caries prevention ii
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This document outlines a lecture on prevention of dental caries through self-application methods and risk-based strategies. It discusses preventive agents like fluoride gels, rinses, toothpastes and supplements that contain fluoride or antimicrobials. It also mentions non-cariogenic sweeteners like xylitol and sorbitol. Finally, it notes that risk-based prevention tailors programs to a patient's caries risk level - low, moderate or high risk.
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caries prevention i
This document discusses the prevention of dental caries. It covers the three levels of prevention: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Dental caries is described as an infectious bacterial disease caused by mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. Clinical approaches for prevention include risk assessment, anticipatory guidance, and individualized treatment based on risk factors like bacteria, diet, and fluoride exposure. Professionally applied preventative agents include fluorides like varnish and sealants, which help remineralize enamel and protect tooth surfaces from decay.
CARIES VACCINE
This document provides an overview of dental caries and the potential for developing a dental caries vaccine. It discusses the role of Streptococcus mutans in dental caries and potential molecular targets for a vaccine, including glucosyltransferases, glucan binding proteins, and adhesins. The document also covers the immune response to dental caries, requirements for an effective dental caries vaccine, and potential mechanisms of action, types, routes of administration, adjuvants, risks, and advances in dental caries vaccine research.
Silver diamine fluoride
Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is a colorless solution containing silver ions and fluoride ions that has been used since the 1960s in Japan and China to arrest dental caries. It works by interacting with bacterial proteins and DNA to inhibit their function and growth. When applied to teeth, SDF releases calcium fluoride and silver phosphate, forming insoluble precipitates that occlude dentinal tubules and increase tooth mineralization and resistance to acid. SDF has shown promise as a low-cost option for managing dental caries, especially in young children, as it can halt the progression of cavities without the need for advanced dental procedures. More research is still needed to fully understand its mechanisms and safety.
Prevention of dental caries
The document discusses dental caries prevention through various methods including chemical, nutritional, and mechanical approaches. It outlines primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of prevention and describes current prevention techniques such as fluoride application, dental sealants, and educating parents on infant oral healthcare. The overall goal of prevention is to limit bacterial growth and activity to prevent tooth decay from occurring or progressing.
Prevention of dental caries
This document summarizes a study that compared the effectiveness of pit and fissure sealants versus fluoride varnishes in preventing dental decay. The study reviewed 4 eligible studies and found that pit and fissure sealants were more effective than fluoride varnishes at preventing decay based on results from one high-quality split-mouth study and one cluster-randomized study. However, the results could not be combined due to clinical and methodological differences between the studies. In conclusion, pit and fissure sealants were shown to be more effective than fluoride varnishes for preventing decay on occlusal surfaces.
Dental caries
This document provides an overview of dental caries, including its:
- History from ancient fossils to modern concepts
- Definitions from various sources
- Etiology and theories about its causes including microbial, chemical, and proteolytic theories
- Classification and factors related to susceptibility in the host like tooth morphology, position, and composition
Cavity preparation for cast metal restorations
This document discusses cavity preparation for cast metal restorations. It begins by introducing cast metal restorations and their history. It then defines inlays and onlays. The document discusses various materials used for cast restorations including gold, platinum, and nickel-chromium alloys. It covers the requirements, properties, and classes of different dental casting alloys. The document provides details on cavity preparation principles, outline forms, and features to provide resistance and retention. It also discusses preparation modifications and secondary retention methods.
Recent advances in Caries prevention
Recent Advances in Caries Prevention
The summary discusses recent advances in preventing dental caries, including the use of various natural products and alternative agents. It discusses how arginine, plant extracts from neem, tulsi, prunus mume, green/black tea, hop plant, and cacao bean husk have antimicrobial properties against cariogenic bacteria like streptococcus mutans. Other alternatives mentioned include propolis, apigenin, tt-farnesol, Chinese licorice root, and xylitol, which reduces the accumulation of plaque and growth/acid production of streptococcus mutans. The document provides details on the mechanisms and evidence for the caries prevention effects of these natural
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caries prevention i
This document discusses the prevention of dental caries. It covers the three levels of prevention: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Dental caries is described as an infectious bacterial disease caused by mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. Clinical approaches for prevention include risk assessment, anticipatory guidance, and individualized treatment based on risk factors like bacteria, diet, and fluoride exposure. Professionally applied preventative agents include fluorides like varnish and sealants, which help remineralize enamel and protect tooth surfaces from decay.
CARIES VACCINE
This document provides an overview of dental caries and the potential for developing a dental caries vaccine. It discusses the role of Streptococcus mutans in dental caries and potential molecular targets for a vaccine, including glucosyltransferases, glucan binding proteins, and adhesins. The document also covers the immune response to dental caries, requirements for an effective dental caries vaccine, and potential mechanisms of action, types, routes of administration, adjuvants, risks, and advances in dental caries vaccine research.
Silver diamine fluoride
Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is a colorless solution containing silver ions and fluoride ions that has been used since the 1960s in Japan and China to arrest dental caries. It works by interacting with bacterial proteins and DNA to inhibit their function and growth. When applied to teeth, SDF releases calcium fluoride and silver phosphate, forming insoluble precipitates that occlude dentinal tubules and increase tooth mineralization and resistance to acid. SDF has shown promise as a low-cost option for managing dental caries, especially in young children, as it can halt the progression of cavities without the need for advanced dental procedures. More research is still needed to fully understand its mechanisms and safety.
Prevention of dental caries
The document discusses dental caries prevention through various methods including chemical, nutritional, and mechanical approaches. It outlines primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of prevention and describes current prevention techniques such as fluoride application, dental sealants, and educating parents on infant oral healthcare. The overall goal of prevention is to limit bacterial growth and activity to prevent tooth decay from occurring or progressing.
Prevention of dental caries
This document summarizes a study that compared the effectiveness of pit and fissure sealants versus fluoride varnishes in preventing dental decay. The study reviewed 4 eligible studies and found that pit and fissure sealants were more effective than fluoride varnishes at preventing decay based on results from one high-quality split-mouth study and one cluster-randomized study. However, the results could not be combined due to clinical and methodological differences between the studies. In conclusion, pit and fissure sealants were shown to be more effective than fluoride varnishes for preventing decay on occlusal surfaces.
Dental caries
This document provides an overview of dental caries, including its:
- History from ancient fossils to modern concepts
- Definitions from various sources
- Etiology and theories about its causes including microbial, chemical, and proteolytic theories
- Classification and factors related to susceptibility in the host like tooth morphology, position, and composition
Cavity preparation for cast metal restorations
This document discusses cavity preparation for cast metal restorations. It begins by introducing cast metal restorations and their history. It then defines inlays and onlays. The document discusses various materials used for cast restorations including gold, platinum, and nickel-chromium alloys. It covers the requirements, properties, and classes of different dental casting alloys. The document provides details on cavity preparation principles, outline forms, and features to provide resistance and retention. It also discusses preparation modifications and secondary retention methods.
