheral devices. It covers special considerations for servicing notebooks like avoiding actions that could void the warranty and using manufacturer-provided diagnostic tools and documentation. Guidelines are provided for caring for notebooks, managing power usage, and setting passwords and backups to secure data. Tablet PCs and PDAs are also briefly mentioned.
The document discusses different types of computer storage. It begins by differentiating between storage devices and storage media. It then describes the characteristics of internal hard disks, including capacity, platters, read/write heads, cylinders, sectors, tracks, revolutions per minute, transfer rate, and access time. The document also discusses network attached storage devices, external and removable hard disks, hard disk controllers, flash memory storage, cloud storage, optical discs, tape storage, and enterprise storage.
The document discusses operating systems and their components. It describes how operating systems interface with users through graphical user interfaces, manage files and folders using directories and paths, run applications by allocating system resources to processes and threads, and interface with hardware using device drivers. It provides details on various operating systems like Windows, Mac OS, Linux, and their versions. It focuses on the components of Windows operating systems, how they manage applications and hardware, and how users can navigate and manage files using Windows Explorer.
This chapter introduces the hardware components of a computer system. It explains that hardware requires software to function and direct its operations. The main hardware components discussed are the motherboard, CPU, memory, storage devices like hard drives, optical drives, and ports for input/output. The chapter outlines how these components work together and communicate via buses and cables to allow input, processing, storage and output of data in a computer system.
This document provides information about computer organization and architecture. It discusses the motherboard as the central component that connects all other components like the CPU, RAM, expansion slots and ports. It describes how the chipset and its components like the northbridge and southbridge facilitate data exchange. It covers CPU components like the ALU and registers, and characteristics like clock speed and instruction sets. It also discusses the memory hierarchy including caches, RAM and disk storage. In summary, the document is an overview of key components and concepts in computer organization and architecture.
The document provides an overview of basic computer hardware components. It discusses the central processing unit (CPU), memory units, input/output devices, storage devices like hard disk drives, optical drives, and peripherals. It also covers the motherboard, bus architecture, and factors that affect processing speed such as registers, RAM, the system clock, cache memory, and the bus. Printers, monitors, video cards, modems, network interface cards, air conditioners, uninterruptible power supplies, and RAID devices are also briefly described.
The document discusses the various hardware components of a computer system. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice that allow entry of data, and output devices like monitors and printers that display processed information. Processing devices refer to the central processing unit (CPU) that performs computations. Storage devices like hard drives are used to permanently store programs and data. Communication devices allow connection to networks for sharing information. The system unit houses the main components connected to the motherboard, and the BIOS interfaces between hardware and software. Memory and storage are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of installing and supporting various input/output (I/O) devices for personal computers. It discusses connecting keyboards, mice, displays, video cards, expansion cards and other peripherals. The key steps for installation include ensuring device driver support, connecting cables to ports, and verifying devices are recognized properly in the operating system. Troubleshooting guidance is provided for solving issues like devices not detected or display problems.
The document provides information on various bus standards used in computers, including ISA, PCI, SCSI, IDE, and USB. It describes the history and characteristics of each standard. ISA was the original bus standard from 1981 but has been replaced by faster standards like PCI. PCI supports high-speed direct memory access and is widely used today. SCSI is used for hard drives and other peripherals but requires more pins than IDE. IDE connects hard drives and is cheaper than SCSI. USB is a serial bus standard introduced in 1995 that allows many peripheral devices to be connected using cables with standardized connectors.
This document provides an overview of Active Directory design and security concepts in Windows Server 2008. It discusses organizing users and computers into organizational units and how to delegate control to other users. The document also covers forests, trees, domains and the components of an Active Directory site, including domain controllers and replication. It provides information on permissions, access control lists, and inheritance as they relate to Active Directory security.
Group policies allow an administrator to centrally manage settings and configurations for users and computers in an Active Directory domain. Group policy objects (GPOs) contain the specific policy settings and can be linked to sites, domains, or organizational units (OUs). When linked, the settings in the GPO will apply to any users or computers contained within that site, domain, or OU. GPOs get replicated to domain controllers and are then applied to users and computers based on the policy's scope and the link order of multiple applicable GPOs. Administrators can configure a wide variety of policies covering security settings, application installation, user configurations, and more through group policies.
Guide To Windows 7 - Installing Windows 7Gene Carboni
Chapter 2 illustrates how to install Windows 7. Viewers will learn about the deployment enhancements in Windows 7. In addition, Chapter 2 describes the use of Windows Easy Transfer. It explains how to use and manage Windows Imaging Format image files.
This document discusses different types of computer networks categorized by size and purpose. It describes personal area networks (PANs) which connect devices within a single home or building, local area networks (LANs) which connect devices within a single office building, metropolitan area networks (MANs) which span an entire city or campus, and wide area networks (WANs) which span an entire country or the world. It also discusses private networks like enterprise private networks (EPNs) and virtual private networks (VPNs) which connect multiple locations in a secure manner without using the public internet. Campus area networks (CANs) are also discussed as networks designed specifically for a college campus.
- Windows Server 2008 R2 aims to provide regular and compatible server releases through an R2 update model, allowing for feature enhancements and adapting to changing industry needs.
- It focuses on compatibility while enabling the latest server technologies, and emphasizes scalability, virtualization, management improvements, and synergies with the Windows client platform.
