The document discusses 5G and 6G mobile technologies. It provides an overview of the evolution from 1G to 5G networks, describing some key 5G technologies like millimeter wave, small cells, massive MIMO, and beamforming. It then introduces 6G, explaining that 6G networks are expected to utilize terahertz bands and technologies like AI, optical wireless communication, and 3D networking. Some advantages of 6G mentioned include extremely high speeds, low latency, improved security and personalization, and enabling new applications like connected robotics.

1. 5G & 6G
Technology
Submitted by:
Somaia Al-Bahri
Nassmah Al-Matari
Fatima Al-Hadi
Zahra Rajeh
Submitted to: Prof. Ammar Zahary
2023
Sana'a University
Faculty of Computer & IT
Master Information Technology
2nd semester

2. Contents
5 Generation (5G)
 Evolution from 1G to 6G
 Introduction to 5G
 technologies in 5G
6 Generation (6G)
 Introduction to 6G
 Features
 Advantages
Conclusion
 Comparison
 Conclusion

3. 5G

4. Evolution From 1G to 6G

5. 5G TECHNOLOGY (5G As Nano Core)
 The evolution of 5G has progressed smoothly since
3GPP standardized the first release, Release 15, in the
middle of 2018. Release 16 was completed in early July
2020.
 10 times more capacity than others.
 Expected speed up to 1 Gbps.
 More faster & reliable than 4G.
 Lower cost than previous generations.
 Wearable devices.
 IPv6, where a visiting care of mobile IP address is
assigned according to location & connected network.
 One unified global standard.
 Smart radio.
 The user can simultaneously be connected with several
wireless access technology.

6. Hardware & Software of 5G
5G Hardware:
• Uses UWB (Ultra Wide Band) networks with higher BW at low energy levels
• BW is of 400 Mbps, which is 40 times faster than today’s wireless networks
• Uses smart antenna
• Uses OFDMA
5G Software:
• 5G will be single unified standard of different wireless networks, including
LAN technologies, LAN/WAN, WWWW- World Wide Wireless Web, unified IP
& seamless combination of broadband
• Software defined radio, encryption, flexibility, Anti-Virus

7. The most prominent 4 technologies in 5G
1- Millimeter Wave
2- Small Cells
3- Massive MIMO
4- Beamforming

8. Millimeter Wave Higher-Frequency Operation
• Higher data rates (multi-Gbps) drive the need for greater bandwidth systems, and the available bandwidth in the
spectrum up through 6 GHz is not sufficient to satisfy these requirements. This has moved the target operating
frequency bands up into the millimeter wave range for the next generation of wireless communication systems.
• As well as the millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum at 28 GHz and 39 GHz, showcasing the unified 3GPP-based 5G
NR (new radio) design across diverse spectrum bands.
• High frequencies will provide larger bandwidth availability and smaller antenna dimensions for a fixed gain, or higher
gain for a given antenna size. However, this increases modem complexity in baseband and RF designs.
Band: (low=600,700&800 MHz), (Mid=2-6 GHz), (High=24.25, 29.5, 37-43.5 GHz)
Channel BW=100MHz and 400MHz with mmWave
Uplink=10Gbps and Downlink=20Gbps
You can move with velocity 500km/hr and still connected, latency=0.5ms
Connected devices= 1 Million per Km square.

9. Features Description
Data rate 10 Gbps or higher.
Bandwidths
10 subcarriers of 100 MHz each will be able to provide 1GHz bandwidth due to carrier
aggregation sub 40 GHz frequency. 500 MHz to 2 GHz bandwidth can be achieved
without carrier aggregation.
Frequency Bands The bands are split into “less than 40 GHz” and “40GHz to 100 GHz” frequency ranges.
Modulation types CP-OFDMA < 40GHz SC > 40GHz
Distance coverage 2 meters (indoor) to 300 meters (outdoor).
Frame topology TDD
Latency About 1 ms
MIMO type
Massive MIMO is supported. Antennas are small; hence, approximately 16 antenna
arrays will be available in 1 square inch.
Characteristics of 5G mmWave

10. Small Cells
Small Cells and 5G: 5G small cells are base stations that
cater to a small segment of a macro site. They are usually
deployed in dense urban areas such as downtown, stadiums,
train stations, malls, and areas with high data capacity
requirements and coverage.

13. Massive MIMO: More Antennas
Another key technology for achieving greater spectral efficiency is massive MIMO. Massive
MIMO, sometimes referred to as large-scale MIMO, is a form of multiuser MIMO in which the
number of antennas at the base station is much larger than the number of devices per
signaling resource. The large number of base station antennas relative to user devices results
in a channel response that is quasi-orthogonal and has the potential to yield huge gains in
spectral efficiency.

14. Beamforming
• Beamforming and MU MIMO work together to deliver
5G’s demanding throughput and connection densities.
• Beamforming is used in tandem with MIMO to focus the
beams more tightly towards individual UE, enabling
higher connection densities and minimizing interference
between individual beams.
•
Beamforming is used with phased array antennae
systems to focus the wireless signal in a chosen
direction, normally towards a specific receiving device.
This results in an improved signal at the user
equipment (UE), and also less interference between
the signals of individual UE.