Recent advances in Caries prevention
Recent Advances in Caries Prevention
The summary discusses recent advances in preventing dental caries, including the use of various natural products and alternative agents. It discusses how arginine, plant extracts from neem, tulsi, prunus mume, green/black tea, hop plant, and cacao bean husk have antimicrobial properties against cariogenic bacteria like streptococcus mutans. Other alternatives mentioned include propolis, apigenin, tt-farnesol, Chinese licorice root, and xylitol, which reduces the accumulation of plaque and growth/acid production of streptococcus mutans. The document provides details on the mechanisms and evidence for the caries prevention effects of these natural
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The Smear Layer
The document discusses the smear layer, which forms when tooth structure is cut. It is defined as debris produced when cutting enamel, dentin, cementum, or root canal walls. The smear layer consists of both organic and inorganic components from the tooth. It was first observed in the 1960s using electron microscopy. While some argue the smear layer protects by blocking dentinal tubules, others contend it should be removed since it can harbor bacteria. The morphology and topographical details of cut dentin and the smear layer are also described based on scanning electron microscope images.
Prevention of dental caries
The document discusses various oral hygiene products including dental caries, toothpaste, toothbrushes, and mouthwash. It provides details on active ingredients in toothpaste and their purposes, guidelines for choosing the right toothpaste based on age, ingredients to treat tooth sensitivity, and proper use of mouthwash and toothbrushes. New innovative toothbrush technologies with Bluetooth connectivity and ones that play music are also mentioned.
Pit and Fissure sealants
This document discusses dental pit and fissure sealants. It begins by defining pits and fissures, then provides a brief history of sealants. It describes the ideal requirements, materials used, indications and contraindications. It discusses which teeth should be sealed and the appropriate age ranges. The document concludes by outlining the technique for applying sealants.
Minimal Intervention In Operative Dentistry
Minimum intervention dentistry is a concept based on a better understanding of the caries process and development of the carious process and the development of new diagnostic technologies and adhesives, bioactive restorative materials.
Dental caries , its etiology
Dental caries is caused by an imbalance between demineralization and remineralization of tooth enamel and dentin. It is a bacterial infection resulting from acids produced during bacterial metabolism of dietary carbohydrates. Key factors in the development of caries include the oral bacteria Streptococcus mutans, frequent consumption of fermentable carbohydrates, and conditions like low saliva flow that reduce the buffering capacity of saliva. The caries process involves a dynamic interplay over time between demineralization of enamel during periods of acid production, and remineralization when pH rises. If demineralization exceeds remineralization, it can lead to cavitation and destruction of tooth structure.
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Dental caries
Dental caries is an infectious microbial disease of the tooth that results in localized destruction and dissolution of calcified tissues.
Dental caries is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases of people worldwide; individuals are susceptible to this disease throughout their lifetime.
Silver diamine flouride
This document provides an overview of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) as a tool for managing dental caries. It discusses the history of using silver compounds to prevent infections, outlines the components and mechanism of action of SDF, and describes its clinical applications in arresting caries in both children and adults. Some key points include that SDF is a 38% solution containing silver and fluoride ions that reacts with tooth minerals to form protective layers, it has been shown to arrest up to 80% of caries lesions with annual applications, and it provides a low-cost, minimally invasive option for managing caries in situations where advanced restorative treatment is not possible or acceptable. The document concludes that SDF has unique
Caries prevention
This document provides an overview of methods for preventing dental caries. It discusses the need for prevention due to issues like pain, compromised nutrition, and high treatment costs. The three levels of prevention - primary, secondary, and tertiary - are defined. Nutritional measures focus on diet analysis and counseling patients to reduce sugar intake and frequency of snacking. Chemical measures discuss the use of substances like fluoride, chlorhexidine, and probiotics to alter tooth surfaces or interfere with bacterial growth. Mechanical measures involve practices like toothbrushing and flossing.
Keyes triad of dental caries
The document discusses Keyes triad of dental caries, which describes the three factors necessary for dental caries (tooth decay) to occur: susceptible host (teeth), cariogenic bacteria (bacteria that cause decay), and fermentable carbohydrates (sugars). The triad explains that for caries to develop, all three factors must be present and interacting over a period of time. Understanding the triad is important for dental professionals to help prevent and manage tooth decay in patients.
Fluorides in operative dentistry
The document discusses fluorides used in operative dentistry. It provides a history of fluoride research and use, starting from discoveries of fluorosis in the early 1900s to modern community water fluoridation programs. It also details various fluoride delivery systems including topical and systemic methods. Topical methods such as sodium fluoride, acidulated phosphate fluoride, stannous fluoride, and fluoride varnishes are described along with their mechanisms and application techniques. The document discusses the anticaries effects and recommendations for use of these fluorides.
Levels of prevention
This document discusses dental prevention. It defines prevention and describes its history from the 20th century onward, including the identification of oral diseases and establishment of fluoride's anticaries effects. The principles of prevention are described as primary, secondary, and tertiary. Types of prevention interventions are outlined for dental caries, periodontal disease, oral cancer, and malocclusion. The conclusion emphasizes that combined efforts of dental professionals, patients, and communities can achieve optimal oral health through prevention practices and community health programs.
Pit & fissure sealants (1)
This document provides information on pit and fissure sealants. It discusses the legal requirements, certification requirements, and types of training needed to place sealants. It describes what sealants are, their effectiveness in preventing decay, and factors influencing retention. Different sealant materials, application techniques, and potential complications are outlined. The document highlights the importance of sealants in preventing decay, especially in pits and fissures, and their cost-effectiveness compared to other restorative treatments.
GLASS IONOMER CEMENT AND ITS RECENT ADVANCES- by Dr. JAGADEESH KODITYALA
This document provides an overview of glass ionomer cement, including its definition, history, composition, classification, setting reaction, properties, and recent advances. Key points include:
- Glass ionomer cement was invented in 1969 and first reported in 1971, consisting of a glass powder and aqueous solution of polyacrylic acid.
- It is classified based on its intended use, such as luting cement, restorative cement, or liner/base material.
- The setting reaction involves an acid-base reaction between the glass powder and polyacrylic acid, forming bonds through a calcium polyacrylate matrix that continues to harden over time.
