1) The document assesses the groundwater vulnerability in Yangon City, Myanmar. It analyzes the area's water resources, urban planning history, geology, hydrogeology, water quality, and vulnerability. 2) Several factors contribute to the area's groundwater vulnerability, including population growth, unplanned urban expansion, land use changes, and location of industrial zones and waste disposal sites. 3) The assessment identifies areas of very high groundwater vulnerability in parts of Latha, Dagon, and Insein townships based on aquifer properties and thickness of geologic layers. Proper groundwater management tools are needed.

1. ASSESSEMENT OF GROUNDWATER
VULNERABILITY IN YANGON CITY, MYANMA
Dr. Wint Wint Htun
Assistant Lecturer, Department of Geology
University of Yangon
29th January, 2015

2. YCDC Area
Yangon Division
Panhlaing
River
Hlaing
River
Yangon
Yangon River
Union of Myanmar

3. YANGON between
URBAN PLANNING
HISTORY OF YANG
1960s & 1980s
1920 - 8625 Ha
1974 - 20862 Ha
1985 - 34613 Ha
It had expanded gradually
in N-S direction in 1960s
and 1980s
Source: Hlaing Maw Oo, 2007

4. URBAN PLANNING HISTORY OF YANGON
„ rapidly in E-W direction .
developing new suburbs in
1990s through the present
time.
„ in an attempt to balance
the elongated south to
north growth of the city
limits, development of new
towns in the east and west
TOWN EXTENSION
(Site & Services Scheme)
INDUSTRIAL ZONES
Source: Hlaing Maw Oo, 2007

5. Types of water resources
in Yangon area
Ngamoeyeik
Gyophyu
1.Surface water
Reservoirs
• Gyobyu (started from 1940)
• Hlawga (started from 1906)
• Phugyi (started from 1992)
• Ngamoeyeik (started from 2007)
Lakes and ponds
•Kandawgyi Lake (1879-1906)
•Innya Lake (1884-1906)
Lakes and ponds
2.Ground water
Open wells (hand-dug wells)
Tube wells
• 30 wells (1842)
•YCDC tube-wells
Ngamoeyeik Reservoir
Gyobyu
Reservoir
Phugyi
Pyugyi
Reservoir
Hlawga Hlaw ga
Reservoir
Bago
River
Twantay
Canal
Yangon
River
Lagunpyin
Reservoir
Bago
River

6. Monthly Temperature
and Monthly Rainfall
•Monthly mean temperature is
essential in water usage
•Water demand in township is
mainly depend upon variation
of temperature

7. Gyophyu Reservoir (correlation between water level
and total rainfall)
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1985 1988 1991 1994 1997
Year
Hlawgar Resevoir (correlation between lake water
level and total rainfall)
800
700
600
minimum
maximum
total rainfall
2000 2003 2006
Phyugyi reservoir correlation between water level and
total rainfall
1600
1400
1200
500
400
300
200
100
0
Year
minimum
maximum
total rainfall
1000 minimum
800 maximum
600
400 total rainfall
200
0
Year
Correlation of water level and total rainfall

9. Water supply in Yangon area (2010)
Water resources
Surface water (reservoirs)
• Gyobyu 27 MGD
• Phugyi 44 MGD
• Hlawga 14 MGD
• Ngamoeyeik 90 MGD
Ground water
• About 400 tube wells over 20 MGD
• Lakes and ponds
Total over 195 MGD (Million gallon per day)

10. Depending on total population and served population data analysis every townships show
the lack of water sufficiency. Half of total population of Bahan, Botahtaung, Dagon,
Kyauktada, Lanmadaw, Latha, Mingalartaungnyunt, North Okkalapa, Pabedan,
Pazundaung, and Tarmwe have access to YCDC water supply.
Ahlone, Hlaing, Hlaingtharyar, Insein, Kamaryut, Kyeemyintdaing, Mayangone,
Mingalardon, North Okkalap, Sanchaung, South Okkalapa and Thaketa get only small
amount of or limited water supply.

11. Drinking water lake in Yangon Area
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Township Name
drinking water lake
fire control

12. The domestic water consumption per month is increased in Ahlone,
Tarmwe, Yankin, Bahan and Pabedan Townships. Utilization for
commercial purposes in Insein is increased more than the other townships.
Departmental water consumption per month is found to be high in Dagon,
Mayangone, Yankin and Insein.