- Key areas of focus include virtualization, management automation through PowerShell, support for new hardware, and addressing trends like multi-core systems and 64-bit computing.
Guide To Windows 7 - Introduction to Windows 7Gene Carboni
This chapter outlines the versions of Windows 7 and the features available in each. This information enables users to determine which version is appropriate for their specific needs. The chapter also introduces new and improved features in Windows 7, including the updated user interface, hardware requirements, and system hardware support. Updated features for application support, connectivity applications, and enhanced networking models are also covered in the chapter.
The document describes the various roles of Windows Server 2008R2 including Active Directory Certificate Services, Active Directory Domain Services, Active Directory Federation Services, Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services, Active Directory Rights Management Services, Application Server, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Server, DNS Server, Fax Server, File Services, Hyper-V, Network Policy and Access Services, Print and Document Services, Remote Desktop Services, Web Server (IIS), Windows Deployment Services, and Windows Server Update Services. Each role provides specific services related to identity management, networking, applications, virtualization, security, and system management.
The document discusses upgrading and troubleshooting memory (RAM) on a personal computer. It covers different types of RAM technologies including SIMMs, DIMMs, and RIMMs. It provides instructions on how to upgrade RAM by adding compatible memory modules to empty slots on the motherboard. The document also discusses how to troubleshoot issues like memory errors by checking the memory type and size, reseating modules, and testing modules in different slots.
The document discusses upgrading and troubleshooting memory (RAM) on a personal computer. It covers different types of RAM technologies like SIMMs, DIMMs, and RIMMs. It provides instructions on how to upgrade RAM by adding compatible memory modules to empty slots on the motherboard. Troubleshooting tips include checking that new memory is suitable for the motherboard, reseating modules if not detected properly, and testing modules individually to isolate issues.
This document discusses various memory module form factors and technologies over time, including SIMM, RIMM, and DIMM. It provides details on the specifications and evolution of DRAM, SDRAM, DDR, DDR2, and DDR3 module types. Key aspects covered include module pin counts, data bus widths, speed ratings, error checking methods like ECC and parity, and factors that influence memory performance like capacity, technology, speed, latency, and channeling.
RAM is the computer's temporary memory that is erased when the power is turned off. There are two main types of RAM - static RAM (SRAM) which is fast but expensive, and dynamic RAM (DRAM) which is slower but cheaper. DRAM needs to be regularly refreshed to prevent data loss. RAM modules like SIMMs, DIMMs, and RIMMs directly plug into the motherboard and come in different widths and data transfer speeds. Factors like RAM type, amount installed, and latency specifications determine overall memory performance.
Computer memory, also known as RAM, is temporary storage that allows the computer to perform tasks by holding instructions and data in an easily accessible location. There are two main types of computer memory: volatile and non-volatile. Volatile memory, like RAM, loses its contents when power is removed while non-volatile types like ROM retain data without power. Over time, RAM technologies have evolved from SIMMs to DIMMs and SDRAM to DDR, DDR2, and DDR3, with each generation offering faster speeds and higher capacities. Proper identification and installation of the correct RAM type is important for system functionality and performance.
Computer memory, also known as RAM, is temporary storage that allows the computer to perform tasks by holding instructions and data in an easily accessible location. There are two main types of computer memory: volatile and non-volatile. Volatile memory, like RAM, loses its contents when power is removed while non-volatile types like ROM retain data without power. Over time, RAM technologies have evolved from SIMMs to DIMMs and SDRAM to DDR, DDR2, and DDR3, with each generation offering faster speeds and higher capacities. Proper identification and installation of the correct RAM type is important for system functionality and performance.
The document provides an overview of the key components inside a computer system unit, including the motherboard, processor, memory, ports, expansion slots, power supply, and bays. It describes the functions of the processor including its control unit, arithmetic logic unit, registers, machine cycle, and cooling technologies. It also discusses different types of memory such as RAM, ROM, cache, and flash memory. RAM is the primary memory that can be read from and written to by the CPU, while ROM stores permanent instructions. Cache memory helps improve processing speed. The document aims to explain the fundamental hardware components that make up a basic computer system.
This document discusses computer memory, including RAM, cache, memory modules, and memory history. RAM holds data that the computer is actively using, while cache is very fast memory between the CPU and RAM. Common memory modules include SIMMs, DIMMs, and SODIMMs. Memory technology has advanced from early plugged-in chips to higher density DDR RAM and beyond. Cache speeds have increased significantly from early 486s to modern CPUs with multiple cache levels integrated onto the chip.
This document provides an overview of different types of computer memory, including RAM and ROM. It distinguishes between common RAM types like SDRAM, DDR, DDR2 and DDR3. It also describes different memory packaging standards including SIMMs, DIMMs and RIMMs. Key characteristics of memory like clock speed, data transfer rate and error checking are defined.
Course Code: CS-301
Course Title: Introduction to Computing
Degree: BS(SE, CS, BIO)
Chapter Contents:
1. Identify the components of the central processing unit and how they work together and interact with memory
2. Describe how program instructions are executed by the computer
3. Explain how data is represented in the computer
4. Describe how the computer finds instructions and data
5. Describe the components of a microcomputer system unit’s motherboard
6. List the measures of computer processing speed and explain the approaches that increase speed
The document discusses computer hardware components and their functions. It covers the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, as well as secondary storage devices, input/output devices, and different types of computer systems. The key points are that RAM is temporary memory and ROM contains permanent instructions, multicore processors allow workload sharing, secondary storage provides higher capacity storage, and green computing aims to reduce environmental impact.