- Properties include adhesion to tooth structure, biocompatibility, fluoride
Gic
Glass ionomer cement was introduced in 1970 as a tooth-colored luting and restorative material. It bonds chemically to enamel and dentine, is esthetic, and releases fluoride over time which is anticariogenic. However, glass ionomer cement is also brittle and susceptible to erosion and wear. When mixed, the acid in the liquid attacks the glass powder, releasing calcium, aluminum, and fluoride ions to cross-link with polyacrylic acid chains and form the cement matrix. The set cement has unreacted glass particles embedded in a hydrated calcium/aluminum polyacrylate gel. It is important to protect the sensitive cement from moisture during setting for 24 hours to allow full hardening.
Saliva - applied physiology and its role in dental caries
Saliva plays an important role in preventing dental caries through several mechanisms:
1. It dilutes and clears dietary sugars from the mouth, reducing the sugars' time in contact with teeth.
2. Saliva buffers acids in dental plaque, helping to neutralize the pH after sugar consumption and prevent demineralization of enamel.
3. Saliva provides ions like calcium and phosphate that promote remineralization of enamel and reverse early signs of demineralization. Maintaining an adequate flow rate of saliva is important for protecting teeth from dental caries.
Chemical properties of dental materials
This document discusses various factors that can impact the stability and performance of dental materials in the oral cavity. It notes that the pH in the mouth can range from acidic to alkaline and that some materials may erode more rapidly at pH extremes. The document also addresses solubility, erosion, leaching of material constituents, and corrosion - noting that these properties depend on conditions like water storage time, diffusion processes, electrode potentials, and galvanic reactions with other metals. Factors like surface pits and stress can influence corrosion rates. Both harmful and beneficial effects of leaching are outlined. The document stresses that dental materials should be non-toxic, non-irritating, and harmless to both users and pulp tissues.
Pedia caries prevention
Dental caries is caused by acid-forming bacteria in dental plaque that metabolize fermentable carbohydrates. The process involves alternating periods of demineralization and remineralization of tooth enamel based on the pH level in the mouth. Streptococcus mutans is the primary cariogenic bacteria. Risk factors include frequent sugar consumption, poor oral hygiene, fluoride deficiency, and low saliva flow. Caries can be detected clinically, radiographically, and newer methods involving electrical resistance, light illumination, and digital imaging. Remineralization through fluoride and controlling bacteria and diet can prevent or reverse early caries.
Dental caries ppt
Dental caries is caused by bacterial damage to teeth from plaque and acid production when exposed to fermentable carbohydrates like sugar. The major bacteria involved are Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli, which adhere to teeth and produce acid from sugars, lowering the pH and demineralizing enamel and dentin. If left untreated, caries can spread to the pulp, causing inflammation and pain. Consequences of untreated dental caries include local infections and possible systemic illnesses.
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Minimally invasive dentistry aims to control dental disease through early detection and least invasive treatment methods. It focuses on remineralizing early lesions and performing minimal surgical procedures. Recent advances include new cavity classification systems, preparation techniques like tunnels and slots, and caries removal methods like air abrasion, sonoabrasion, and chemomechanical removal. The Atraumatic Restorative Technique and Interim Therapeutic Restoration were developed to provide basic dental care using only hand instruments and restorative materials like glass ionomer cement. Lasers can also be used for caries prevention, removal and cavity preparation with minimal thermal damage to surrounding tooth structure.
Formocresol controversies
This document discusses various pulpotomy medicaments and techniques. It begins by describing formocresol pulpotomy, including its history, composition, technique, and controversies regarding toxicity. Alternatives to formocresol are then examined, such as glutaraldehyde, ferric sulfate, MTA, and electrosurgery. Clinical success rates of formocresol and glutaraldehyde are compared. Formocresol is also compared to calcium hydroxide, noting issues with each. The document provides an overview of pulpotomy options and debates surrounding formocresol use.
The Smear Layer
The document discusses the smear layer, which forms when tooth structure is cut. It is defined as debris produced when cutting enamel, dentin, cementum, or root canal walls. The smear layer consists of both organic and inorganic components from the tooth. It was first observed in the 1960s using electron microscopy. While some argue the smear layer protects by blocking dentinal tubules, others contend it should be removed since it can harbor bacteria. The morphology and topographical details of cut dentin and the smear layer are also described based on scanning electron microscope images.
Prevention of dental caries
The document discusses various oral hygiene products including dental caries, toothpaste, toothbrushes, and mouthwash. It provides details on active ingredients in toothpaste and their purposes, guidelines for choosing the right toothpaste based on age, ingredients to treat tooth sensitivity, and proper use of mouthwash and toothbrushes. New innovative toothbrush technologies with Bluetooth connectivity and ones that play music are also mentioned.
Pit and Fissure sealants
This document discusses dental pit and fissure sealants. It begins by defining pits and fissures, then provides a brief history of sealants. It describes the ideal requirements, materials used, indications and contraindications. It discusses which teeth should be sealed and the appropriate age ranges. The document concludes by outlining the technique for applying sealants.
Minimal Intervention In Operative Dentistry
Minimum intervention dentistry is a concept based on a better understanding of the caries process and development of the carious process and the development of new diagnostic technologies and adhesives, bioactive restorative materials.
Dental caries , its etiology
Dental caries is caused by an imbalance between demineralization and remineralization of tooth enamel and dentin. It is a bacterial infection resulting from acids produced during bacterial metabolism of dietary carbohydrates. Key factors in the development of caries include the oral bacteria Streptococcus mutans, frequent consumption of fermentable carbohydrates, and conditions like low saliva flow that reduce the buffering capacity of saliva. The caries process involves a dynamic interplay over time between demineralization of enamel during periods of acid production, and remineralization when pH rises. If demineralization exceeds remineralization, it can lead to cavitation and destruction of tooth structure.
Diagnosis & treatment of Dental caries
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Careful examination of the patients teeth under clean & dry conditions using good illuminations may reveal visual signs of caries
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Dental caries is an infectious microbial disease of the tooth that results in localized destruction and dissolution of calcified tissues.
Dental caries is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases of people worldwide; individuals are susceptible to this disease throughout their lifetime.
Silver diamine flouride
This document provides an overview of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) as a tool for managing dental caries. It discusses the history of using silver compounds to prevent infections, outlines the components and mechanism of action of SDF, and describes its clinical applications in arresting caries in both children and adults. Some key points include that SDF is a 38% solution containing silver and fluoride ions that reacts with tooth minerals to form protective layers, it has been shown to arrest up to 80% of caries lesions with annual applications, and it provides a low-cost, minimally invasive option for managing caries in situations where advanced restorative treatment is not possible or acceptable. The document concludes that SDF has unique
Caries prevention
This document provides an overview of methods for preventing dental caries. It discusses the need for prevention due to issues like pain, compromised nutrition, and high treatment costs. The three levels of prevention - primary, secondary, and tertiary - are defined. Nutritional measures focus on diet analysis and counseling patients to reduce sugar intake and frequency of snacking. Chemical measures discuss the use of substances like fluoride, chlorhexidine, and probiotics to alter tooth surfaces or interfere with bacterial growth. Mechanical measures involve practices like toothbrushing and flossing.
