5.1 static
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The document discusses static electricity and charging by rubbing. It states that when insulating objects like plastic rods or acetate rods are rubbed together, they become charged. If two similarly charged objects are brought close together, they will repel each other due to repulsive forces between like charges. But if one object has a positive charge and the other a negative charge after rubbing, they will attract due to opposite charges experiencing attractive forces. The document aims to show charging by rubbing, explain repulsive and attractive forces between charged objects, and state that the flow of charge is considered an electric current.
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The document discusses static electricity and electrical charge. It explains that static electricity is a build up of electrons on a surface that are not moving. Electrical charge can cause attraction or repulsion depending on whether charges are opposite or like. Electrical discharge occurs when a build up of electrons moves between objects. A larger separation of charges results in a larger electrical discharge, such as from lightning versus a small carpet shock. A Van de Graaff generator is used to demonstrate building up a static charge by rubbing a belt on a wire brush.
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Static electricity occurs when two objects touch and negative charges move faster than positive charges from one object to another, building up an imbalance of charges. For example, when a balloon is rubbed with wool cloth, negative charges move from the wool to the balloon, leaving the balloon with a buildup of negative charge. The buildup of electrical charges on a body is called static electricity.
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There are two types of electricity: static electricity and current electricity. Static electricity occurs when electrons build up on an insulator, like rubber or clothing, causing an imbalance. This can be discharged as a spark. Current electricity involves electrons flowing through a circuit and can be used by people. Atoms contain positively charged protons at the center and negatively charged electrons orbiting around them. When electrons move between atoms, it creates electricity. Objects can become positively or negatively charged if they gain or lose electrons.
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Static electricity is the buildup of electric charges on the surface of objects. It was discovered in 600 BC by Thales of Miletos who observed that rubbing amber with fur caused the amber to attract feathers due to static charge. Benjamin Franklin's kite experiment in the 1740s demonstrated that lightning is a form of electricity. Static charge is generated through friction, conduction, or induction. Objects can become positively or negatively charged by gaining or losing electrons. Coulomb's Law from 1785 describes the electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion between two point charges, directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
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The document discusses static electricity and electrical charge. It explains that static electricity is a build up of electrons on a surface that are not moving. Electrical charge can cause attraction or repulsion depending on whether charges are opposite or like. Electrical discharge occurs when a build up of electrons moves between objects. A larger separation of charges results in a larger electrical discharge, such as from lightning versus a small carpet shock. A Van de Graaff generator is used to demonstrate building up a static charge by rubbing a belt on a wire brush.
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Static electricity occurs when two objects touch and negative charges move faster than positive charges from one object to another, building up an imbalance of charges. For example, when a balloon is rubbed with wool cloth, negative charges move from the wool to the balloon, leaving the balloon with a buildup of negative charge. The buildup of electrical charges on a body is called static electricity.
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This document discusses different types of electricity and how energy influences our lives. It explains static electricity, which is produced through friction between materials, causing one material to gain electrons and become negatively charged while the other loses electrons and becomes positively charged. The document also discusses conductors and how charges are distributed in them. Lightning is defined as an electric discharge between clouds, and precautions around lightning are provided. The need for earthing systems and lightning conductors to protect buildings is also explained.
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There are two types of electricity: static electricity and current electricity. Static electricity occurs when electrons build up on an insulator, like rubber or clothing, causing an imbalance. This can be discharged as a spark. Current electricity involves electrons flowing through a circuit and can be used by people. Atoms contain positively charged protons at the center and negatively charged electrons orbiting around them. When electrons move between atoms, it creates electricity. Objects can become positively or negatively charged if they gain or lose electrons.
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This document discusses how electrical charges work at the atomic level. It explains that atoms are electrically neutral due to having equal numbers of protons and electrons. However, electrons can move between atoms, allowing some atoms to gain or lose electrons and become ions. Materials are classified as conductors or insulators depending on how easily their electrons can move. Electrical charges can be generated through friction, contact between materials, or induction from a nearby charged object without direct contact.
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Static electricity is a stationary electrical charge that builds up on the surface of a material. It is called "static" because the charges do not move. Rubbing two materials together, like a plastic ruler and wool cloth, can transfer electrons between them, leaving one material positively charged and the other negatively charged. Like charges repel each other, while opposite charges attract, explaining why a negatively charged ruler may attract scraps of paper.