The document discusses computer hardware components including central processing units, memory, storage, input/output devices, and various computer system types. It provides learning objectives on selecting hardware to meet organizational needs, describes the functions of main memory and secondary storage, and discusses trends toward multiprocessing, higher storage capacities, and green computing initiatives.
The document discusses computer hardware components including central processing units, memory, storage, input/output devices, and various computer system types. It provides learning objectives on selecting hardware to meet organizational needs, describes the functions of main memory and secondary storage, and discusses trends toward green computing and high-performance multicore processors.
NOR flash is attractive for storing programs on embedded platforms because:
- NOR flash allows reading at the byte level, making individual instruction fetches very fast (on the order of 120ns). This fast random read speed is important for program execution.
- In contrast, NAND flash only allows reading in larger page sizes like 512 bytes, so each memory access would involve reading a whole page, slowing down instruction fetching.
- While NOR flash has slower write speeds compared to NAND flash (on the order of 520ms for a full erase vs 3.5ms for NAND), program code is typically read-only after being written initially. So the slower write speed of NOR is not as critical as its fast random read capability
The document discusses the central processing unit (CPU) and its components. The CPU consists of a control unit and arithmetic logic unit that work together to execute instructions. It describes how the CPU fetches and decodes instructions from memory and controls the flow of data. It also discusses various types of memory like RAM, ROM, and cache that the CPU uses to store and access data and instructions. Finally, it covers factors that influence computer processing speed like microprocessor speed, bus width, and parallel processing.
The document discusses the central processing unit (CPU) and its components. The CPU consists of a control unit and arithmetic logic unit that work together to execute instructions. It describes how the CPU fetches and decodes instructions from memory and controls the flow of data. It also discusses various types of memory like RAM, ROM, and cache that the CPU uses to store and access data and instructions. Finally, it covers factors that influence computer processing speed like microprocessor speed, bus width, and parallel processing.
The Central Processing Unit(CPU) for Chapter 4MKKhaing
The document discusses the central processing unit (CPU) and its components. The CPU consists of a control unit and arithmetic logic unit that work together to execute instructions. It describes how the CPU fetches and decodes instructions from memory and works with registers and the system clock to perform arithmetic and logical operations on data. It also summarizes different types of memory like RAM, ROM, and cache that the CPU uses to store and access instructions and data.
The document discusses the central processing unit (CPU) and how it works. It describes the CPU's main components - the control unit and arithmetic logic unit - and how they execute instructions. It explains how programs are executed via a fetch-decode-execute cycle and how data is stored and accessed in memory and caches. It also covers various CPU technologies like microprocessors, memory types, bus speeds, and approaches to increasing a computer's processing speed.
This document provides an overview of common computer hardware components. It describes motherboards and their various parts like sockets, slots, and chipsets. It also discusses memory types, microprocessors, hard drives and their interfaces, expansion cards like graphics cards, sound cards, and network cards. Other components covered include power supplies, laptop differences from desktops like smaller components and batteries, and input/output ports.
The document provides an introduction to the basic components of a personal computer system, including hardware and software. It describes the main hardware components such as the computer case, power supply, motherboard, CPU, memory, storage devices, ports, and cables. The case protects internal components and needs to provide sufficient cooling. The power supply converts AC to DC power. The motherboard contains the CPU, memory, expansion slots, and connectors. Software includes the operating system and applications.
Gene Carboni is the Business/Technology Chair at Father Judge High School for Boys in Philadelphia and has over 20 years of experience in education and facilitating the adoption of new technologies in schools. He aims to become a Google for Education Certified Trainer in order to introduce Google Apps for Education to schools in the Northeast US and help facilitate educational change through organizations like Powerful Learning Practice. Carboni is an active presenter and trainer who has helped over 500 educators adopt technologies like Google Docs and Drive.
This document discusses accrual versus cash basis accounting and the adjusting process. It begins by distinguishing between accrual accounting, where transactions are recorded when revenues are earned or expenses incurred, and cash basis accounting, where transactions are recorded when cash is paid or received. The key aspects of the adjusting process covered are: applying the revenue and matching principles, making adjusting entries for prepaid, accrued, and deferred items, preparing an adjusted trial balance, and using that to make the final financial statements. The overall goal is to ensure revenues and expenses are recorded in the appropriate accounting period.
Lesson 7 - Maintaining, Updating, and ProtectingGene Carboni
This document provides information on tools for maintaining, updating, and protecting Windows 7. It discusses Disk Defragmenter, Disk Cleanup, Task Scheduler, Action Center, System Information, the Windows Registry, Windows Updates, Windows Defender, Microsoft Security Essentials, and Microsoft Forefront Endpoint Protection. These tools help optimize performance, remove unnecessary files, automate tasks, monitor system status and security, manage updates, and protect against malware and viruses.
Lesson 6 - Understanding File and Print SharingGene Carboni
This document provides information about file and printer sharing in Windows 7. It discusses the different sharing methods available like HomeGroup, public folders, basic and advanced sharing. It explains how to set up sharing, map drives, manage permissions for shared items, and share printers. The key aspects covered are how to set up and use HomeGroup, turn sharing options on or off, set permissions for shared files and folders, and share an attached printer with other users on the network.
