Wastewater management as a supporting measure to address water stress in the Indus Basin

1. Presentation
Presentation from the 2008 World Water Week in StockholmPresentation from the 2008 World Water Week in Stockholm
©The Author(s), all rights reserved

2. Mobilizing Wastewater to Protect
Sustainable Water Cycle in
different Indus Zonesdifferent Indus Zones
Dr. Zaigham Habib
Planning Commission PakistanPlanning Commission Pakistan

3. C t t f W t t M tContext for Wastewater Management

4. Afghanistan
India
g
India
India

5. Organization of the Presentation
i. Natural and water distribution settings
ii. Different Hydrological zones and challenges
iii W t t l t d bliii. Watewater related problems
iv Treatment and reuse scope in different zonesiv. Treatment and reuse scope in different zones
v. Conclusions

7. 64° 68° 72° 76°E E EE
Aridity and Salinity
H I N D U
K U S H
H
IM
A
L
Y
A
S
Kabul River
1000
mm
500mm
1000m
m
N
EW
S
34° N 34° N
N
I S T A N
C H I N A
Indus Plain
Irrigated Arae
LEGEND
Areas with low
rainfall have
LAIMAN
RANGE
T
O
B
A
K
A
K
A
R
R
A
N
G
E
Sutlej River
Ravi
River
C
henab
Riv
er
Jehlum
River
Indu
sRiver
250mm
125mm
125mm
125
mm
250
mm
250
mm
500 mm
2
30° N 30° N
A
F G
H
A
N
International Boundary
River
Isohytes of Annual Precipitation
Hilly Areas
high
groundwater
salinity
M
A
K
R
A
N
RANG
E
ERRANGE
SERT
C
H
O
L
IS
T
A
N
D
E
S
E
R
T
SUL
S A N D Y D E S E R T
Dashat River
Hingol
River
HubRiver
Indu
sRiver
250mm
125mm
125
mm1
2
3
LOCATIONS
1 Manchar Lake
2 Hammal Lake
3 Evaporation Ponds
4 LBOD26° N 26° N
I R A N
I N
D
I A
KIRTH
THARDES
125 mm
4
4 LBOD26° N 26° N
64° 68° 72° 76°
MAP 1 Pakistan-Physical Features Percipitation and Irrigated Area
A R A B I A N S E A
MAP 1. Pakistan-Physical Features, Percipitation and Irrigated Area.

8. Drainage Basin loosing Recharge Patterns
Reduced river flows, high network losses, higher occurrence
of wet and dry span, climate change pattern still not known
Indus Rivers Total Inflow and Outflow 1976-2006
120
90
120
1976-86 1986-96 1996-06
60
90
Sea(bcm)
30
60
utflowtoS
0
30
O
120 150 180 210 240
River Inflows (bcm)

9. Closed Sub-systems Emerging
Three water supply ver demand Situations
i. Higher uses than the supply
ii Gross inflow higher than the reported uses but groundwaterii. Gross inflow higher than the reported uses, but groundwater
depleting – i.e unaccounted uses!
iii. Higher availability and positive groundwater recharge in
saline and waterlogged areas
(Gross Inflow - Total Et) and Groundwater Balance
300
saline and waterlogged areas
100
200
300
mm
Gross Inflow-Total Et Aquifer balance
0
100
Valuesinm
-200
-100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37
Large area units

10. Hydronomic Zone Key CharacteristicsHydronomic Zone
1 High water use
Key Characteristics
Vast irrigation network extensive GW1. High water use,
populated, fresh
but depleting
Vast irrigation network, extensive GW
extraction, river shrinking, surface
drains carry urban and industrial
aquifer effluent to rivers, direct wastewater
agriculture
2. Good rainfall, Rain & streams local source, little
i lt ff i lid &but deteriorating
Aquifer
agriculture, runoff carries solid &
liquid waste to downstream water
bodies
3. Saline
Groundwater
bodies
High dependency on river flows,
water logging, canals and lakesGroundwater
low rainfall
gg g,
drinking water source, drainage
failure, Prelatic fresh water lenses