Keyes triad of dental caries
The document discusses Keyes triad of dental caries, which describes the three factors necessary for dental caries (tooth decay) to occur: susceptible host (teeth), cariogenic bacteria (bacteria that cause decay), and fermentable carbohydrates (sugars). The triad explains that for caries to develop, all three factors must be present and interacting over a period of time. Understanding the triad is important for dental professionals to help prevent and manage tooth decay in patients.
Fluorides in operative dentistry
The document discusses fluorides used in operative dentistry. It provides a history of fluoride research and use, starting from discoveries of fluorosis in the early 1900s to modern community water fluoridation programs. It also details various fluoride delivery systems including topical and systemic methods. Topical methods such as sodium fluoride, acidulated phosphate fluoride, stannous fluoride, and fluoride varnishes are described along with their mechanisms and application techniques. The document discusses the anticaries effects and recommendations for use of these fluorides.
Levels of prevention
This document discusses dental prevention. It defines prevention and describes its history from the 20th century onward, including the identification of oral diseases and establishment of fluoride's anticaries effects. The principles of prevention are described as primary, secondary, and tertiary. Types of prevention interventions are outlined for dental caries, periodontal disease, oral cancer, and malocclusion. The conclusion emphasizes that combined efforts of dental professionals, patients, and communities can achieve optimal oral health through prevention practices and community health programs.
Pit & fissure sealants (1)
This document provides information on pit and fissure sealants. It discusses the legal requirements, certification requirements, and types of training needed to place sealants. It describes what sealants are, their effectiveness in preventing decay, and factors influencing retention. Different sealant materials, application techniques, and potential complications are outlined. The document highlights the importance of sealants in preventing decay, especially in pits and fissures, and their cost-effectiveness compared to other restorative treatments.
GLASS IONOMER CEMENT AND ITS RECENT ADVANCES- by Dr. JAGADEESH KODITYALA
This document provides an overview of glass ionomer cement, including its definition, history, composition, classification, setting reaction, properties, and recent advances. Key points include:
- Glass ionomer cement was invented in 1969 and first reported in 1971, consisting of a glass powder and aqueous solution of polyacrylic acid.
- It is classified based on its intended use, such as luting cement, restorative cement, or liner/base material.
- The setting reaction involves an acid-base reaction between the glass powder and polyacrylic acid, forming bonds through a calcium polyacrylate matrix that continues to harden over time.
- Properties include adhesion to tooth structure, biocompatibility, fluoride
Gic
Glass ionomer cement was introduced in 1970 as a tooth-colored luting and restorative material. It bonds chemically to enamel and dentine, is esthetic, and releases fluoride over time which is anticariogenic. However, glass ionomer cement is also brittle and susceptible to erosion and wear. When mixed, the acid in the liquid attacks the glass powder, releasing calcium, aluminum, and fluoride ions to cross-link with polyacrylic acid chains and form the cement matrix. The set cement has unreacted glass particles embedded in a hydrated calcium/aluminum polyacrylate gel. It is important to protect the sensitive cement from moisture during setting for 24 hours to allow full hardening.
Saliva - applied physiology and its role in dental caries
Saliva plays an important role in preventing dental caries through several mechanisms:
1. It dilutes and clears dietary sugars from the mouth, reducing the sugars' time in contact with teeth.
2. Saliva buffers acids in dental plaque, helping to neutralize the pH after sugar consumption and prevent demineralization of enamel.
3. Saliva provides ions like calcium and phosphate that promote remineralization of enamel and reverse early signs of demineralization. Maintaining an adequate flow rate of saliva is important for protecting teeth from dental caries.
Chemical properties of dental materials
This document discusses various factors that can impact the stability and performance of dental materials in the oral cavity. It notes that the pH in the mouth can range from acidic to alkaline and that some materials may erode more rapidly at pH extremes. The document also addresses solubility, erosion, leaching of material constituents, and corrosion - noting that these properties depend on conditions like water storage time, diffusion processes, electrode potentials, and galvanic reactions with other metals. Factors like surface pits and stress can influence corrosion rates. Both harmful and beneficial effects of leaching are outlined. The document stresses that dental materials should be non-toxic, non-irritating, and harmless to both users and pulp tissues.
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Pedia caries prevention
Dental caries is caused by acid-forming bacteria in dental plaque that metabolize fermentable carbohydrates. The process involves alternating periods of demineralization and remineralization of tooth enamel based on the pH level in the mouth. Streptococcus mutans is the primary cariogenic bacteria. Risk factors include frequent sugar consumption, poor oral hygiene, fluoride deficiency, and low saliva flow. Caries can be detected clinically, radiographically, and newer methods involving electrical resistance, light illumination, and digital imaging. Remineralization through fluoride and controlling bacteria and diet can prevent or reverse early caries.
Dental caries ppt
Dental caries is caused by bacterial damage to teeth from plaque and acid production when exposed to fermentable carbohydrates like sugar. The major bacteria involved are Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli, which adhere to teeth and produce acid from sugars, lowering the pH and demineralizing enamel and dentin. If left untreated, caries can spread to the pulp, causing inflammation and pain. Consequences of untreated dental caries include local infections and possible systemic illnesses.
Dental caries
This document provides a summary of the history, etiology, histopathogenesis, and clinical types of dental caries. It discusses how caries has been viewed since ancient times, including early beliefs that worms caused decay. Archaeological evidence shows caries has affected humans for thousands of years. Major increases occurred with the rise of agriculture and sugar consumption. Current understanding identifies plaque bacteria, fermentable carbohydrates, and their acid byproducts as the primary causes of enamel demineralization and caries development. The document reviews various theories proposed over time and classifies caries according to location, extent, rate, and other features.
Etiology of dental caries
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Epidemiology of dental caries
This document provides an overview of dental caries epidemiology. It begins with definitions of epidemiology and dental caries. It then discusses the history of caries in prehistoric man and global and Indian caries scenarios. Several classic epidemiological studies on dental caries are summarized. Theories of caries etiology including Miller's chemico-parasitic theory are explained. Epidemiological factors influencing caries including the host, agents, environment and time are described. Saliva properties and their relationship to caries susceptibility are also summarized.