Lesson 8 - Understanding Backup and Recovery MethodsGene Carboni
This document discusses various backup and recovery methods in Windows. It covers creating file and system backups, restoring files from backups, creating system images, using System Restore to roll back to earlier system states, and accessing advanced recovery options like the recovery boot menu. The goal of backups and recovery options is to protect users from data loss and enable restoring systems and files if needed.
This document provides an overview of several native Windows applications and tools including: Internet Explorer 9, the Snipping Tool, Windows Media Player, Windows Media Center, Sync Center, Windows Mobility Center, Remote Desktop Services, Remote Desktop Connection, Windows Remote Assistance, Microsoft Management Console (MMC), and Windows PowerShell. The objectives are to understand how to use these applications and tools, and understand concepts related to operating system configurations, mobility, and remote management and assistance.
This document discusses managing devices in Windows 7. It covers disk and drive types, storage options like cloud storage, printers, and how to connect devices. Disk Management allows working with disks, drives, and volumes. Windows supports basic and dynamic disks with partitions and four main volume types. Storage includes local, network, and cloud options. Printing involves local, network, and internet printers. Plug-and-play enables automatic driver installation, and Device Manager helps manage all system devices.
Lesson 1 - Introducing, Installing, and Upgrading Windows 7Gene Carboni
The document discusses introducing, installing, and upgrading Windows 7. It covers the different editions of Windows 7, system requirements, upgrade paths from previous versions of Windows, and installation methods including high touch, lite touch, and zero touch installations. It also discusses using the Windows Upgrade Advisor, application compatibility, product keys, and transferring files and settings between computers using Windows Easy Transfer.
Lesson 4 - Managing Applications, Services, Folders, and LibrariesGene Carboni
This document covers managing applications, services, folders, and libraries in Windows. It discusses installing and uninstalling local and network applications, understanding services and how to configure them, using MSCONFIG to manage startup programs, comparing file systems like FAT, FAT32, and NTFS, using libraries to organize files across multiple folders, and methods for encrypting and compressing files for security and storage purposes like Encrypting File System, BitLocker, and compression.
Lesson 2 - Understanding Operating System ConfigurationsGene Carboni
The document discusses various aspects of operating system configurations in Windows 7, including user accounts, User Account Control (UAC), the Control Panel, accessibility options, desktop settings, and Microsoft virtualization products. It describes the different types of user accounts, UAC prompts and levels, tools in the Control Panel, how to configure desktop settings, and virtualization technologies like Windows XP Mode, Med-V, App-V, and VDI.
CHAPTER 3 Measuring Business Income: The Adjusting ProcessGene Carboni
This document discusses accrual versus cash basis accounting and the adjusting process. It provides examples of adjusting entries for prepaid expenses, supplies, depreciation, accrued expenses, accrued revenues, and unearned revenues. The key points are:
- Accrual basis accounting records revenues when earned and expenses when incurred, regardless of cash receipt/payment. Cash basis records when cash is paid/received.
- Adjusting entries bring accounts to correct balances at financial statement dates by recognizing revenues/expenses in appropriate periods.
- An adjusted trial balance serves as the basis for the financial statements: income statement, statement of owner's equity, and balance sheet.
CHAPTER 2 Recording Business TransactionsGene Carboni
This document discusses key accounting concepts such as accounts, ledgers, debits and credits, journals, and trial balances. It provides examples to illustrate how to record business transactions using double-entry accounting. Specifically, it shows a journal entry to record an initial investment in a business. It also demonstrates how to post journal entries to accounts in the general ledger and prepare a trial balance to check the equality of debits and credits.
CHAPTER 1 Accounting and the Business EnvironmentGene Carboni
This document provides an overview of accounting concepts and principles covered in Chapter 1. It defines accounting as an information system that measures and processes financial data to communicate to internal and external users. There are three main types of accounting - financial, management, and tax accounting. The four main types of business organizations are proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, and non-profits. The accounting equation, assets = liabilities + owner's equity, is introduced to track business transactions and their impact on accounts. Financial statements including the income statement, statement of owner's equity, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows are prepared to evaluate business performance.
Learning Objectives
•List the new features in Windows 7.
•Name the various editions of Windows 7, their intended markets, and the differences between them.
•Understand the Windows 7 system requirements.
•Determine whether an existing computer is capable of running Windows 7.
•Explain the upgrade paths to Windows 7.
•Describe the modular architecture of Windows 7.
Guide to Windows 7 - Managing File SystemsGene Carboni
This video explains how to manage file systems. Learn the file system features and limits in Windows 7. Review file and folder attributes used in the FAT and NTFS file systems. Get an explanation of file and folder permission, permission scopes and inheritance, and the impact of ownership. Learn how to use previous versions of files
The document discusses disk technologies and disk management in Windows 7. It covers topics like disk types (internal, external, virtual), partition styles (MBR, GPT), disk storage technologies (basic, dynamic), disk management tools (Disk Management, DiskPart), and common disk management tasks (preparing disks, disk cleanup, checking health, defragmenting).
Guide to Windows 7 - Using the System UtilitiesGene Carboni
This chapter provides an overview of Control Panel applets and Administrative Tools. There is also a description of the Microsoft Management Console. As well, there is in-depth coverage of how to manage hardware components, configure power management, configure the display, and use Task Scheduler.
This document provides an overview of key accounting concepts and principles including:
- Accounting measures and communicates financial information as the language of business. It has internal and external users.
- There are three main fields: management, financial, and public sector accounting. Standards are set by groups like FASB, SEC, and AICPA.
