Factoring is an ongoing arrangement where a company assigns its accounts receivable invoices to a factor in exchange for cash. The factor then pursues collection from customers and assumes the risk of default. There are different types of factoring arrangements like domestic, international, recourse and non-recourse. Factoring provides various benefits like immediate access to cash, improved cash flows, credit protection and credit management services. However, it may not be suitable for businesses with a lot of cash sales, speculative ventures or those offering long credit terms. Factoring is widely used across many industries globally.
10. Олон улсын тээвэрлэлт
• Road freight in the OECD and European Union
continue to stagnate below pre-crisis levels. In
2011, the growth in tonne-kilometres slowed
down both in the OECD and EU countries,
increasing by only 1%. Emerging economies,
especially China and India, continued to expand
throughout the 2008-2011 period. Road freight
tonne-km in China and India increased 18% and
5% respectively (Figure 6).
• estimate for the EU area in 2012, covering 75% of
the total road tonne-kilometres, indicates a
decline of around 4% for road freight.
14. * Advantages;
1. Door to Door Service.
2. Economical over short distances.
3. Flexibility.
4.Limited Capital Expenditure.
* Disadvantages;
1. Irregular and Unreliable.
2. Unsuitable for Long Distances
3. No Uniformity in Rates.
4. Limited Speed.
5. Affected by Weather.
15. Cost Structure For Each Module:Т р лө ө
Mode
Тогтмол зардал
Fixed Costs
Хувьсах зардал
Variable Costs
Rail High- Equipments,
Terminals , Tracks ,etc
Low
Road Low-Highway provided by
government
Medium-Fuel , Maintenance, etc
Water Medium-Ships and
Equipment
Low-As capacity is huge
Pipeline Highest-Right of the way ,
construction, Equipment for
control station and Pumping
capacity
Lowest-Insignificant labour costs
Air Low-Aircraft and cargo
handling systems
High- Fuel, labour, Maintenance
16. Тээвэрлэлтийн хэмжээ
Car Passenger Traffic Growth=(1,55)*[(GDP/Population)Growth]
Coach Passenger Traffic Growth=(-1,68)*[(GDP/Population)Growth]
Freight Traffic by Road Growth = GDP Growth
17. Table 10a Accumulated Road Traffic Growth in Group 2 Countries
(Moderate scenario)
Table 10b Accumulated Road Traffic Growth in Group 2 Countries
(Optimistic scenario)
*Projections per country, separately for
passenger and freight impossible, but trend
forecasting of total traffic, was relatively
easier, since TINA had produced
projections up to 2015
*Projections per country, separately for
passenger and freight impossible, but trend
forecasting of total traffic, was relatively
easier, since TINA had produced
projections up to 2015
18. Conclusion for Coaches
Traffic
• Passenger traffic is expected to grow but bus/coach
modal share and traffic volumes are not expected to
change dramatically up to 2020
• Regarding the present decrease in public transport
volumes, this is due to the high increase in car
ownership and usage as well as in the development of
air transport industry in all countries.
• Regarding the minor increases expected in the future,
these would probably be a result of the EC policy
objectives that have been defined for countries of
Group 1 and 2, in order to diminish the
environmental consequences of transport and bring
about a shift in transport use from road to rail, water
and public passenger transport.
29. 1. Дагалдах бичигт дараахь зүйлс
:тусгагдана
1. a) дагалдах бичгийг йлдсэн газар, огноо;ү
2. b) илгээгчийн нэр болон хаяг;
3. c) тээвэрлэгчийн нэр болон хаяг;
4. d) ачаа х лээж авсан огноо, газар болон ачаа х ргэжү ү
г х р т л вл с н огноо, газар;ө ө өө ө ө ө ө
5. e) ачаа х лээн авагчийн нэр болон хаяг;ү
6. f) ачааны шинж чанар, т нийг савласан арга, м нүү ө
аюултай ачаа тээвэрлэх тохиолдолд нийтэд х лээнү
з вш р гдс н тэмдэглэгээ;ө өө ө ө
30. 7. g) багцын тоо, тэдгээрийн тусгай тэмдэглэгээ болон
дугаар;
8. h) ачааны бохир жин эсх л ачааны тоо хэмжээг рү өө
нэгжээр тодорхойлсон хэмжигдэх н;үү
9. i) тээвэрлэлттэй холбоотой зардал (тээвэрлэлтийн
зардал, нэмэгдэл зардал, гаалийн татвар болон
хураамж, м н т нчлэн тээвэрлэлтийн гэрээө үү
байгуулсан еэс ачааг х ргэж г х хугацаанд гарсанү ү ө ө
бусад зардал);
10.j) гаалийн болон бусад бичиг баримтыг б рд лэхэдү үү
шаардлагатай зааврууд;
11.k) ачаа тээвэрлэлт нь ямар ч тайлбарг йгээр энэхү үү
Конвенцийн заалтуудаар тогтоогдсон журмын дагуу
33. • Дагалдах бичигт ямар нэгэн с р гө ө
з йлийг нотлох тэмдэглэгээү
хийгээг йү бол гэрээний н хц лийгө ө
биел лсэн гэсэн нотолгоо болохүү
б г д тээвэрлэгч ачаа х лээж авсанө өө ү
тухай баримт болно.
34. ДӨРӨВДҮГЭЭР БҮЛЭГ
ТЭЭВЭРЛЭГЧИЙН ХАРИУЦЛАГА
• Тээвэрлэгч нь ачаа х лээж авснаасү
ачаагаа х лээлгэн г х х ртэлхү ө ө ү
хугацаанд ачааг б хэлд нь буюуү
хэсэгчлэн рэгд лэх, гэмтээх, м нү үү ө
хугацаанд нь х ргэж г г йү ө өө ү
тохиолдолд хариуцлага х лээнэ.ү
The Euro-Asian Transport Challenge is to achieve the right balance between all transport means at the disposal of trade. Time, quality, cost, fair environmental considerations and other factors should decide the outcome of the competition.
The aim of the Beijing-Brussels Caravan is to demonstrate that road transport is an effective means of shipping cargoes by land between Europe and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region.
The participants of BB caravan are IRU member associations – KAZATO (Kazakhstan), ASMAP (Russian Federation), LINAVA (Lithuania), Latvijas Auto (Latvia), and ZMPD (Poland).
The truck caravan will start from Horgos (China) on 27 September 2005 at the same time as the official BB Caravan Farewell Ceremony held in Beijing during the IRU 3rd Euro-Asian Road Transport Conference. Press and public meetings will be held in the capitals of each transited country and the arrival is planned in Brussels on 17 October.