Dental caries
Dental caries is a common chronic dental disease caused by demineralization of tooth structure by acid produced by bacteria in dental plaque. Key factors for dental caries are the host, cariogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans, and fermentable carbohydrates in the diet. Prevention strategies aim to reduce the cariogenic potential of the oral environment through measures like fluoride use, dietary modification, and plaque control. Treatment depends on the severity and activity of the carious lesion.
Theories of dental caries.ppt
There are several theories that attempt to explain the process of dental caries:
1) The chemical (acid) theory proposes that acids formed by the fermentation of food particles around the teeth destroy the teeth.
2) The parasitic (septic) theory associates microorganisms with the carious process.
3) The acidogenic theory describes dental decay as a two-stage chemoparasitic process involving decalcification of enamel and subsequent destruction of softened enamel and dentin, supported by the presence of carbohydrates, microorganisms, and dental plaque.
Detection, diagnosis and prevention of dental caries
The document discusses the diagnosis and prevention of dental caries. It covers the development and features of caries, methods for detection including examination, radiographs, and devices. It also discusses caries risk in patients, the role of plaque, diet, and fluoride in prevention. Specific fluoride modalities like toothpaste, mouthwashes, and professionally applied treatments are outlined. The use of pit and fissure sealants for caries prevention in teeth pits and grooves is also summarized, along with patient selection and the application method.
Pathogenesis of dental caries
This document discusses the pathogenesis of dental caries. It begins by explaining that dental caries is caused by the interaction of sugars, teeth, and microorganisms. It then discusses the roles that various factors play in the disease process, including sugars/carbohydrates, microorganisms like Streptococcus mutans, lactic acid production, dental plaque, and the buffering effects of saliva. The document also explains the cycles of demineralization and remineralization that can occur, and the histological changes seen in carious lesions over time.
preventive strategies in paediatric dentistry
This document discusses preventive strategies in pediatric dentistry. It outlines how the old infectious disease model was deficient and has been replaced by anticipatory guidance. Anticipatory guidance provides age-specific counseling to parents on oral development, diet, fluoride, habits, hygiene, and injury prevention. It aims to address protective factors to prevent oral health problems. Starting prevention early in infancy allows for developing an individualized plan. To be effective, anticipatory guidance should be coupled with oral health risk assessment and caries risk tools to properly evaluate risk factors and customize prevention.
Dental caries
The document discusses dental caries, including its etiology and classifications. It provides details on:
1) Dental caries is a progressive, subsurface demineralization of teeth caused by bacterial acids that leads to tooth decay.
2) Old and new theories on the etiology of dental caries including the roles of carbohydrates, microorganisms, acids, and dental plaque in the acidogenic/chemoparasitic theory.
3) Classifications of dental caries including based on nature of attack, progression, surfaces involved, direction of attack, number of surfaces, GV Black classification, location, and tissues involved.
EPIDERMOLOGY AND PREVENTION OF DENTAL CARIES
Dental caries is caused by an interaction between microorganisms, host factors, and the diet. Key microorganisms involved are Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli, which produce acid as a byproduct of metabolizing sugars in the diet, leading to demineralization of enamel and dentin. Host factors like saliva and tooth morphology can increase or decrease risk of caries by impacting pH, cleansing, and ability to remove food debris. Increased consumption of fermentable carbohydrates, especially without proper oral hygiene, greatly increases the risk of dental caries. Prevention strategies aim to modify these risk factors, such as reducing sugar intake, increasing fluoride exposure, and improving plaque removal.
Prevention of Dental caries
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Diagnosis of dental caries
Dental caries is defined as a localized pathological process caused by acids produced by bacteria in dental plaque that leads to demineralization of tooth hard tissues. Diagnosis of caries involves detecting lesions, assessing activity, and determining risk factors to identify lesions requiring treatment and persons at high risk. A variety of tools can be used for caries diagnosis including visual inspection, fiber-optic transillumination, and diagnostic technologies assessing properties like fluorescence. The International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) provides a standardized visual method for caries detection and assessment and has demonstrated validity though performance varies depending on tooth type and surface.
Caries Activity Tests
This document discusses various tests that can be used to measure dental caries activity and susceptibility. It describes tests such as the Lactobacillus colony count test, Snyder test, Alben's test, swab test, reductase test, enamel solubility test, and saliva flow test. These tests measure factors like the number of acid-producing bacteria in saliva, ability of salivary bacteria to produce acid from carbohydrates, changes in saliva pH, and saliva flow rate, which can help indicate a person's risk of developing new dental caries.
Classification Of Dental Caries
The document classifies dental caries in several ways:
1. Based on anatomical site such as occlusal, root, and smooth surface caries. Occlusal caries are most prevalent.
2. Based on progression as acute, chronic, or arrested caries. Acute caries progresses rapidly while chronic caries is slow.
3. Based on the initial involvement of the tooth surface as primary or recurrent caries. Primary caries is the initial attack while recurrent caries occurs around restorations.
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Topical Fluorides in dentistry
1. Topical fluorides provide fluoride ions that are incorporated into dental enamel, enhancing remineralization and inhibiting demineralization.
2. Common topical fluoride treatments include varnishes, gels, foams, rinses, and mouthwashes. Fluoride varnish is the only topical treatment recommended for young children.
3. Newer treatments like silver diamine fluoride can arrest dental caries by killing bacteria, depositing a protective layer, and converting enamel to a more acid-resistant form. Slow-release fluoride devices provide long-term fluoride exposure without high serum levels.
Dental varnish
This document discusses dental varnishes. It begins by defining dental varnishes and outlining their basic requirements. The main tasks of dental varnishes are then described as protecting teeth from caries, enhancing esthetics, and desensitizing tooth necks. The document discusses the types of varnishes and how they are cured. It focuses on fluoride varnish, describing its history, indications, examples of products, application techniques, advantages over other fluorides, and disadvantages. Finally, the document summarizes a clinical study on the use of fluoride varnish to treat dentin hypersensitivity.
Dental Pharmacology
Fluorides are effective at preventing dental caries by making the enamel more acid resistant and inhibiting bacterial acid production. Fluoride is administered through fluoridated water, toothpaste, mouthwash, gel, foam, and supplements. It works by being incorporated into tooth structure during development and by strengthening enamel through the formation of fluorapatite. Astringents work by precipitating proteins on the tooth surface to form a protective barrier. Potassium nitrate and agents that occlude dentinal tubules are used to treat dentin hypersensitivity by blocking neural signals or sealing open tubules.
13218609
- For a 4 year old child at low risk of caries, the guidelines recommend applying fluoride varnish to their teeth two times per year.