- Business organizations can be proprietorships, partnerships, or corporations, each with advantages and disadvantages.
- Key concepts include the accounting equation, GAAP, revenues/expenses, and preparing financial statements like the income statement, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows to evaluate business performance.
The document provides an overview of multimedia devices and mass storage technologies. It discusses sound cards, TV tuner cards, video capture cards, optical storage technologies like CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray discs. It also covers removable storage options like solid state drives, external hard drives and tape drives. The document describes how to install and configure these multimedia and mass storage devices, and how to troubleshoot issues with them.
The document provides instructions on installing and configuring hard drives and floppy drives. It discusses the technologies used in hard drives such as solid state, magnetic, and hybrid drives. It also covers how data is organized on hard drives through partitioning and file systems. The document then describes various interface standards for connecting drives, including PATA, SATA, SCSI, and RAID configurations. It concludes by giving steps for selecting, installing, and setting up hard drives and floppy drives.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024Intelisync
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
At Intelisync, we specialize in providing comprehensive DeFi development services tailored to meet the unique needs of our clients. From smart contract development to dApp creation and security audits, we ensure that your DeFi project is built with innovation, security, and scalability in mind. Trust Intelisync to guide you through the intricate landscape of decentralized finance and unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.
Ready to take your DeFi project to the next level? Partner with Intelisync for expert DeFi development services today!
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Dive into the realm of operating systems (OS) with Pravash Chandra Das, a seasoned Digital Forensic Analyst, as your guide. 🚀 This comprehensive presentation illuminates the core concepts, types, and evolution of OS, essential for understanding modern computing landscapes.
Beginning with the foundational definition, Das clarifies the pivotal role of OS as system software orchestrating hardware resources, software applications, and user interactions. Through succinct descriptions, he delineates the diverse types of OS, from single-user, single-task environments like early MS-DOS iterations, to multi-user, multi-tasking systems exemplified by modern Linux distributions.
Crucial components like the kernel and shell are dissected, highlighting their indispensable functions in resource management and user interface interaction. Das elucidates how the kernel acts as the central nervous system, orchestrating process scheduling, memory allocation, and device management. Meanwhile, the shell serves as the gateway for user commands, bridging the gap between human input and machine execution. 💻
The narrative then shifts to a captivating exploration of prominent desktop OSs, Windows, macOS, and Linux. Windows, with its globally ubiquitous presence and user-friendly interface, emerges as a cornerstone in personal computing history. macOS, lauded for its sleek design and seamless integration with Apple's ecosystem, stands as a beacon of stability and creativity. Linux, an open-source marvel, offers unparalleled flexibility and security, revolutionizing the computing landscape. 🖥️
Moving to the realm of mobile devices, Das unravels the dominance of Android and iOS. Android's open-source ethos fosters a vibrant ecosystem of customization and innovation, while iOS boasts a seamless user experience and robust security infrastructure. Meanwhile, discontinued platforms like Symbian and Palm OS evoke nostalgia for their pioneering roles in the smartphone revolution.
The journey concludes with a reflection on the ever-evolving landscape of OS, underscored by the emergence of real-time operating systems (RTOS) and the persistent quest for innovation and efficiency. As technology continues to shape our world, understanding the foundations and evolution of operating systems remains paramount. Join Pravash Chandra Das on this illuminating journey through the heart of computing. 🌟
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
This presentation provides valuable insights into effective cost-saving techniques on AWS. Learn how to optimize your AWS resources by rightsizing, increasing elasticity, picking the right storage class, and choosing the best pricing model. Additionally, discover essential governance mechanisms to ensure continuous cost efficiency. Whether you are new to AWS or an experienced user, this presentation provides clear and practical tips to help you reduce your cloud costs and get the most out of your budget.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERP
7th ed ppt ch07
1. A+ Guide to Managing and
Maintaining Your PC, 7e
Chapter 7
Upgrading Memory
2. Objectives
• Learn about the different kinds of physical memory
and how they work
• Learn how to upgrade memory
• Learn how to troubleshoot problems with memory
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 2
3. Memory Technologies
• Random access memory (RAM)
– Holds data and instructions used by CPU
– Static RAM (SRAM) and dynamic RAM (DRAM)
• Both volatile memory
Figure 7-1 RAM on motherboards today is stored on DIMMs
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 3
4. Memory Technologies (cont’d.)
• Versions
– DIMM, small outline DIMM (SO-DIMM), microDIMMs
– RIMM and SIMM (outdated)
• Differences among DIMM, RIMM, SIMM modules
– Data path width each module accommodates
– How data moves from system bus to module
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 4
5. Table 7-1 Types of memory modules
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 5
6. Memory Technologies (cont’d.)
• JEDEC
– Standards organization
• Goal of new technology
– Increase overall throughput while retaining accuracy
– RAM manufacturers continue to produce older RAM
Figure 7-2 Timeline of memory technologies
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 6
7. DIMM Technologies
• DIMM (dual inline memory module)
– 64-bit data path
– Independent pins on opposite sides of module
– Older DIMMs
• Asynchronous with system bus
– Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)