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Static electricity occurs when there is a build up of electric charge on the surface of a material without the flow of electric current. It results from the transfer of electrons between two materials during friction like rubbing a balloon on hair. This can cause attraction between materials with opposite charges like a negatively charged balloon and positively charged hair. Common examples are rubbing a plastic ruler to attract paper or walking on carpet and touching a doorknob to discharge. Different materials have different tendencies to gain or lose electrons through friction based on their electron affinity.
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Static charge builds up when two insulating materials are rubbed together through friction, such as a plastic comb moving through hair. This friction causes electrons to be transferred from one material to the other, leaving one material with an excess of electrons and an overall negative charge, and the other material with a deficit of electrons and an overall positive charge. Static charge comes from the transfer of electrons between atoms during rubbing, as electrons can sometimes be removed from their atoms.
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The document discusses static electricity and how it is caused by an imbalance of electric charges within atoms. It explains that atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons, and static electricity occurs when rubbing causes electrons to be transferred between materials, leaving one material positively charged and one negatively charged. Examples of static electricity effects include balloons sticking to walls and hair standing up. Lightning is also discussed as a large-scale example of static electricity caused by charge separation in thunderclouds.
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This document discusses the basic properties of electric charge including:
- Electric charge is quantized and measured in coulombs. The fundamental unit of charge is 1.602 x 10-19 C.
- Conductors allow free movement of charges while insulators do not.
- Objects can be charged through contact, induction, or polarization of molecules.
The electric force is directly proportional to the magnitude of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Several examples demonstrate calculating the electric force between charged objects.
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Static electricity is an excess electric charge that builds up on the surface of an object. This charge remains until it can discharge to another object or the ground. It is created when two materials contact and separate, causing electrons to transfer between them. Examples include rubbing a balloon on hair and it sticking to a wall, or shuffling feet on carpet and touching a metal object. Dynamic electricity can be moved and measured using units like coulombs and volts. Ohm's law relates voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit. Conductor resistance depends on factors like length, cross-sectional area, and material. Kirchhoff's law states the total current entering a branching node equals the total current leaving.
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An experiment was conducted where a plastic ruler was rubbed and then attracted small pieces of paper. This showed that the ruler had gained an electric charge from being rubbed and was exerting an electric force on the paper. Charges come from the protons, neutrons, and electrons that make up atoms in all matter. The document was presented by Chaitra S Kotta Rathili for a physical science class at BNVCET in Thiruvallom.
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Static electricity is a stationary electric charge built up on the surface of materials. It is caused by electrons being transferred between two objects during friction. There are two types of charges - positive and negative. Atoms contain protons which have a positive charge and electrons which have a negative charge. The laws of electrostatics state that like charges repel and unlike charges attract. Materials that allow charge to pass through are conductors, while insulators do not. When a charged object is brought near an uncharged object, the electric field can induce charges in the uncharged object. Some applications of static electricity include electrostatic precipitators, printers, and photocopiers. Grounding neutralizes charged objects by connecting them to the earth.
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The document summarizes static electricity and different models that were proposed to explain it. It discusses the two-fluid model proposed by Charles Dufay involving vitreous and resinous fluids. It then discusses Benjamin Franklin's one-fluid model involving positive and negative charges. Finally, it introduces the modern particle model involving electrons, protons and neutrons to explain how objects become charged through the gain or loss of electrons.
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1) The document discusses static electricity and how rubbing certain materials like glass, silk, ebonite, and wool can cause them to develop positive or negative charges due to the transfer of electrons.
2) It explains how atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons, and that rubbing causes electrons to be transferred between the materials, leaving one positively charged and one negatively charged.
3) Static electric charges develop on substances when they are rubbed and remain in their places without movement, known as static electricity.
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This document discusses how electrical charges work at the atomic level. It explains that atoms are electrically neutral due to having equal numbers of protons and electrons. However, electrons can move between atoms, allowing some atoms to gain or lose electrons and become ions. Materials are classified as conductors or insulators depending on how easily their electrons can move. Electrical charges can be generated through friction, contact between materials, or induction from a nearby charged object without direct contact.