13. As population density increases, an ever-increasing demand on water resources
and an ever increasing complexity of management issues are created.
Urban expansion coupled with population growth accelerated the deterioration of
13
environment and degradation of quality of groundwater.

14. Location of Industrial zones
Industrial zones
Proposed industrial zones
14

15. YCDC’s tube-wells in Townships
35
30
25
20
well no. 15 10
10
5
0
33
14
9
5
2 2
23
10
5
16
13
6
26
11
1
23
17
9 8 9
4
Tube-well located at 13thstreet,
lanmadaw township
3 3 2
Tube-well located at in front of the
railway station, kyauktada township

16. Water wells in townships (1996-2008)
Gp 1
South Okkala
and North Okkala
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Gp 3
Hlaing,
Kyimyintdaing
and Mayangone (west)50.5
Gp 2 Dagon, Mayangon, Mingalardon,
Yankin, Kamaryut and Sanchaung
250
200
150
100
50
0
Gp 4 - North Dagon
200 190
174
1
54 161
150 145
50 50
49.5
49
48.5
48
47.5
47
100
50
24
0
33
137 140
76
40

17. Water wells in townships (1996-2008)
Gp 5 - Shwepyitharyar
90 180
80 79 160
Gp 6 - Hlaingtharyar
168 170
151 154
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
57
140
120
100
80 79 84
60
40
20
0
144
131
Gp 7
Ahone, botatung, Pazundaung
and Mingalartaungnyunt
30
25
20
15
10
5 6 6
0
25
21
17
11

18. Built up area occupied
many areas of water
resources especially lakes
and ponds

19. Water BudgetSq
km
400
350
Urban growth and land area reduction
Subsurface flow cu.m/year
800000000
700000000
600000000
500000000
400000000
300000000
200000000
100000000
0
1920 1974
1985
Subsurface flow cu.m/year
300
250
200 Area Town
150 Land area
100
50
0
1920 1974 1985
Year
Total land area = 480 sq.km
Area sq ft Land Subsurface flow
Year (Town) area ( recharge)
1920 86.25 393.75 759738839.6
1974 208.62 271.38 523626479.5
1985 346.13 133.87 258301558

20. Potential sources of groundwater contamination
Increase in households through population growth, economic activities
and
lifestyle changes directly transform the condition of the water resources.
Controlling factors for the deterioration of water resources are interaction ofclimate, topography and drainage system, geology, population density and
land-use.

21. Geology
Geological Map
of Yangon City
(Win Naing, 1972)

22. Hydrogeology
Aquifer (Rock)
• Upper Pegu Group
(Thadugan Sandstone,
Hlawga Shale, Besapat
Alternations)
- Limited in Thadugan
sandstone
• Irrawaddy Formation
(Arzanigone Sandrock,
Danyingone Clay)
– Mainly Arzanigone sandrock
Aquifer (Alluvium)
• Valley-filled deposit
- Important aquifer in the
western part of the study
area
• Younger alluvium
- Widely distributed

23. Well locations in different
lithology
I - valley-filled deposit
( good water quality)
II- Arzanigone sandrock
( good water quality)
III- Danyingone clay
IV - Younger Alluvial deposit
V - Thadugan sandstone
V
IV
I
III
II

24. Types of aquifer depth (feet) soil types Types of aquifer depth (feet) soil types
Arzanigone sandrocks 90-110 sand Valley-fill deposits 125-157 coarse sand and gravel
80-137 sand 118-170 fine gray
170-200 sand 114-147 clay sand and gravel
82-129
145-170 fine sand /134-145 coarse sand and gravel
70-100 sand 206-290 sand and gravel
420-480 sand blue 104-170 sand and gravel
213-243
460-490 fine to medium sand /253-273 coarse sand and gravel
Danyingone clays 130-264 coarse sand and gravel 90-118/139-164 sand and gravel
334-385 gray sand 130-160 sand and gravel
blue clay and coarse
185-210 sand 140-180 sand and gravel
medium sand and
105-130 sand and gravel 110-130 yellow
110-140 medium sand Alluvial 126-156 Sand
295-335 medium sand 274-364 gravel and sand gravel
480-510 sand blue 151-221 coarse sand and gravel
247-280 coarse sand and gravel 101-127 sand and gravel
223-261 coarse sand and gravel 105-125 sand with fine gravel
370-390 medium sand and blue 100-130 sand fine and yellow
medium sand and
430-470 fine sand 335-365 gritty
40-60 sand and gravel 600-630 sand and gravel
medium sand and
100-148 gravel 570-590 sand and gravel
200-295 sand yellow and gravel 520-580 sand
325-350 medium sand blue 320-400 medium sand blue