• Runs synchronously with system bus
• Two notches
• Uses 168 pins
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 7
8. DIMM Technologies (cont’d.)
• Double Data Rate SDRAM
– Also called DDR SDRAM, SDRAM II, DDR
• Two times faster than SDRAM
– DDR2 SDRAM
• Faster than DDR and uses less power
– DDR3 SDRAM
• Faster than DDR2 and uses less power
– DDR2 and DDR3
• Use 240 pins
• Not compatible: use different notches
– Several factors affect capacity, features, and
performance
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 8
9. DIMM Technologies (cont’d.)
• Single-sided DIMM
– Memory chips installed on one side of module
• Double-sided DIMM
– Memory chips installed on both sides of module
• Memory bank
– Memory processor addresses at one time
– 64 bits wide
• DIMMs can always be installed as single DIMMs on a
motherboard
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 9
10. DIMM Technologies (cont’d.)
• Single ranked
– DIMMs providing only one 64-bit bank
• Dual and quad ranked
– DIMMs providing two and four banks
• Quad is used on servers
– Reduces overall memory price at the expense of
performance
• Single-ranked DIMMs
– Cost more than dual and quad
– Provide better performance
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 10
11. DIMM Technologies (cont’d.)
• Early single channel DIMMs
– Memory controller is accessed one DIMM at a time
• Dual channels
– Memory controller communicates with two DIMMs at
the same time
• Doubles memory access speed
• Triple channels
– Accesses three DIMMs at once
• DDR, DDR2, DDR3 DIMMs use dual channels
– DDR3 DIMMs also use triple channels
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 11
12. DIMM Technologies (cont’d.)
• Setting up dual channeling
– Pair of DIMMs in a channel must be equally matched
• Size, speed, features
• Use same manufacturer (recommendation)
• Setting up triple-channeling
– Three DIMM slots populated with three matching
DDR3 DIMMs
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 12
13. Figure 7-3 Three identical DDR3 DIMMs installed in a triple-channel
configuration
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 13
14. DIMM Technologies (cont’d.)
• DIMM Speed
– Measured in MHz or PC rating
• PC rating
– Total bandwidth between module and CPU
– DDR2 PC rating
• Usually labeled PC2
– DDR3 PC rating
• Usually labeled PC3
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 14
15. DIMM Technologies (cont’d.)
• Error-correcting code (ECC)
– Detects and corrects error in a single bit
– Application: ECC makes 64-bit DIMM a 72-bit module
• Parity
– Error-checking based on an extra (ninth) bit
– Odd parity
• Parity bit set to make odd number of ones
– Even parity
• Parity bit set to make even number of ones
• Parity error
– Number of bits conflicts with parity used
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 15
16. DIMM Technologies (cont’d.)
• Size and density of a DIMM
– DIMMs can hold 8 MB to 2 GB of RAM
– DIMM size or DIMM capacity
• Amount of RAM installed on one DIMM
– Sometimes expressed as a formula
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 16
17. DIMM Technologies (cont’d.)
• Buffered and registered DIMMs
– Hold data and amplify signal before data written
– Registered DIMM
• Uses registers
– Unbuffered DIMM
• No buffers or register support
– Fully buffered DIMM (FB-DIMM)
• Uses an advanced buffering technique
• Allows servers to support a large number of DIMMs
– Notches on module indicate supported technologies
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 17
18. Figure 7-7 The positions of two notches on an SDRAM DIMM identify
the type of DIMM and the voltage requirement and also prevent the
wrong type from being installed on the motherboard
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 18
19. DIMM Technologies (cont’d.)
• Measuring access timing
– Column access strobe (CAS) latency
– Row access strobe (RAS) latency
• Both refer to number of clock cycles it takes to write or
read a column or row of data off a memory module
• CAS latency used more than RAS latency
• Lower values are better than higher
• Memory module ads
– Provide CAS latency value within series of timing
numbers
• Example: 5-5-5-15
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 19
20. RIMM Technologies
• Direct Rambus DRAM
– Also known as RDRAM, Direct RDRAM, Rambus
– RIMM memory module
– Expensive and slower than current DIMMs
– RIMMs using 16-bit data bus: two notches, 184 pins
– RIMMs using 32-bit data bus: single notch, 232 pins
• C-RIMM (Continuity RIMM)
– Placeholder module
– Ensures continuity throughout all slots
– No memory chip
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 20
21. Figure 7-8 A RIMM or C-RIMM must be installed in every
RIMM slot on the motherboard
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 21
22. SIMM Technologies
• SIMMs rated by speed
– Measured in nanoseconds (ns)
– Measure of access time
• 60, 70, 80 nanoseconds (ns)
• Smaller number indicates greater speed
• Major SIMM categories
– 72-pin and 30-pin
• Technologies used by SIMMs
– FPM (fast page memory)
– EDO (extended data out)
– Burst EDO (BEDO)
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 22
23. Memory Technologies and Memory
Performance
• Memory performance factors
– Total RAM installed
– Memory technology used
– Speed of memory in MHz, PC rating, or ns
– ECC/parity or non-ECC/nonparity
– CL or RL rating
– Single, dual, or triple channeling
• Connectors inside memory slots are tin or gold
– Edge connectors on memory modules follow suit
– Match connectors to prevent corrosive chemical
reactions between metals
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 23
24. How to Upgrade Memory
• Basic technique
– Add more RAM modules
• Problems solved
– Slow performance
– Applications refusing to load
– An unstable system
– Windows “Insufficient memory” error message
– Bad memory module
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 24
25. How to Upgrade Memory (cont’d.)
• Questions to ask
– How much RAM do I need and how much is currently
installed?