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Static electricity is a stationary electric charge that builds up on the surface of materials. It can be created through triboelectric charging when materials are rubbed together, causing electrons to be transferred. This leads one material to gain electrons and become negatively charged while the other loses electrons and becomes positively charged. The interaction between these separated static electric charges is called electrostatics. Common examples of static electricity include attracting scraps of paper to a plastic ruler after rubbing or a balloon becoming negatively charged after rubbing it with wool.
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Static electricity is an excess electric charge that remains on the surface of an object until it can discharge. It is produced when two materials contact and separate, often through rubbing, and at least one material is an insulator. This causes electrons to transfer, leaving one material positively charged and the other negatively charged. Common examples include hair standing up after removing a sweater or a balloon clinging to a wall after being rubbed on hair. Static electricity is distinguished from current electricity which flows in conductors and transmits energy.
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Static electricity is a stationary electrical charge that builds up on the surface of a material. It is called "static" because the charges do not move. Rubbing two materials together, like a plastic ruler and wool cloth, can transfer electrons between them, leaving one material positively charged and the other negatively charged. Like charges repel each other, while opposite charges attract, explaining why a negatively charged ruler may attract scraps of paper.
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Static electricity occurs when there is a build up of electric charge on the surface of a material without the flow of electric current. It results from the transfer of electrons between two materials during friction like rubbing a balloon on hair. This can cause attraction between materials with opposite charges like a negatively charged balloon and positively charged hair. Common examples are rubbing a plastic ruler to attract paper or walking on carpet and touching a doorknob to discharge. Different materials have different tendencies to gain or lose electrons through friction based on their electron affinity.
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Static charge builds up when two insulating materials are rubbed together through friction, such as a plastic comb moving through hair. This friction causes electrons to be transferred from one material to the other, leaving one material with an excess of electrons and an overall negative charge, and the other material with a deficit of electrons and an overall positive charge. Static charge comes from the transfer of electrons between atoms during rubbing, as electrons can sometimes be removed from their atoms.
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The document discusses static electricity and how it is caused by an imbalance of electric charges within atoms. It explains that atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons, and static electricity occurs when rubbing causes electrons to be transferred between materials, leaving one material positively charged and one negatively charged. Examples of static electricity effects include balloons sticking to walls and hair standing up. Lightning is also discussed as a large-scale example of static electricity caused by charge separation in thunderclouds.
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The document discusses static electricity and Coulomb's law. It explains that Benjamin Franklin established the convention of calling the two types of electric charges "positive" and "negative". It also explains that Coulomb's law states that the electric force between two point charges depends on the magnitudes of the charges and the distance between them, and is proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance. The document provides an example calculation of the electric force between two charges using Coulomb's law.
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Static electricity is caused by an imbalance of electric charges, usually electrons, on the surface of materials. When certain materials are rubbed together, electrons can be transferred, leaving one material with an excess of electrons and a negative charge, and the other with a deficit of electrons and a positive charge. These imbalanced charges attract or repel each other, causing phenomena like balloons sticking to walls or hair standing on end. Lightning is a large-scale example of static electricity, where the bottoms of thunderclouds become negatively charged and the tops positively charged, until a discharge occurs as lightning.
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This document discusses static electricity and how objects become electrically charged. It describes three main ways that objects can become charged: 1) charging by friction, where electrons are transferred between two objects in contact with each other; 2) charging by conduction, where charge flows through a conducting material when it touches a charged object; and 3) charging by induction, where a charged object induces a charge in a nearby object without direct contact. The document also discusses properties of charges, insulators and conductors, electroscopes for detecting charge, lightning formation in clouds, and how a Van de Graaff generator works to produce high voltages.
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Static electricity is an imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of a material. It is created whenever two surfaces contact and separate, with at least one surface having a high resistance. The interaction of static electric charges is called electrostatics. Static electricity results from the triboelectric effect, where electrons are exchanged between materials on contact, resulting in one material becoming positively charged and the other negatively charged. Excess static charge can be removed or prevented by increasing moisture, using an air ionizer, or applying antistatic agents. Static discharge occurs as excess charge is neutralized by flowing to the surroundings, which can cause sparks responsible for industrial fires.