11. Wasterwater drains and surface watercources

12. Sampling sites pH COD mg/l BOD mg/l
Water Quality of Surface Drains after Monsoon season
NEQS Limits 6-9 150 80
Hudiara Drain 7.9 407 217.1
Raiwind Main drain 7.6 1570 674.8Raiwind Main drain 7.6 1570 674.8
Deg Nullah 7.8 338 182.0
Paharan Drain 7.7 671 243.0
Jaranwala Drain 7 9 274 144 3Jaranwala Drain 7.9 274 144.3
Khairwala Drain 9.4 273 126.2
Sillanwali Drain 8.3 278 178.7
Summandri Drain 7.9 254 110.3
Babu Sabu Drain 7.7 214 104.0
Chak Bandi Drain 8.0 247 118.5
Disposal Station Saggian 7.5 381 224
Kasur Nullah 8.1 987 392
Pandoki Drain 8.2 192 89
Gojra Drain 8.0 180 102
Fazilka Drain 7.3 357 216
Pulkhu Nullah 7 4 498 254Pulkhu Nullah 7.4 498 254
Checho Ki Malian Drain 9.7 225 102

13. Wastewater Faisalabad – Urban Example
City Wastewater discharge 5 3 m3/sec district discharge 7 3• City Wastewater discharge 5.3 m3/sec, district discharge 7.3
m3/sec, 25% wastewater used for irrigation treated
• 88% samples exceed BOD, while 96% COD permissible limit88% samples exceed BOD, while 96% COD permissible limit
• Microbiologically unfit drinking water samples 25% to 65%
• 90% groundwater sample unfit for TDS Na K Cl• 90% groundwater sample unfit for TDS, Na, K, Cl
• Vegetables contaminated with Cr, Pb, Cd & Fe
Fi h t i t d ith F d C• Fish contaminated with Fe and Cr
• 75% industries without effluent treatment
• Filtration plants provided to 30% of the population
• 90% population complain about drinking water quality, but
not report water born diseasesnot report water-born diseases
• According to doctors 30 to 40 percent patient suffer from
water-born diseaseswater born diseases
Source: PCRWR, IWMI

14. High level of contamination is wide spreadg p
Cites: Rawalpindi: Total Dissolved Salts – 422 to 780 ppm, EC - 985
to 1800, Main source of contamination: recharge from Nullah Lai and
Korang River Lahore: A drinking surve in 2008 show 20% to 90%
samples contaminated Karachi: Groundwater saline, household supply
contaminated due to sewage leakage. Multan and Rahim Yar Khan:
A i i l l hi h i th 50% l d if b ttArsinic level high in more than 50% samples, deep aquifer better.
Rivers: the Least and worst polluted rivers Jhelum and Ravi need
BOD in the range of 45 to 880 tonnes per dayBOD in the range of 45 to 880 tonnes per day
Fresh Water lakes: In 2003 river supported lakes Hamal andFresh Water lakes: In 2003 river supported lakes Hamal and
Mancher had DTS 4600 mg/l and 5300 mg/l

15. City Population Wastewat Percent Wastewater Discharged
Annual Urban Wastewater Produced and Treated
City Population
Million
Wastewat
er MCM
Percent
Treated
Wastewater Discharged
Lahore 5.15 287 0.01 River Ravi, Canals & Veg. farms
Faisalabad 2.01 129 25.6 Ravi, Chenab and Veg. farms
Gujranwala 1.13 71 SCARP Drains and Veg farms
Rawalpinidi 1,41 40 River Soan and Veg farms
Sheikhupura 0.87 15 SCARP Drains
Multan 1 2 66 Riv Chenab canals & Veg farmsMultan 1.2 66 Riv. Chenab, canals & Veg farms
Sialkot 0.71 19 Ravi, Canals and Veg farms
Karachi 9.4 604 15.9 ArabianKarachi 9.4 604 15.9 Arabian
Hyderabad 1.17 51 34.0 Indus, Canals & Drains
Peshawar 0.98 52 36.2 River Kabul
Other 19.48 967 0.7
Total Urban 43.45 2,301 7.7
Source: Master Plan for Urban wastewater (municipal & industrial) treatment