- For a 4 year old child at high risk of caries, the guidelines recommend applying fluoride varnish to their teeth two or more times per year.
- Topical fluoride in the form of varnish or gel is supported by the strongest evidence for caries prevention in primary teeth. Application frequency depends on the child's caries risk level.
6.topical fluorides
This document discusses topical fluoride delivery methods for preventing dental caries. It begins by introducing different types of topical fluorides including professionally-applied options like sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, and acidulated phosphate fluoride as well as self-applied options like dentifrices and mouthwashes. It then covers the preparation, application procedures, mechanisms of action, advantages, and disadvantages of each professionally-applied fluoride type. The document concludes by comparing the characteristics of the different professionally-applied fluoride options and providing recommendations for topical fluoride application.
Oral hygiene products
This document provides an overview of oral hygiene products, including toothpastes, mouthwashes, and tooth bleaching agents. It discusses the composition of toothpastes and mouthwashes and reviews potential toxicities, including systemic toxicity from ingestion, local toxicity to hard and soft tissues, allergic reactions, and potential carcinogenic effects. Tooth bleaching agents like carbamide peroxide are also examined, outlining their mechanisms of action, systemic toxicity in animals, and potential for dental hypersensitivity in bleaching treatments. Safety considerations are provided around packaging, child-safe designs, and controlling fluoride levels to prevent risks like dental fluorosis.
Topical application of fluoride.pptx
This document summarizes different types of topical fluoride therapies used to prevent dental caries. It discusses self-applied fluorides like toothpastes and gels that contain lower fluoride concentrations, as well as professionally-applied options like varnishes and silver diamine fluoride that contain higher concentrations. Varnishes are usually applied twice per year and work by increasing fluoride levels in enamel. Silver diamine fluoride arrests caries and reduces sensitivity while staining teeth dark, but newer preparations like silver diamine iodide reduce this staining. Topical fluorides are indicated for patients with active caries or high risk of caries.
Recent materials and techniques of fluoride application for caries control
Recent materials and techniques of fluoride application for caries control in conservative dentistry
Dental management of children under chemotherapy
This document discusses dental management of pediatric patients receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy. It outlines that cancer therapy can cause oral complications and a preventive regimen is necessary. It recommends completing all dental work before therapy starts. During therapy, it advises oral hygiene, managing infections and mucositis, and avoiding dental procedures. Following therapy, it suggests monitoring patients periodically for risks like caries and osteonecrosis. The goal is to educate patients and minimize oral issues through preventive care before, during, and after cancer treatment.
Flourides delivery methods final new
This document discusses various methods of delivering fluorides, including topical and systemic fluorides. It focuses on topical fluoride delivery methods. Topical fluorides are divided into professionally-applied and self-applied products. Professionally-applied products include neutral sodium fluoride, acidulated phosphate fluoride, and stannous fluoride solutions. Self-applied products include fluoride dentifrices, gels, and rinses. The document provides details on the preparation, application procedures, mechanisms of action, advantages, and disadvantages of each topical fluoride product type. It recommends amounts and methods for safe and effective professional application of topical fluorides.
flouridesdeliverymethods new slides130904012724-.pdf
This document discusses different methods for delivering fluorides, including topical and systemic methods. It focuses on topical fluoride delivery methods which are applied directly to teeth. Topical fluorides can be divided into professionally applied and self-applied products. Professionally applied products contain higher fluoride concentrations and include neutral sodium fluoride, acidulated phosphate fluoride, and stannous fluoride solutions, gels, pastes, and varnishes. Application techniques for professionals include the paint on and tray methods. Stannous fluoride and sodium fluoride are discussed in more detail regarding their preparation, mechanisms of action, advantages, and application procedures. Repeated topical fluoride treatments over time help strengthen tooth enamel and reduce the risk of dental caries.
Prevention of dental diseases
This document provides an overview of preventive dentistry and strategies for preventing dental diseases. It discusses primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention approaches at the individual, community, and dental professional levels. Key methods covered include fluoridation, dental sealants, diet counseling, oral hygiene instruction, and plaque control techniques like toothbrushing and flossing. The modes of action for fluoride and objectives of oral hygiene are also summarized.
topical fluorides final
This document provides an overview of topical fluorides. It defines topical fluorides as fluoride treatments applied directly to tooth surfaces. Topical fluorides are classified as professionally applied or self-applied. Professionally applied fluorides discussed include sodium fluoride solution, stannous fluoride solution and gel, and acidulated phosphate fluoride gel. Sodium fluoride and stannous fluoride solutions are painted on teeth and allowed to dry, forming protective layers. Stannous fluoride may have additional antibacterial properties. Topical fluorides strengthen tooth enamel and make it more resistant to decay.
TOPICAL FLUORIDES
topical fluorides in public health dentistry
introduction
mechanism of action
fluoride delivery methods and examples in detail
conclusion n reference
Dental products 1
This document discusses dental products and their uses. It begins by describing the three layers that make up teeth: dentine, cementum, and enamel. It then discusses vitamins important for tooth formation and dental caries. Several types of dental products are mentioned, including dentifrices for cleaning teeth, mouthwashes, cements, and fillers. Dental caries is described as a disease caused by acids produced by microorganisms interacting with carbohydrates. Mechanisms of dental caries and the role of fluoride in preventing caries are summarized. Sodium fluoride, a common anticaries agent, is also described in detail.
Dental products 1
This document discusses dental products and their uses. It begins by describing the three layers that make up teeth: dentine, cementum, and enamel. It then discusses vitamins important for tooth formation and dental caries. Several types of dental products are mentioned, including dentifrices for cleaning teeth, mouthwashes, cements, and fillers. Dental caries is described as a disease caused by acids produced by microorganisms interacting with carbohydrates. Mechanisms of dental caries and the role of fluoride in preventing caries are summarized. Sodium fluoride, a common anticaries agent, is also described in detail.
Dental Varnish
This document discusses dental varnishes. It begins by defining dental varnishes as thin liquid coatings applied to teeth that harden into protective films. It notes they are usually water- or solvent-based for easy application. The document outlines the main requirements for varnishes and their purposes, including protecting teeth from decay by releasing fluoride or antimicrobials, whitening teeth, and desensitizing sensitive areas. It describes different types of varnishes and application techniques. Key varnishes discussed include fluoride varnishes like Duraphat and Carex as well as desensitizing and antimicrobial options. The document reviews advantages of fluoride varnishes and concludes by summarizing a clinical study on treating sensitivity
Dental varnish
This document discusses dental varnishes. It begins by defining dental varnishes as thin liquid coatings applied to teeth that harden into protective films. It notes they are usually water- or solvent-based for easy application. The document outlines the main requirements for varnishes and their purposes, including protecting teeth from caries by releasing fluoride or antimicrobials, whitening teeth, and desensitizing sensitive teeth. It describes different types of varnishes and how they are cured. The rest of the document provides details on fluoride varnishes, including historical information, indications for use, popular brands, application techniques, advantages over other fluorides, and results from a clinical study on treating sensitive teeth.