15. 6G

16. 6G
Next Generation
Mobile Technology
Introduction to 6G technology
A 6G network is defined as a cellular network that operates in untapped
radio frequencies and uses cognitive technologies like AI to enable high-
speed, low-latency communication at a pace multiple times faster than fifth-
generation networks. 6G networks are currently under research and
development, yet to be released.
The exact working of 6G is not yet known, as the specification is yet to be
fully developed, finalized, and released. However, depending on previous
generations of cellular networks, one can expect several core
functionalities:
Making use of free spectrum: For 6G, engineers are attempting to
transfer data across waves in the hundreds of gigahertz (GHz) or
terahertz (THz) ranges. These waves are minuscule and fragile, yet
there remains a massive quantity of unused spectrum that could allow
for astonishing data transfer speeds.

17. • Improving the efficiency of the free spectrum: 6G might boost
the efficiency of current spectrum delivery using sophisticated
mathematics to transmit and receive on the same frequency
simultaneously.
• Taking advantage of mesh networking: 6G might use machines
as amplifiers for one another’s data, allowing each device to
expand coverage in addition to using it.
• Integrating with the “new IP: The “new IP” packet would be
comparable to a fast-tracked courier package with navigation and
and priority information conveyed by a courier service.

18. General information about 6G
• China successfully launched the world's first 6G satellite.
The satellite uses Terahertz waves that could send data at
speeds several times faster than 5G.
• Research activities have been kickstarted by some telecom
companies such as Samsung, Ericsson, and Nokia since FCC
opened a 6G spectrum for research in March 2019. There are
many others who are working on it but have not come out
openly in public.
• Beyond supporting mobile, 6G will support technology like
automated cars and smart-home networks, helping create
seamless connectivity between the internet and everyday
life.

19. • 6G networks could offer speeds of 1TB/ second or 1,000
gigabytes or 8,000 gigabits per second.
• 6G will be significantly more energy-efficient, turning off
components and scaling down capacity when the demand is
lower. Energy efficiency will be a major design criterion in 6G
along with the other metrics such as capacity, peak data rate,
latency, and reliability.
• 6G will significantly improve download speeds, eliminate
latency, and reduce congestion on mobile networks. In
development for 2030, 6G will support advancements in
technology, such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR),
metaverse, and artificial intelligence (AI)
• Frequency 5.8 GHz.
• Bandwidth 1 Gbps.

20. What technology does 6G use?
• The most important technologies that will be the driving force
for 6G are :
• the terahertz (THz) band,
• AI,
• optical wireless communication (OWC),
• 3D networking,
• unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV),
• and wireless power transfer.

21. Necessary foundations and associated
analytical tools for 6G:

22. Advantages of 6G Networks
• Enforces security: 6G networks will have safeguards
against threats like jamming. Privacy concerns must be
addressed when creating new mixed-reality environments
that include digital representations of actual and virtual
objects.
• Supports personalization: The AI-powered RAN will allow
operators of mobile networks to provide users with a
bespoke network experience based on real-time user data
gathered from multiple sources.
• Extends the capabilities of 5G apps: This degree of
bandwidth and responsiveness will enhance 5G application
performance. It will also broaden the spectrum of
capabilities to enable new and innovative wireless
networking, cognition, monitoring, and imaging
applications.

23. • Inspiring new technology innovations:
• More advanced data centers
• Nano-cores that replace traditional processor
cores
• Saves costs through reduced software dependency:
Additional 6G components, like the media access
control (MAC) and physical (PHY) layers, will be
virtualized.
• Improves cellular network penetration: Among the
many advantages of 6G networks is their vast
coverage area. This implies that lesser towers are
necessary to cover a given amount of space.
• Optimizes indoor network usage: The majority of
cellular traffic today is produced indoors, yet cellular
networks were never built to properly target indoor
coverage. 6G overcomes these obstacles using

24. 6G Applications:
There are four key aspects of 6G networks – real-time intelligent
edge computing, distributed artificial intelligence, intelligent
radio, and 3D intercoms – and some promising emerging
technologies in each area, along with the relevant security and
privacy issues.
Connected Robotics and Autonomous Systems (CRAS)
• A primary driver behind 6G systems is the imminent deployment of
CRAS including drone-delivery systems, autonomous cars, autonomous
drone swarms, vehicle platoons, and autonomous robotics. The
introduction of CRAS over the cellular domain is not a simple case of
“yet another short packet uplink IoE service”.
Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT)
• Blockchains and DLT will be one of the most disruptive IoE technologies.
Blockchain and DLT applications can be viewed as the next-generation
of distributed sensing services whose need for connectivity will require a
synergistic mix of URLLC and massive machine type communications
(mMTC) to guarantee low-latency, reliable connectivity, and scalability.

25. When will 6G become available?
• the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE), a
non-profit society for technology
standardization, ratifies this dateline
in its peer-reviewed paper titled “6G
Architecture to Connect the Worlds.”
Stated that the commercial debut of
6G internet is anticipated to go live
around 2030-2035.

26. Differences between 5G and 6G
network

27. the communication architecture scenario
toward envisioning the 6G communication
systems:

28. THANK YOU