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This document discusses the basic properties of electric charge including:
- Electric charge is quantized and measured in coulombs. The fundamental unit of charge is 1.602 x 10-19 C.
- Conductors allow free movement of charges while insulators do not.
- Objects can be charged through contact, induction, or polarization of molecules.
The electric force is directly proportional to the magnitude of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Several examples demonstrate calculating the electric force between charged objects.
Static electricity
Static electricity is an excess electric charge that builds up on the surface of an object. This charge remains until it can discharge to another object or the ground. It is created when two materials contact and separate, causing electrons to transfer between them. Examples include rubbing a balloon on hair and it sticking to a wall, or shuffling feet on carpet and touching a metal object. Dynamic electricity can be moved and measured using units like coulombs and volts. Ohm's law relates voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit. Conductor resistance depends on factors like length, cross-sectional area, and material. Kirchhoff's law states the total current entering a branching node equals the total current leaving.
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An experiment was conducted where a plastic ruler was rubbed and then attracted small pieces of paper. This showed that the ruler had gained an electric charge from being rubbed and was exerting an electric force on the paper. Charges come from the protons, neutrons, and electrons that make up atoms in all matter. The document was presented by Chaitra S Kotta Rathili for a physical science class at BNVCET in Thiruvallom.
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Static electricity occurs when objects become electrically charged through the transfer of electrons. Charging occurs when two materials are rubbed together, causing electrons to move from one material to the other. This leaves one material with an excess of electrons and a negative charge, and the other material with a deficit of electrons and a positive charge. The electric charges remain on the surface of the objects until they are given a path to ground or neutralize each other through contact or discharge.
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The document discusses electrical charges, noting that there are two types - positive and negative - and that opposites attract while likes repel. It explains how some materials are more likely to take on or lose negative charges than others according to their placement in the electrostatic series. Various examples are provided to illustrate the concepts of attraction and repulsion between charged objects.
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Static electricity is a stationary electric charge built up on the surface of materials. It is caused by electrons being transferred between two objects during friction. There are two types of charges - positive and negative. Atoms contain protons which have a positive charge and electrons which have a negative charge. The laws of electrostatics state that like charges repel and unlike charges attract. Materials that allow charge to pass through are conductors, while insulators do not. When a charged object is brought near an uncharged object, the electric field can induce charges in the uncharged object. Some applications of static electricity include electrostatic precipitators, printers, and photocopiers. Grounding neutralizes charged objects by connecting them to the earth.
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1) The document discusses electric charges and fields. It describes experiments showing there are two types of electric charges (positive and negative) that attract or repel depending on their polarity.
2) Materials are classified as conductors, which allow electric charges to flow through them, or insulators, which do not. Charging occurs when excess positive or negative charges are added or removed from a material.
3) Charging can occur through contact, when charges are transferred between two materials touching, or through induction, when charges are rearranged in a conductor by an electrostatically charged object brought near it without contact.
Physics investigatory project
Physics investigatory project for class 12 on the topic " to estimate charge induced on two styro foam / pith balls separated by a distance "
Just change the name and cover page.
Getting A Charge Out Of Science!
Students will demonstrate that charged materials can attract or repel each other without touching. The teacher will have students observe how rubbing a balloon with wool creates a static charge, causing the balloon to move toward a student. Then, when a second balloon is charged and hung near the first, the balloons will repel each other due to having the same charge. This demonstrates that opposite charges attract while like charges repel.
FORCE (force and motion) (Teach)
Overview of force and how it is measured. Includes ideas of article charges, magnetism, simple electric motors and simple electric generators
Electric Forces
1. Electrostatic forces are caused by the attraction and repulsion of electric charges, such as when objects are rubbed together.
2. Atoms become charged when they gain or lose electrons, forming ions. The structure of the atom is such that electrons orbit a small, dense nucleus at relatively large distances.
3. Charged objects interact through electric fields and can attract or repel one another depending on whether their charges are opposite or the same. Applications of electrostatic forces include photocopiers, spray painting, and identifying atoms through spectroscopy.