– How many and what kind of memory modules are
currently installed on my motherboard?
– How many and what kind of modules can I fit on my
motherboard?
– How do I select and purchase the right modules for
my upgrade?
– How do I physically install the new modules?
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 25
26. How Much Memory Do I Need and
How Much Is Currently Installed?
• Best answer: “All you can get”
– Windows XP requires at least 512 MB RAM
– Windows Vista needs at least 2 GB
– RAM limit for a 32-bit OS
• 4 GB installed RAM
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 26
27. How Many and What Kind of Memory
Modules Are Currently Installed?
• Open the case and look at memory slots
– How many slots?
– How many filled?
– Review module imprint
• Examine module for physical size and notch position
• Read motherboard documentation
– See if board supports dual channels or triple channels
• Last resort
– Take motherboard and old memory modules to a
good computer parts store for conformation
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 27
28. Figure 7-10 Look for the manufacturer and model of a
motherboard imprinted somewhere on the board
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 28
29. How Many and What Kind of Modules
Can Fit on My Motherboard?
• Taking out and replacing small-capacity modules
with larger-capacity modules:
– Use type, size, speed the board designed to support
• Discarding existing modules increases upgrade price
• Read motherboard documentation
– Indicates how much memory motherboard can
physically hold
– Select right number of DIMMs, RIMMs, SIMMs with
right amount of memory on each module to fit
memory banks on motherboard
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 29
30. How Many and What Kind of Modules
Can Fit on My Motherboard? (cont’d.)
• DIMM modules
– DIMMs can be installed as single modules
• Performance may suffer
– Motherboard supporting dual channeling
• Install matching DIMMs in each channel for best
performance
– DDR3 board supporting triple channeling
• For best performance install three matching DIMMs in
triple-channel slots
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 30
31. How Many and What Kind of Modules
Can Fit on My Motherboard? (cont’d.)
• Motherboard using DDR3 triple-channel DIMMs
Figure 7-11 Four DDR3 slots on a motherboard
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 31
32. How Many and What Kind of Modules
Can Fit on My Motherboard? (cont’d.)
• Motherboard using DDR3 triple-channel DIMMs
(cont’d.)
– Use three matching DIMMs in the three blue slots
• If fourth slot populated, board reverts to single
channeling
– Dual channeling:
• Install two matching DIMMs in two blue slots farthest
from processor
• Leave other two slots empty
– For one installed DIMM:
• Place it in the blue slot farthest position from processor
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 32
33. How Many and What Kind of Modules
Can Fit on My Motherboard? (cont’d.)
• Motherboard using DDR3 triple-channel DIMMs
(cont’d.)
– Follow motherboard documentation
– Serial Presence Detect (SPD)
• Declares module’s size, speed, voltage, and data path
width to system BIOS at startup
• Today’s memory always supports SPD
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 33
34. How Many and What Kind of Modules
Can Fit on My Motherboard? (cont’d.)
• Motherboard using DDR DIMMs with dual
channeling
Figure 6-41 Carefully push the cooler assembly clips into the
retention mechanism on the motherboard until they snap into position
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 34
35. How Many and What Kind of Modules
Can Fit on My Motherboard? (cont’d.)
• Motherboard using DDR DIMMs with dual
channeling (cont’d.)
– Example: ASUS P4P800 (cont’d.)
• Allows three different DDR DIMM speeds in one to four
sockets, supports dual channeling
• Two blue memory slots and two black slots
• For dual channeling
– Matching DIMMs must be installed in the two blue
sockets
• If two DIMMs installed in the two black sockets
– They must match each other
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 35
36. How Many and What Kind of Modules
Can Fit on My Motherboard? (cont’d.)
• Motherboard using DDR DIMMs with dual
channeling (cont’d.)
– Example: ASUS P4P800 (cont’d.)
Figure 7-12 Motherboard documentation shows that one, two, or four
DIMMs can be installed
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 36
37. How Many and What Kind of Modules
Can Fit on My Motherboard? (cont’d.)
• Pentium motherboard using DDR DIMMs
– Example: Motherboard using 168-pin single-sided
DIMM modules
– Documentation says to use unbuffered, 3.3-V, ECC,
PC100 DIMM SDRAM modules
• PC100: modules should be rated to work with a
motherboard running at 100 MHz
– Can choose to use or not use ECC modules
• BIOS setup should show feature disabled
– Three DIMM slots on the board (sockets) hold one
bank of memory
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 37
38. How Many and What Kind of Modules
Can Fit on My Motherboard? (cont’d.)
• Pentium motherboard using DDR DIMMs (cont’d.)
Figure 7-14 This table is part of the motherboard documentation and is
used to show possible DIMM sizes and calculate total memory on the
motherboard
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 38
39. How Many and What Kind of Modules
Can Fit on My Motherboard? (cont’d.)
• Motherboard using DDR DIMMs, single- or double-
sided
– Intel CC820 motherboard has two DIMM slots
• Combination of single-sided and double-sided DIMMs
Figure 7-15 The Intel CC820 motherboard can use a combination
of single-side and double-sided DIMMs
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 39
40. How Many and What Kind of Modules
Can Fit on My Motherboard? (cont’d.)
• Motherboard with three slots using DDR DIMMs in
four banks
– Abit ZM6 board has three DIMM slots, chipset
supporting up to four 64-bit banks
• Using three slots to fill four banks
• Install combination of single-sided and double-sided,
dual-banked DIMMs
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 40
41. Figure 7-16 How three DIMM slots can use four 64-bit
memory banks supported by a motherboard chipset
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 41
42. How Many and What Kind of Modules
Can Fit on My Motherboard? (cont’d.)
