general introduction of radioactivity, it include discovery of radioactivity, types of radiation, isotopes and radioactive isotopes difference, half life, prevention and precaution from radiation. detecting devices used in laboreatory for radiation spillage and protection.
Contents of this slide-share presentation:
Understanding decay concepts
Facts about Radioactive decay
Types of radioactive decay
Understanding Half-life concepts
Graphing and calculating Half-life
Using count rate to study and analyse radioactive decay
Radioactivity refers to the particles which are emitted from nuclei as a result of nuclear instability. Because the nucleus experiences the intense conflict between the two strongest forces in nature, it should not be surprising that there are many nuclear isotopes which are unstable and emit some kind of radiation.
Chemical and Physical Properties: Radioactivity & Radioisotopes ulcerd
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
general introduction of radioactivity, it include discovery of radioactivity, types of radiation, isotopes and radioactive isotopes difference, half life, prevention and precaution from radiation. detecting devices used in laboreatory for radiation spillage and protection.
Contents of this slide-share presentation:
Understanding decay concepts
Facts about Radioactive decay
Types of radioactive decay
Understanding Half-life concepts
Graphing and calculating Half-life
Using count rate to study and analyse radioactive decay
Radioactivity refers to the particles which are emitted from nuclei as a result of nuclear instability. Because the nucleus experiences the intense conflict between the two strongest forces in nature, it should not be surprising that there are many nuclear isotopes which are unstable and emit some kind of radiation.
Chemical and Physical Properties: Radioactivity & Radioisotopes ulcerd
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
SymbolMe - Projeto de Camiseta InterativaMonica Possel
A SymbolMe é um sistema composto por uma camiseta que promove a interação através de uma interface eletrônica que dispõe as preferências musicais do usuário por meio de símbolos que representam os estilos musicais e, através de um aplicativo, que possibilita ao usuário compartilhar estilos, músicas e símbolos com outros usuários da camiseta, podendo adicioná-los como amigos a partir destas interações.
http://symbolme.faberludens.com.br/
Grade 8 Integrated Science Chapter 16 Lesson 3 on absolute age dating of fossils. This lesson follows the last lesson about relative age dating. This chapter describes radiometric age dating with explanations of radioactive decay and half-life. There is also a short explanation of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary age dating. The goal is that students understand radioactive decay, half-life, and how this can be used to determine the age of carbon fossils and different types of rocks.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
2. What is a Half-Life?
• A half-life can be used to compare the rate of radioactive decay for an isotope.
The shorter the half-life, the faster the decay rate.
• A half-life is a constant for any radioactive isotope and is equal to the time
required for half the nuclei in a sample to decay
• Ex:
The half life of Carbon-14 is 5 730 years. If you have 10.0 g of Carbon-14 in 5 730
years you will have 5.0 g left.
Number of Half-Lives Elapsed Time (y) Percentage Present Amount
0 0 100% 10.0 g
1 5 730 50% 5.Oo g
2 11 460 25% 2.50 g
3 17 190 12.5% 1.25 g
4 22 920 6.25% 0.625 g
4. Carbon Dating
• Carbon dating is used to measure the radioactivity in plants or animals remains that has changed
over time and calculate its age.
All organisms contain carbon.
• Plants use carbon to make their food and animals take in carbon when they consume the plants.
• Carbon has 2 isotopes, Carbon-12 and Carbon 14
• When an organism is alive the C-14 to C-12 is constant but when it dies its Carbon-14 decays
without being replaced.
• Radiocarbon dating is the process of determining the age of an object by measuring the C-14 left
in the object.
Only materials from plants and animals that lived within the past 50 000 years contain enough C-14
to be measured.
5. Decay curve
• A decay curve is a curved line on a graph that shows
the rate of a radioisotopes decays.
