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Electricity and Magnetism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Electricity “ Electricity" came from the Greek words "elektor," for "beaming sun" and "elektron," both words describing amber.  Amber is fossilized tree sap millions of years old and has hardened as hard as a stone.
The History of Electricity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The History of Electricity ,[object Object]
The History of Electricity ,[object Object]
Static electricity   is the imbalance of positive and negative charges.  Like charges repel and unlike charges attract. When you take off a wool hat, it rubs against your hair.  Electrons move from your hair to the hat.  Now each hair has the same positive charge.  The hairs try to get as far from each other as possible. The farthest they can get is by standing up and away from the others.
Static Electricity Clouds get their charges as water and ice particles move and interact.  Smaller, positively charged particles rise to the top of the cloud and larger, negatively charged particles gather at the bottom.  When the buildup of charge is great enough, the oppositely charged particles attract and discharge their energy as a bolt of lightning.
When we charge something with static electricity, no electrons are made or destroyed. No new protons appear or disappear. Electrons are just moved from one place to another. The net, or total, electric charge stays the same. This is called the principle of conservation of charge.  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Static Charge ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Demonstrations of Electrostatics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Glass Rod/Plastic Rod ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Charging Experiments (1) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Charging Experiments (2) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Charging Experiments (3) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Electric Charges ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Electric Charges in Atoms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Nuclear diameter ~ 10 -15  m (femtometer) Atomic diameter ~ 10 -9  m (nanometer)
Electricity in Nature ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Insulators and Conductors (1) If a conductor is charged,  all  of the charge must reside on the outer surface (and none in the interior.) If an insulator is charged, the charge may (or may not) reside in the interior.
Insulators and Conductors (2) In  insulators , the electrons are tightly bound in the atoms and are not free to move around.  When insulators are charged, e.g. by friction, patches of molecular ions are created on the surface, but these patches are immobile. In solid metal  conductors , the outer (valence) electrons of the atoms are only weakly bound and are free to move around in the solid.  The conductor as a whole may be electrically neutral, but the electrons are rather like an electrically charged liquid, a “sea” of electrons within the material.  Electrons are the “charge carriers”. There are other forms of conduction (in ionic liquids, etc.) in which the charge carriers are  not  electrons.
Charging an Insulator
Charging a Conductor Conductors cannot be charged by friction. However, charge can be transferred to a conductor by contact with a charged object. The charges arriving at the conductor stay on the outer surface and distribute themselves over that surface so that they are as far away  as possible  from the repulsive forces of the other charges.
The Electroscope
Charging an Electroscope The angle of deflection of the leaves provides a rough indication of the amount of charge that has been deposited on the electroscope.
Discharging a Charged Object The human body, composed mainly of salty water, is a moderately good conductor.  Therefore, a person touching a charged object will normally discharge the object. Where the charge goes next depends on the degree to which the person is insulated from ground (e.g., by rubber shoe soles).
Charge Polarization
Induced Charge By using charge polarization, it is possible to induce charge on an electrically neutral object. Example:   Bring a charged rod near (but not touching) an electroscope and observe the effect on the leaves.
Charges and Forces
The Electric Dipole ,[object Object]
Classes of Materials ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Charges and the Earth ,[object Object],[object Object]
Induced Charge ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Electric Force and Coulomb’s Law ,[object Object],where  k = 8.99  x  10  9  N   m 2 /C 2  is the Coulomb constant,  q 1  and  q 2  are in Coulombs ( C ),  r  is in meters ( m ) and  F e  is in Newtons ( N ).
Quantum of Electric Charge ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Electric Force Vector ,[object Object]
Principle of Superposition ,[object Object],[object Object]
Field Forces and Electric Field ,[object Object],[object Object]
Electric Field ,[object Object],[object Object]
Electric Field due to  a Group of Charges:
Example Problem ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2q q 4q 3q a a a a
Electric Field Lines ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Electric Field Lines: Conventions Positive Point Charge  Negative Point Charge
Electric Field lines
Assignment # 3 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Assignment # 3 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Elec mag2

  • 1.
  • 2. Electricity “ Electricity" came from the Greek words "elektor," for "beaming sun" and "elektron," both words describing amber. Amber is fossilized tree sap millions of years old and has hardened as hard as a stone.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6. Static electricity is the imbalance of positive and negative charges. Like charges repel and unlike charges attract. When you take off a wool hat, it rubs against your hair. Electrons move from your hair to the hat. Now each hair has the same positive charge. The hairs try to get as far from each other as possible. The farthest they can get is by standing up and away from the others.
  • 7. Static Electricity Clouds get their charges as water and ice particles move and interact. Smaller, positively charged particles rise to the top of the cloud and larger, negatively charged particles gather at the bottom. When the buildup of charge is great enough, the oppositely charged particles attract and discharge their energy as a bolt of lightning.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18. Insulators and Conductors (1) If a conductor is charged, all of the charge must reside on the outer surface (and none in the interior.) If an insulator is charged, the charge may (or may not) reside in the interior.
  • 19. Insulators and Conductors (2) In insulators , the electrons are tightly bound in the atoms and are not free to move around. When insulators are charged, e.g. by friction, patches of molecular ions are created on the surface, but these patches are immobile. In solid metal conductors , the outer (valence) electrons of the atoms are only weakly bound and are free to move around in the solid. The conductor as a whole may be electrically neutral, but the electrons are rather like an electrically charged liquid, a “sea” of electrons within the material. Electrons are the “charge carriers”. There are other forms of conduction (in ionic liquids, etc.) in which the charge carriers are not electrons.
  • 21. Charging a Conductor Conductors cannot be charged by friction. However, charge can be transferred to a conductor by contact with a charged object. The charges arriving at the conductor stay on the outer surface and distribute themselves over that surface so that they are as far away as possible from the repulsive forces of the other charges.
  • 23. Charging an Electroscope The angle of deflection of the leaves provides a rough indication of the amount of charge that has been deposited on the electroscope.
  • 24. Discharging a Charged Object The human body, composed mainly of salty water, is a moderately good conductor. Therefore, a person touching a charged object will normally discharge the object. Where the charge goes next depends on the degree to which the person is insulated from ground (e.g., by rubber shoe soles).
  • 26. Induced Charge By using charge polarization, it is possible to induce charge on an electrically neutral object. Example: Bring a charged rod near (but not touching) an electroscope and observe the effect on the leaves.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38. Electric Field due to a Group of Charges:
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41. Electric Field Lines: Conventions Positive Point Charge Negative Point Charge
  • 43.
  • 44.