Q3 l11-charging process
Electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom and are generally negatively charged. Protons are positively charged and combine with electrons and neutrons to form atoms. Neutrons have no charge and determine the isotope of an element. Atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons, which are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. When an element gains protons, it acquires a positive charge, while gaining electrons gives a negative charge. Charging by contact occurs when a charged object transfers some of its charge to a neutral object they touch. Induction charging can also occur without direct contact when a charged object polarizes a nearby neutral object.
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Some Natural Phenomena Class 8 Free Study Material pdf
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7La/1
The document summarizes key facts about the Earth:
1) The planet we live on is called Earth. It gets its heat and light from the Sun. The Moon is Earth's natural satellite and orbits Earth once every 28 days.
2) A diagram labels that one side of Earth experiences nighttime while the other experiences daytime due to its rotation on its axis.
3) Additional facts provided are that Earth's year has 365 days, a leap year occurs every 4 years, Earth orbits the Sun in 365.25 days, and Earth completes one spin every 24 hours.
7 l1 the earth in space
A day is the time it takes for the Earth to spin on its axis. A month is the time it takes for the Moon to orbit the Earth. A year is the time it takes for the Earth to orbit once around the Sun. The document contains information about the definitions of a day, month, and year according to the movement and positions of the Earth, Moon, and Sun in space. It also lists learning objectives about describing and explaining the motions that cause days, months, years, and seasons.
7 l target sheet
This document outlines learning objectives related to understanding the motion of objects in space, including: how the Earth revolves around the sun and rotates on its axis, causing day/night and seasons; how the tilt of the Earth's axis causes seasons; why we see phases of the Moon and solar/lunar eclipses occur; how to distinguish between stars and planets based on their motion; and how our understanding of the universe has developed over time through scientific observation.
Making a loudspeaker
Sounds are produced by vibrations that travel through a medium such as air. The document discusses how to construct and test a loudspeaker. It instructs the reader to plug in the speaker, turn on the voltage, switch it on at the mains, and listen as they move their ear closer to identify how the sound changes and what causes this. The learning objectives are to describe how sounds are produced, construct a loudspeaker, and explain how a loudspeaker works.
Sound homework
Pupils conducted a sound experiment in a playground to investigate how walls cast sound shadows. They took sound level measurements at various points around the playground using a sound meter after making a standard sound. The measurements showed lower sound levels in positions located behind walls and structures relative to the sound source, demonstrating the shadowing effect of walls on sound propagation.
May the forces be with you
This document discusses forces, mass, and acceleration. It provides examples of calculating acceleration using the equation F=ma. It includes sample problems such as determining the force needed to accelerate a space shuttle or the acceleration of a cyclist pedaling with a given force. Practice problems are provided for students to calculate acceleration, force, or mass given two of the three variables.
Forces making a force meter
A force meter measures force in Newtons. It works by using a rubber band of known length that stretches when a force is applied. The amount the rubber band stretches corresponds to the amount of force applied, allowing the force to be measured in Newtons on a scale.
6.3 food glorious food
Food contains chemical energy that originally comes from the Sun. The amount of energy a person needs each day can vary depending on factors like their body size, age, gender, activity levels, and environmental conditions like temperature. While two people may consume the same amount of energy, one may still gain weight due to differences in their metabolism or physical activity levels.
Assignment 6.1
This document contains instructions and questions for Assignment 6.1. Students are instructed to show all working and include relevant units. The questions involve calculating quantities using given values and units, including multiplying and dividing measurements in m, m3, ml, and kg/m3. Conversions between standard and scientific notation are also required.
Assignment 6.2
This document contains a possible table of results that shows temperature readings in degrees Celsius taken at 11:00, 12:00, 13:00 and 14:00 hours each day from Monday to Friday. The temperatures generally increase throughout the day, with the highest readings occurring between 13:00 and 14:00 hours each afternoon.
6.4 bending light
The document discusses the refraction of light and how it causes optical illusions. It explains that when light travels from one material to another of different density, it changes direction. Specifically, light bends toward the normal when moving to a denser material, and away from the normal when moving to a less dense material. The document provides instructions for an experiment to observe and measure the refraction of light through a glass block at different angles of incidence.
6.4 bending light
Light changes direction when moving between different materials due to refraction. An experiment is described where a glass block is used to refract light rays entering at various angles, and the angles are measured and graphed. The graph shows the relationship between the incident and refracted angles, with the refracted angle increasing as the incident angle increases. This property of refraction is important for applications like lenses and understanding optical illusions.