• When you graph the rate of decay of any radioisotope,
it will look the same as the decay graph, the only
difference will be the length of the half-life
6. Common Isotope Pairs
The isotope that undergoes radioactive decay is called the Parent Isotope
The stable product is called the Daughter Isotope
• The production of a daughter isotope can be a direct reaction or the result of a series of decays
• Each isotope can be used for radioisotope dating, but the dating range is different for each
depending on the half-life of the parent isotope
Parent Daughter Half-Life of
parent(y)
Effective Dating
Range (y)
Carbon-14 Nitrogen-14 5730 Up to 50 000
Uranium-235 Lead-207 710 million >10 million
Potassium-40 Argon-40 1.3 billion 10 000 to 3 billion
Uranium-238 Lead-206 4.5 billion >10 million
Thorium-235 Lead-208 14 billion >10 million
7. Which are a common Isotope pair?
Carbon-14 & Uranium 238
Thorium-235 & Lead-208
Rubidium-87 & Nitrogen-14
Potassium-40 & Lead-208
8. Potassium-40 clock
Ernest Rutherford created a practical application for half-life of radioisotopes using
the constant rate of decay as a clock to help determine the age of Earth.
• Take the radioisotopes Potassium-40 and Argon-40 for instance
• Potassium-40 has a half-life of 1.3 billion years. Its daughter isotope is argon-40. When rock is
produced from lava, all the gases in the molten rock, including argon-40, have been driven out.
• Suppose that a very long time goes by. As the molten rock cools, it traps any gases that form
inside it as a result of nuclear decay of atoms within the rock
• The analysis shows that both potassium-40 and argon-40 are now present in the rock. The argon
gas is present in microscopic gas pockets, trapped inside the rock.
11. Nuclear Fission
Nuclear energy used for power generation anywhere in the world is accomplished
through nuclear fission
• Nuclear fission is the splitting large nucleus into two smaller nuclei, subatomic particles,
and energy
Heavy nuclei tend to be unstable due to the repulsive forces between the many
protons. In order to increase their stability, atoms with heavy nuclei may split into
atoms with lighter nuclei
• The fission of a nucleus is accompanied by a very large release of energy
Ex: Uranium-235
1
0
n +
235
92
U
92
36
Kr +
141
56
Ba 3+
1
0
n + energy
12. Nuclear Reactions
A nuclear reaction is a process in which an atom’s nucleus changes by gaining or
releasing particles or energy. A nuclear reaction can release one, two, or all three
types of subatomic particles, as well as gamma rays
However, in nuclear reactions, a small change in mass results in a large change in
energy
• Scientists can even make a nucleus unstable and undergo a nuclear reaction immediately called
an induced, or forced, nuclear reaction. A nuclear reaction is induced by bombarding a nucleus
with alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays.
4
2
He +
14
7
N
17
8
O +
1
1
p
13. Nuclear Reactions
The ongoing process in which one reaction initiates the next reaction is called a
chain reaction
The number of fissions and the amount of energy released can increase rapidly and
lead to a violent nuclear explosion.
14. Nuclear Fusion
Fusion is the process in which two low mass nuclei join together to make a more
massive nucleus.
• This process occurs at the core of the Sun and other stars, where there is sufficient pressure and
high enough temperature to force isotopes of hydrogen to collide with great force.
• This forces two nuclei of hydrogen to merge into a single nucleus
• The nuclear equation for fusion in the Sun and in fusion reaction experiments is:
2
1
H +
3
1
H
4
2
He +
1
n +
0
energy
15. CANDU Reactors
Canada is a leader in the peaceful use of nuclear technology for both medical uses
and for power generation. (YAY)
• CANDU stands for “Canadian deuterium uranium” reactor. Deuterium is an isotope of
hydrogen-1 that is twice as heavy as it has both a proton and a neutron in its nucleus.
16. What does CANDU stand for?
Canadian diagram uranium
Candy and Nutritious demanding understanding….(I couldn’t think of
a better abbreviation)
Canadian deuterium uranium
Canadian detecting UFO’s
Answer:
3