16. Human Health – all impacts not known
Increased use of bottled water
Increase in water born diseases according to medical specialists
(diarrhea, typhoid, intestinal worms and hepatitis) while direct( yp p )
deaths have decreased
Higher dis-satisfaction of community about drinking water supply

17. Urban Floods
The drainage systems
Drying eco-systems
No water for natural forests
g y
failing in big cities and
peri-urban areas
during monsoon
No water for natural forests
Drastic reduction in fresh
water supply to welands

18. Decreasing access for imformal uses

19. Planning for population growth and municipal
water demands!water demands!
Population Projection for two Growth Rates
2.0
2.5
3.0
inmillions
350
400
450
wthrate
0.5
1.0
1.5
Populationi
150
200
250
300
Populationgrow
Municipal Supplies based on Current
0.0
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
100
growth rate 2.2% consistant growth with controlled growth rate
Municipal Supplies based on Current
Development Pattern
20
25
meters
Urban bcm
10
15
albillioncubicm
Rural bcm
0
5
1998 2003 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2050
Annua

20. Waste water Management in populated, high
water use and depleting aquifer zone
Theme Quality control and
Treatment
Reuse
water use and depleting aquifer zone
Treatment
• Control
Municipal
• Segregated urban
drainage treatment
• Agriculture after
sufficien treatmentp
supply
Strict q alit
g
• Sectors control
effl ent at the so rce
• Quality controlled
discharge to ri ers• Strict quality
regulation
•
effluent at the source
• Treat industrial
discharge to rivers
• Recharge aquifer
• Maintain
surface drains
Treat industrial
effluent to the
secondary level
Recharge aquifer
from treated
drainage runoff
and agriculture
• Control
aquifer
• Effective urban
drainage
and agriculture
uses
• Local harvesting &
uses

21. Waste water Management in High rainfall low
Agriculture zone
Theme Quality control and
Treatment
Reuse
g
Treatment
• Minimize
Municipal waste
• Segregate runoff,
wastewater and
• Back to streams
and water bodiesp
water
Q alit control
solid waste
Rain har est roof
• Recharge aquifer
from treated rain• Quality control
regulation
• Rain harvest – roof
top, parks
from treated rain,
drainage runoff
• Protect natural
streams
• Treat municipal
effluent to specific
quality standards
• Plan domestic &
infrastructure
uses
• Fresh recharge
of ground
quality standards
• Treat industrial
uses
• Wastewater
aquifer effluent to the
drainage level
ecology

22. Saline and Water Access Areas
Theme Quality control and
Treatment
REUSE
• Protect lakes • Segregate and • High potential in• Protect lakes,
watercourses
• Segregate and
manage at diff. levels
• High potential in
agriculture, still
better than saline
d t• Minimize Agri.
and domestic
effluent
• Bio-treatment
through wetlands
groundwater
• Back to the rivereffluent
• Protect
• Treat municipal
effluent to primary
Back to the river
reaches after
treatment
usability of
wastewater
level for agriculture
• Treat industrial
• Planned saline
plantations
• Long term
saline uses
• Treat industrial
effluent for drainage,
controlled wetlands
p

23. Wastewater Management Challenges
Limited public sector capacity for collection and treatment
Public finances limited while private sector is not investing
High pressure to extend old water supply and sanitation systemsHigh pressure to extend old water supply and sanitation systems
Drinking schemes not covering waste treatment and drainage
Treatment laws for Industries not easy to implement
Profitability of traditional wastewater uses decresaing
Limited research and technology inputsgy p
Basin and local level interaction not understood
Climate change Challanges

24. Achieving a Water Cycle
Must do measures
Industrial effluent treatment to a usable levelIndustrial effluent treatment to a usable level
Municipal effluent & solid waste - primary level treatment
Ensuring safe wastewater agricultureEnsuring safe wastewater agriculture
Hygiene awareness and local actions
Safe gro nd ater recharge techniq esSafe groundwater recharge techniques
Direct rain-harvesting for urban uses
Control demand and supply in all water use sectors
(allocation, pricing, incentives)
Address commercial aspects of water reuse
Basin level resilience integrating basin level andBasin level resilience, integrating basin level and
local actions

25. Thanking You