Assignment 6.1 answers
This document contains 6 math questions requiring calculations with units. Question 1 involves multiplying two lengths. Question 2 gives a length. Question 3 involves (a) multiplying three lengths and (b) multiplying the results of part a. Question 4 involves (a) converting ml to m3 and (b) writing the answer in scientific notation. Question 5 involves (a) calculating length and volume and (b) calculating density. Question 6 involves calculating volume and density. Full working and units are required for all answers.
6.4 bending light
1. Light changes direction when moving between different materials due to refraction. Scientists studying refracting telescopes need accurate information on how light refracts when moving between air and glass.
2. An experiment is described where light passes through a semicircular glass block and the angle of refraction is measured for different angles of incidence.
3. The results are plotted on a graph showing the relationship between incident and refracted angles, helping to understand how optics can correct vision problems.
5.8 current and pd in a circuit
The document discusses a circuit with two components in series, a resistor and a buzzer, that have different resistances. It asks what the potential difference (p.d.) is across each component and what this reveals about their relative resistances. It then provides learning objectives and example calculations for current, potential difference, and resistance in series circuits.
Speed and velocity
The document discusses key concepts related to speed, velocity, distance, and time. It provides definitions of speed, distance, displacement, velocity, and average and instantaneous speed. Examples are given to illustrate the difference between distance and displacement. Graphs showing variations in distance and velocity over time are presented, and the relationships between distance, time, speed, velocity, and their equations are summarized in a table.
Document in windows internet explorer
The document describes an experiment to determine the laws of reflection. [1] Students are instructed to use a mirror, light source, and protractor to measure the angle of incidence and reflection of light rays. [2] They will shine light at a mirror from various angles and measure the corresponding reflected angles to see if the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence. [3] By plotting their results on a graph, students can evaluate whether the evidence supports the statement that the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence.
6.2 energy everywhere
This document discusses different types of energy, including potential energy which is stored or hidden energy that has the ability to do work, and kinetic energy which is energy of motion. It lists learning objectives about forms of energy and energy transfers. The rest of the document appears to contain questions at different levels about energy, asking about heat energy, potential vs kinetic energy, energy transfers, examples of potential energy storage, and drawing energy transfer diagrams.
Mark scheme
This document is a coursework assessment form for a GCE Advanced Subsidiary physics course. It provides criteria for evaluating student coursework in 5 areas: [1] the quality and independence of the student's research briefing, [2] the use and understanding of physics demonstrated, and [3] the selection, summarizing, explanation, and [4] understanding/critical thinking shown in the student's work. Scores from 1-5 are given for each criterion, with 5 being the highest score. The form also includes the student's name and ID number for record keeping purposes.
Booklet
1. The document provides guidance for students on completing a research briefing on a topic of their choosing in physics.
2. Students are instructed to independently research their topic from a variety of sources, consider the social or historical context of the physics, and communicate their findings in a 2000 word written report.
3. The document offers advice on choosing a suitable narrow but exploratory topic, conducting independent research, citing sources, and knowing when to stop research and begin writing their report.
More from mrrayner (20)
5.1 static
- 1. 5.1 Static 9 January 2011 Have you ever received a static electric shock? Where? What caused it?
- 2. What do the following pictures have in common?
- 16. Triboelectric effect (charging by rubbing)
- 18. Rub an acetate rod with a cloth. cloth acetate rod
- 19. After it has been rubbed, the rod has a positive charge, and the cloth has a negative charge. A possible explanation is that some electrons have been transferred from the cloth to the rod. both are charged
- 20. polythene rod polythene rod rubbed ends repel The ends of two polythene rods rubbed with a cloth will repel each other.
- 21. If one polythene rod is replaced with a rubbed acetate rod, the two ends will attract. polythene rod acetate rod rubbed ends attract
- 22. It can be shocking.
- 23. It can be annoying – or even dangerous.
- 24. It can be annoying – or even dangerous.
- 25. It can be annoying – or even dangerous.
- 26. It can be annoying – or even dangerous.
- 27. It can be useful.
- 28. It can be useful.
- 29. It can be useful.
- 30. It can be useful.