Dentifrices
This document provides information on dentifrices (substances used with a toothbrush for cleaning teeth). It discusses the history of dentifrices, types (cosmetic and therapeutic), composition, recent developments, literature reviews, and advice for patients. Dentifrices contain abrasives, detergents, flavors, sweeteners, and compounds like fluoride, triclosan, and stannous fluoride that fight plaque, tartar, gingivitis, and sensitivity. Recent developments include children's toothpastes and whitening products. Literature reviews examine the effectiveness of ingredients like triclosan and chlorhexidine at controlling plaque and inflammation. Advice includes using small amounts of fluoride paste and less abrasive dent
Dentifrices1 171216171009
This document provides information on dentifrices (substances used with a toothbrush for cleaning teeth). It discusses the history of dentifrices, defines the two main types (cosmetic and therapeutic), describes their composition including abrasives, detergents, flavors, and active ingredients like fluoride. The document also reviews recent developments in children's dentifrices and whitening pastes. It provides advice to patients on proper use and discusses literature reviewing the effectiveness of ingredients like triclosan and chlorhexidine.
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Recent materials and techniques of fluoride application for caries control
Recent materials and techniques of fluoride application for caries control
flouridesdeliverymethods new slides130904012724-.pdf
flouridesdeliverymethods new slides130904012724-.pdf
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Odontogenic Infection
Odontogenic infections are caused by oral bacteria and can spread locally or systemically if not properly treated. Clinical signs may include pain, swelling, erythema, pus formation and fever. Management involves identifying the source, administering antibiotics, and potentially incision and drainage for more severe cases. It is important to promptly treat all odontogenic infections to prevent complications like spread to deep facial spaces.
Odontogenic Tumors
This document discusses odontogenic tumors, specifically ameloblastoma. It provides details on the classification, clinical features, histologic features, treatment and prognosis of ameloblastoma. Key points include:
- Ameloblastoma is the most common odontogenic tumor and occurs most often in the mandible. It is typically benign but locally invasive.
- Radiographically, it appears as a well-circumscribed radiolucent lesion that can be unilocular or multilocular.
- Treatment options range from curettage to marginal resection, with the goal of obtaining clear margins of at least 1cm. Wide excision is necessary in the maxilla due to risk of local invasion.
Maxillofacial injuries
The document discusses the assessment and management of maxillofacial injuries. It begins with the primary assessment of airway, breathing, circulation, disability and exposure. It then covers airway control and management, breathing issues and types of injuries that can cause inadequate ventilation. Circulation and hemorrhagic shock classification is reviewed. Neurological examination and secondary assessment of specific body regions is also outlined. The document focuses on fractures of the mandible, including epidemiology, classification, diagnosis using history, exam and radiographs, and various treatment modalities like closed/open reduction, internal fixation techniques including miniplates, and principles of fracture healing. Multiple case examples are provided to illustrate concepts.
Impacted teeth
1) Impacted wisdom teeth, or third molars, are teeth that fail to fully erupt into the oral cavity within the expected developmental time period. The document discusses various classification systems, imaging techniques, indications and contraindications for removal, complications, and risk factors.
2) Key factors in determining whether to remove an impacted third molar include its position, relationship to nearby structures like the inferior alveolar nerve, risk of pathology like cysts or tumors, and potential for complications. Removal risks include temporary or permanent nerve damage while retention risks include infection, cysts, and tooth/jaw fractures.
3) Preoperative imaging and a thorough risk assessment are important. Potential complications include pain, swelling
Odontogenic Cysts
The document discusses different types of cysts that can occur in the jaws.
It classifies cysts as either odontogenic or non-odontogenic, and lists examples of cysts that fall into each category such as dentigerous cysts, radicular cysts, nasopalatine cysts, and others.
It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, radiographic appearance, and treatment of some of the more common odontogenic cysts like primordial cysts, dentigerous cysts, and radicular cysts.
Chronic gingivitis
Clinical features of gingivitis include:
1. The gingiva appears red, swollen, and bleeds easily when probed due to inflammatory cell infiltration and increased vascularity.
2. Interdental papillae become blunted and bulbous as they bulge out between teeth.
3. Histopathology shows inflammatory cell infiltration, ulceration of sulcular epithelium, edema, and fibrosis in long-standing cases.
Treatment involves thorough scaling, removing local irritants, improving plaque control, and oral hygiene instruction. The prognosis is generally excellent.
Plaque control
This document discusses methods for plaque control and oral hygiene instruction. It describes techniques for mechanical plaque removal including toothbrushing and flossing, as well as chemical plaque control using mouthwashes. Toothbrushing techniques like the Bass and Stillman methods are outlined. The goals of polishing teeth are discussed along with contraindications. Recommendations are provided for motivating and educating patients on proper plaque control methods.
8. hypotension & hypertension
This document summarizes drugs used to manage hypotension and hypertension. It discusses drugs that can be used to treat hypotension like norepinephrine, phenylephrine, and methoxamine, which are direct-acting alpha agonists that increase blood pressure by constricting blood vessels. It also discusses various classes of drugs to treat hypertension, including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and vasodilators. Each drug class is explained in terms of its mechanism of action and examples are provided of commonly used drugs within each class. Adverse effects are also outlined for each drug class.
7. Adrenocorticosteriods
This Arabic document discusses mediation and delayed suppression. It likely talks about using mediation to delay or prevent suppression or censorship. The document focuses on finding alternatives to suppression through open discussion and compromise.
7.a. histamine & antihistaminics
Histamine is a biologically active amine released from mast cells and basophils in response to allergens and other stimuli, causing allergic reactions and lowering blood pressure. It binds to H1 and H2 receptors. H1 receptors mediate allergic symptoms, lowering blood pressure, bronchoconstriction, and gastric acid secretion. Antihistamines like chlorpheniramine and loratadine block H1 receptors, treating allergies, motion sickness, and insomnia with varying side effects. H2 receptor blockers like cimetidine and ranitidine inhibit gastric acid secretion, treating ulcers and reflux. Second generation antihistamines have fewer anticholinergic and sedative side
8 anticancer drugs
This document discusses various anticancer drugs, including their mechanisms of action, uses, and adverse effects. It covers cell cycle-specific drugs like methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil as well as cell cycle non-specific drugs like cyclophosphamide. It also discusses hormonal agents like tamoxifen, cytotoxic antibiotics like doxorubicin, and metal complexes like cisplatin. Common adverse effects of anticancer drugs include myelosuppression, nausea/vomiting, nephrotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity. Various approaches are used to manage chemotherapy-induced toxicities.