• RIMM modules
– No longer made
– Replace one or more C-RIMMs with RIMMs
• Match new RIMMs existing RIMMs
• Follow motherboard documentation
– Example: Intel D850MV board with four RIMM slots
• First two slots populated with RIMMs (256 MB)
• Second two slots hold C-RIMMs
– Look at existing modules and motherboard
documentation
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 42
43. Figure 7-17 Use the label on this RIMM to identify its features
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Table 7-2 One motherboard’s memory configurations using RIMMs
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 43
44. How Many and What Kind of Modules
Can Fit on My Motherboard? (cont’d.)
• SIMM modules
– To accommodate 64-bit system bus data path:
• 72-pin SIMMs have 32-bit data path installed in groups
or banks of two
– Older motherboards have one to three banks
• Can fill with two, four, or six SIMMs
• Two SIMMs in each bank must match in size and speed
– Even older motherboards:
• 30-pin SIMMs installed in groups of four
• SIMMs in each bank must be same type and size
– See motherboard documentation
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 44
45. How Do I Select and Purchase the
Right Memory Modules?
• Compromises if exact match not available
– Mixing unbuffered memory with buffered
• Registered memory will not work
– Match memory module manufacturer if possible
• Try using memory from two different manufacturers
– If mixing memory speeds:
• All modules perform at slowest speed
• For SIMMs, always put slower SIMMs in first bank
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 45
46. How Do I Select and Purchase the
Right Memory Modules? (cont’d.)
• Buying high-quality memory
– Chip quality
• High-grade, low-grade, remanufactured, used
– Chip ID identifies chip manufacture date
• Stamped on each RAM module chip
– New chips have protective coating
• Gives a polished, reflective surface
– Re-marked chips
• Used, returned to the factory, marked again, resold
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 46
47. How Do I Select and Purchase the
Right Memory Modules? (cont’d.)
• Using a web site to research your purchase
– Look for search utility matching modules to board
Figure 7-18 Web sites used to
purchase memory, such as this
Kingston site, often provide search
utilities to help you select the right
memory modules for your
motherboard
Courtesy: Course
Technology/Cengage Learning
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 47
48. Figure 7-19 Selecting memory off the Crucial Web site
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 48
49. How Do I Install the New Modules?
• Precautions:
– Always use a ground bracelet
– Turn off power, unplug power cord, press power
button, remove case cover
– Handle memory modules with care
– Do not touch metal contacts on memory module or
expansion cards
– Do not stack cards or modules
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 49
50. How Do I Install the New Modules?
(cont’d.)
• Installing DIMMS
– Pull out supporting arms on the sides of the slot
– Use notches on DIMM edge connector as a guide
– Insert DIMM straight down into the slot
– Ensure supporting arms lock into position
• New installations are generally uncomplicated
– Usually involve placing memory on motherboard
– Older computers may need change to CMOS setup
– If new memory not recognized try reseating device
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 50
51. Figure 7-20 Clips on each side of a Figure 7-21 Insert the DIMM into the
slot hold a DIMM in place slot by pressing down until the support
Courtesy: Course clips lock into position
Technology/Cengage Learning Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage
Learning
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 51
52. How Do I Install the New Modules?
(cont’d.)
• Installing RIMMS
– Install RIMMs beginning with bank 0, followed by
bank 1
– If C-RIMM is already in the slot remove C-RIMM
– Insert module straight down in the socket
– When fully inserted supporting clips should pop back
into place
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 52
53. How Do I Install the New Modules?
(cont’d.)
• Installing SIMMS
– Module slides into slot at an angle
• Ensure each module securely placed in its slot
– Turn on PC, watch POST count amount of memory
during the boot process
Figure 7-23 Installing a SIMM module
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 53
54. Troubleshooting Memory
• Common problems:
– Boot failure
– System hangs, freezes, or becomes unstable
– Intermittent application errors
• General Protection Fault (GPF) errors
– Caused by memory errors in Windows
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 54
55. Upgrade Problems
• Dealing with unrecognized add-on or error message
– Remove and reinstall module
– Check for suitability of module for the board
– Ensure module is the correct size
– Remove module and check for error message
– Test module in another socket
– Clean module edge connectors
– Try flashing BIOS
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 55
56. Recurring Problems
• Symptoms of an unreliable memory:
– System locks up
– Illegal operations error messages display often
– General Protection Faults occur during normal
operation
• Some troubleshooting tasks
– Run updated antivirus software
– Replace memory modules one at a time
– Try uninstalling new hardware
– Test, reseat, replace RAM
– Verify virtual memory settings optimized
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 56
57. Summary
• RAM categories
– Static RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM)
• Modules used to store DRAM
– SIMM, DIMM, RIMM
• Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)
– Synchronous with system clock
• Parity checks
– Identify one corrupted bit
• Error correcting code (ECC)
– Detects and corrects one flipped bit
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 57
58. Summary (cont’d.)
• Memory speeds
– Measured in MHz, PC rating, CAS, RAS Latency
• Upgrading memory
– Use type, size, speed motherboard supports
• New modules should match those already installed
• Install new modules by inserting them into the
appropriate slots
• Troubleshooting
– First try reseating module
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 58