25. Assessment of
groundwater
vulnerability
Groundwater specific yield
map and its wells locations
Depending upon this map,
the specific yield is abundant
in the south-west and western
part of this study area.

26. Water quality
• Unbalance between discharge and recharge
may cause groundwater quality
degradation
• Over-exploitation can also disturb the
saltwater and fresh water interface, leading
to local or regional saline contamination

27. TDS distribution
(Total Dissolved Solid)
Excellent
less than
300 mg/litre
Goodbetween 300 and 600
mg/litre
Fairbetween 600 and 900
mg/litre
Poorbetween 900 and 1200 mg/litre
Unacceptable
greater than 1200 mg/litre
Over pumping of groundwater will
cause the intrusion of saline water
to the well in the area to the tidal
river and chaung.

28. Chloride distribution
 Chloride originates from
natural sources, sewage
and industrial effluents,
and saline intrusion.
 Guideline value of
Chloride is 250 mg/litre
•This presentation reveals the
quality of groundwater in terms
of Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)
and Chloride (Cl)

29. Drainage Coverage Map of the Study Area
Yangon-Mingaladon
Ridge is main
watershed for Hlaing
River and Ngamoeyeik
Creek

30. Contour map showing
potentiometric level
•Topography normally
controls the subsurface
water flow.
•However, permanent
reservoirs like Innya and
Kandawgyi can feed
water into the local
aquifers continuously
(modified after Win
Naing and Maung
Maung1996)

31. Land use map
modified by Wint Wint Htun
31

32. Figure showing Industrial
zones, solid waste disposal sites
and
groundwater flow direction
Old solid waste disposal site
Existing solid waste disposal site
Industrial zones
Proposed industrial zones
32

33. Main solid waste disposal sites
And industrial zones
Waste disposal sites are located at the
area of shallow water-table aquifers
situated at the depth of 40 ft below the
surface.

34. Low lying areas are high
vulnerable to flooding
during rainy season.
But the southern city may
have further problems.
Flooding

35. All 22 drainage channels present in
ngon are polluted. Channel water pollution is rather high in dry season when the surf
n-off by rain water is absent. Channels passing through the densely populated area a
hly polluted and they will contaminated the groundwater lying below.

36. Groundwater vulnerability assessment
• Aquifer vulnerability index (AVI)
• The Vulnerability Index is one of the methods simplest, fast
and easy to quantify the vulnerability, since so single it uses
the hydraulic conductivity and the thickness of the layers of
different material that are on the level of the water.
c=Σbi / Ki for the layers i = 1, 2, 3,...,i
• where:
• bi: it is the thickness of each layer of the ground water,
• Ki: it is the hydraulic conductivity of each layer, and
• c: it is total the hydraulic resistance by ft of depth (inverse of Ki, [ time]),

37. Groundwater
vulnerability
assessment map and its
wells locations
Groundwater vulnerability
index map by using AVI
(aquifer vulnerability
index) method for
reconnaissance studies.

38. Insein
iver
Ngamoeyeik Stream
The area of very high
vulnerability include someparts
Inya Lake
ngRiver
Kandawgyi Lake
Dagon
of Latha (Alluvial), Dagon
(Valley-fill deposits), and Insein
(Danyingone Clays)
Yangon River
Scale
0 5 10 Km

39. Groundwater management tools
TECHNICAL 0 1 2
TOOLS
Resource Basic Conceptual Models linked to
Assessment knowledge model based on decision-support
of aquifer field data and used for
planning and
management

40. Management Process
Capacity
Capacity
Demand
Resources: Surface and
subsurface water
Factor of safety
Interaction
with the
environment
Demand
Water utilization: urbanization and
industrial development

41. Water shortage (4-5-2008) After Nargis

42. Challenge in groundwater use

43. Thank you very much
for
Your kind Attention