7 antibiotic-dental
This document discusses different classes of antibiotics including tetracyclines, quinolones, chloramphenicol, and others. It describes the antibiotics in each class, their mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, therapeutic uses, and common side effects. Tetracyclines work by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis and can cause tooth discoloration. Quinolones inhibit DNA gyrase in bacteria and are effective against many gram-negative organisms. Chloramphenicol is broadly effective but restricted due to toxicity risks like bone marrow depression and gray baby syndrome.
7.b. sedative hypnotics
This document discusses sedative-hypnotics and sleep disorders. It describes how sedatives calm a person without inducing sleep while hypnotics produce sleep resembling normal sleep. Various sleep disorders like insomnia, hypersomnia, and nocturnal enuresis are discussed. Benzodiazepines are commonly used sedative-hypnotics that work by potentiating GABA, while barbiturates have fallen out of favor due to their low therapeutic index and risk of dependence. Non-benzodiazepine hypnotics like zolpidem and zopiclone are newer alternatives.
6. peptic ulcer drugs 323
Peptic ulcer is a disruption of the stomach or duodenal lining caused by an imbalance between protective and aggressive factors such as excess stomach acid. Duodenal ulcers are more common than gastric ulcers. Treatment includes antacids to neutralize acid, H2 blockers like cimetidine and proton pump inhibitors to reduce acid production, and antibiotics to treat Helicobacter pylori infections which increase inflammation. Cimetidine works by blocking H2 receptors in the stomach to decrease acid secretion but can cause side effects like confusion with high doses or intravenous use.
6. anti drenergic
Adrenergic-blocking agents bind to adrenergic receptors but inhibit stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. They are classified by the type of receptor blocked: alpha1, alpha2, beta1-selective, or non-specific beta1 and beta2 blockers. Alpha1 blockers like prazosin and doxazocin are used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Beta blockers can be non-specific or beta1-selective. They are used to treat hypertension, angina, heart attacks, arrhythmias, migraines, and other conditions but have contraindications for congestive heart failure, heart block, and bronchial asthma. Common side effects include hypotension
6 beta lactum drugs dental
Beta lactam antibiotics like penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams contain a beta-lactam ring. They are bactericidal and work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. Penicillins are further divided into narrow and extended spectrum types. Common side effects include hypersensitivity reactions and diarrhea. Beta lactamase inhibitors are often combined with antibiotics to overcome resistance from beta lactamase producing bacteria. Each class of beta lactam antibiotic has varying spectra of activity and therapeutic uses depending on whether they are effective against gram-positive, gram-negative, anaerobic, and multidrug resistant bacteria.
4.anti colinergic
Anticholinergic drugs work by competitively blocking acetylcholine from binding to muscarinic receptors. This results in various effects including mydriasis, cycloplegia, increased intraocular pressure, bronchodilation, decreased gastrointestinal motility and secretions, urinary retention, and inhibition of certain central nervous system functions. Anticholinergic drugs have therapeutic uses such as facilitating eye exams, treating conditions like heart block, motion sickness, and Parkinson's disease, and preventing side effects from anesthesia. However, they can cause adverse effects like dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, and tachycardia.
5 aminoglycosides,macrolides, anti tb dental
This document discusses various classes of antibiotics including aminoglycosides, macrolides, and antitubercular drugs. It provides details on specific antibiotics within each class, including their mechanisms of action, uses, and adverse effects. It notes that aminoglycosides include gentamicin and tobramycin which can be used both locally and systemically. Macrolides discussed include erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin which bind the 50S ribosomal subunit. Common first-line antitubercular drugs are isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol which are used in combination for short course chemotherapy to rapidly kill tuberculosis organisms.
5. opioid analgesics
Opioids are analgesics that relieve pain by stimulating mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord. Morphine is a naturally occurring opioid that is commonly used to treat severe acute pain such as that from burns, fractures, cancer, or myocardial infarction. Morphine acts by producing analgesia, sedation, respiratory depression, constipation, and can lead to physical and psychological dependence with long term use. Adverse effects of morphine include vomiting, respiratory depression, constipation, itching, and the development of tolerance. Naloxone is used as an antidote for morphine overdose.
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caries prevention ii
- 1. Prevention of dental caries II Preventive Dentistry PDS 332
- 2. Lecture outline Preventive agents for self-application: Chemoprevention Fluoride gels Fluoride rinse Toothpastes Fluoride supplements Antimicrobials Xylitol and sorbitol Diet and plaque control Risk-based prevention Summary
- 3. Learning outcomes Detail the different types of fluoride and other products available for the prevention of dental caries and their use in prevention by individuals Explain the application of risk-based preventive strategies
- 7. Fluoride gels (Rx) High or moderate risk 1.1% NaF (5000 ppm) Prevident 0.4 % SnF2 (960 ppm) GelKam OminGel Personal application Head and neck cancer patients Ortho patients Dentinal hypersensitivity
- 9. Fluoride gels (Rx) 0.717% F DentinBloc Desensitizing agent for root surfaces Protect Potassium oxalate solution Root sensitivity Professionally applied
- 11. Fluoride gels (OTC) NaF (0.05%) daily rinse Lower cost Ease of availability palatable taste Low strength A 10 ml rinse for 30 seconds Moderate to high risk Over the age of 5
- 13. Toothpastes 1964, Crest was given full acceptance by the ADA 0.15% weight/volume (1000 ppm) F pea-sized or smear toothpaste for children NaF (active ingredient) Abrasive
- 15. Fluoride supplements (Rx) Fluoride drops Recommended for children younger than 2 years 0.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/mL F Fluoritab, Pediaflor, Luride Fluoride tablets For older children and adolescents Fluoritab, Flura-loz, Flura-tablets and Luride
- 18. Antimicrobials (Rx) Window of infectivity Second line of prevention Chlorhexidine gluconate (Peridex, 0.12%) Twice a day, a capful for 30 seconds Should be used for 30-day period, every 3 months
- 20. Xylitol & Sorbitol Xylitol is a sugar alcohol Sorbitol is a polyol Noncariogenic sweeteners Promote saliva stimulation
- 21. Diet & plaque control
- 22. Risk-based prevention What is the idea behind designing preventive programs according to risk? Low caries risk Moderate caries risk High caries risk