The document discusses refugees and international migration. It defines refugees as people who are forced to leave their country due to fear of persecution for reasons such as politics or social factors. Over 39 million people worldwide are refugees or internally displaced. Afghanistan is a major source of refugees, with over 2 million Afghan refugees living in countries like Pakistan, Iran, and parts of Europe due to decades of conflict and hardship in Afghanistan. The document examines some case studies of Afghan refugees and reasons why many flee Afghanistan, which include poverty, violence, and lack of opportunities, healthcare and education.

1. RefugeesRefugees

2. Specification ContentSpecification Content
 Major forms of international migration.Major forms of international migration.
 The changing forms of internationalThe changing forms of international
migration.migration.
 Multi-cultural societies and issues relatedMulti-cultural societies and issues related
to them in MEDCs and LEDCs.to them in MEDCs and LEDCs.
 Different attitudes to internationalDifferent attitudes to international
migration and multi-cultural societies.migration and multi-cultural societies.
The relationship between international migration and
multi-cultural societies.

3. What is a Refugee?What is a Refugee?
Someone who:Someone who:
 Is outside the country theyIs outside the country they
usually reside inusually reside in
 Cannot return home forCannot return home for
fear of persecutionfear of persecution
 Has a fear of persecutionHas a fear of persecution
for varied social or politicalfor varied social or political
reasonsreasons

4. Refugee StatisticsRefugee Statistics
 39 million people39 million people
worldwide live asworldwide live as
refugees or internallyrefugees or internally
displaced peopledisplaced people
 50% of refugees are50% of refugees are
female, 40% underfemale, 40% under
18, and 6% over 60.18, and 6% over 60.
Main Refugee
Origin 2004
Origin Begin 2004 End 2004
Annual
Change
Afghanistan 2,136,000 2,084,900 -2.40%
Sudan 606,200 730,600 20.50%
Burundi 531,700 485,800 -8.60%
Main
Refugee
Origin 2004
Origin Begin 2004 End 2004
Annual
Change
Afghanistan 2,136,000 2,084,900 -2.40%
Sudan 606,200 730,600 20.50%
Burundi 531,700 485,800 -8.60%

5. Case Study: Afghani RefugeesCase Study: Afghani Refugees
Afghanistan is by far the largest country of origin for refugees under UNHCR
care, by the end of 2003, 2.1 million refugees were reported by 74 countries
constituting 22% of the refugee population.
Afghan
Refugees
To Pakistan –
1 million
To Europe between 1989 and 1998 –
99, 350
To Iran –
1.75 million
Between 1979 and 1992, over
6 million people were driven
from Afghanistan in search of
safety.
People have been
arbitrarily arrested,
tortured and raped, have
‘disappeared’ or been
murdered for their
political affiliation, ethnic
identity, gender, or in
reprisal attacks by
various armed groups
fighting for control of
terroritory.

6. Destinations of Afghan RefugeesDestinations of Afghan Refugees
Country
Life Expectancy at
Birth
GDP per
Capita Infant Mortality Rate
Literacy
rate
Afghanistan 42.27 years $700
165.96/1000 live
births 36%
Iran 68.31 years $7000 42.86/1000 live births 79%
Pakistan 61.39 years $2100 74.43/1000 live births 46%
UK 75.84 years $27700 5.22/1000 live births 99%
World 62.48 years $8200 50.31/1000 live births 77%

7. Reasons for LeavingReasons for Leaving
AfghanistanAfghanistan
 40% of the population live40% of the population live
below the UN poverty linebelow the UN poverty line
 Political and economicPolitical and economic
hardship & repeatedhardship & repeated
faminesfamines
 High infant mortality rates,High infant mortality rates,
poor health care, andpoor health care, and
poor nutrition levels.poor nutrition levels.
 Employment &Employment &
educationeducation
opportunitiesopportunities
 Food and shelterFood and shelter
 Lower crime ratesLower crime rates
 Health care and basicHealth care and basic
safety can be foundsafety can be found
Reasons for
Migration

8. Government AttitudesGovernment Attitudes
Afghan Government:Afghan Government:
 Labour force neededLabour force needed
for reconstructionfor reconstruction
 Consumers needed toConsumers needed to
recover economyrecover economy
Pakistani Government:Pakistani Government:
 Refugees increaseRefugees increase
the strain on thethe strain on the
country’s financescountry’s finances
 Many PakistaniMany Pakistani
citizens live below thecitizens live below the
poverty linepoverty line