The document discusses the concept and definition of refugees from an international law perspective. It traces the origins of refugee protection from early 20th century treaties up to modern conventions like the 1951 Geneva Convention. The Geneva Convention defines a refugee as someone with a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality or political opinion. However, it is criticized for being too narrow and ambiguous. African states responded by adopting the broader 1969 OAU Refugee Convention. Categories of refugees discussed include stateless persons, convention refugees, de facto refugees, internally displaced persons, and more. What constitutes an ethical definition is debated, with some arguing absence of state protection is the key aspect of refugee status.
A refugee does not include anyone who ordered, incited, assisted, or otherwise participated in the persecution of any person on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.
Refugee and the Law, 2nd edition
Published by Human Rights Law Network(HRLN), a division of Socio Legal Information Centre(SLIC). For more details about our works, visit us at http://hrln.org
Unhcr intro and handy guide of unhcr for slideshareMamataPathak
It is full UN organization since it is created by UN General assembly within UN framework. This organization follows the notion of migration management but there is underlying differences between International Organization of Migration(IOM) and UNHCR. The first difference is IOM was not created within UN framework.
It was created as per UN general resolution in 1950 for the duration of 2 years to settle European refugees after world war II. And then renewed for three years and then renewed for 5 years and then later renewed till refugees exists. Like UN General assembly created them it can also be deleted.
Mission: It has two pillars since established.
International protection of the refugees and for this to collaborate with states the problems of the refugees and promote protection of refugees.
To provide resolution or assist in the durable solution by helping refugees to return to their own country or to settle permanently in another country.
This video includes explanation of UN and Handy Guide of UN.
The content in this PDF is entirely the information on the website of UNHCR and its publication.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1U8xmOK0lzY&feature=youtu.be
You can also find the same content in the Youtube
A refugee does not include anyone who ordered, incited, assisted, or otherwise participated in the persecution of any person on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.
Refugee and the Law, 2nd edition
Published by Human Rights Law Network(HRLN), a division of Socio Legal Information Centre(SLIC). For more details about our works, visit us at http://hrln.org
Unhcr intro and handy guide of unhcr for slideshareMamataPathak
It is full UN organization since it is created by UN General assembly within UN framework. This organization follows the notion of migration management but there is underlying differences between International Organization of Migration(IOM) and UNHCR. The first difference is IOM was not created within UN framework.
It was created as per UN general resolution in 1950 for the duration of 2 years to settle European refugees after world war II. And then renewed for three years and then renewed for 5 years and then later renewed till refugees exists. Like UN General assembly created them it can also be deleted.
Mission: It has two pillars since established.
International protection of the refugees and for this to collaborate with states the problems of the refugees and promote protection of refugees.
To provide resolution or assist in the durable solution by helping refugees to return to their own country or to settle permanently in another country.
This video includes explanation of UN and Handy Guide of UN.
The content in this PDF is entirely the information on the website of UNHCR and its publication.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1U8xmOK0lzY&feature=youtu.be
You can also find the same content in the Youtube
Geneva Convention (III) Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War of August 12, 1949
Presentation by Justin Ordoyo
University of the Philippines College of Law
The consent on Asylum cases under 1951 United Nations ConventionFusco Browne
Do you want to take Asylum in the UK? Are you having problems on the understanding of the Asylum law? Fusco Browne is the professional Asylum law firm offering the best advice. For more information, visit: www.fuscobrowne.org.uk
Geneva Convention (III) Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War of August 12, 1949
Presentation by Justin Ordoyo
University of the Philippines College of Law
The consent on Asylum cases under 1951 United Nations ConventionFusco Browne
Do you want to take Asylum in the UK? Are you having problems on the understanding of the Asylum law? Fusco Browne is the professional Asylum law firm offering the best advice. For more information, visit: www.fuscobrowne.org.uk
Presentation of the UNHCR Refugee Response in Lebanon, March 2015. Press Conference with Ms. Ninette Kelley, UNHCR Representative in Lebanon at UNRIC on 17 March 2015.
The EU-Turkey Accession Negotiations from the Polish Perspective: Allies or C...Przemyslaw Osiewicz
The main purpose of this paper is to examine possible areas of cooperation or conflict between Turkey and Poland within the scope of the EU-Turkish accession negotiations. The negotiation process, which was initiated on 3 October 2005 creates a new situation for Poland – once an applicant country, now a new member. Therefore it is important to clarify whether Turkey's EU membership would constitute a threat to the Polish position and interests or rather a chance for mutual cooperation within the Community. The authors intend to analyse official stances of consecutive Polish governments on various negotiation areas with Turkey as well as relevant reports and speeches by influential politicians from both countries. On this basis they will attempt to determine whether Polish and Turkish interests are convergent or divergent, especially as far as the future shape and speed of European integration are concerned. The Legal Basis of the Polish – Turkish Relations After 1989 Social as well as political changes which were initiated in Poland in 1989 resulted in intensification of Polish – Turkish relations. This process could be observed at various levels including contacts between high level state officials representing Poland and Turkey as well as private enterprises and individuals. It resulted with a growing need for a new legal framework meeting expectations and requirements of both sides. The most important document related to the bilateral relations between Poland and Turkey was signed in Warsaw on 3 November 1993. 'The Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation Between the Republic of Poland and the Republic of Turkey' was
Beyond Economics: Women Negotiating Trauma, Violence, and Assimilation as Ref...Jmichebradshaw
South Africa has been a leading country in ratifying laws and policies to address the unique experience a female refugee has in comparison to males. However, despite South African refugee regimes’ efforts to increase awareness, bring gender equality within its refugee laws, and provide resources to the female refugee population there are still components to a female refugee’s experience in assimilating to their new country that need greater attention. This paper addresses the lack of emotional and psychological support given to female refugees. Through the combination of ethnographic research conducted at one of major refugee regimes in South Africa, the Cape Town Refugee Center, and in depth interviews with female refugees, the idea that a refugee regime such as the CTRC is providing a comprehensive approach to aiding the refugee population was directly challenged. In this work five women who embody and represent the experience of many female refugees in South Africa, tell their story about what life has been like navigating their past and current emotional and psychological traumas as a female refugee trying to integrate into their society. In this work another facet in helping an extremely vulnerable population—female refugees—is being introduced as a means to ensure a more successful integration. If this can be done than these women are capable of becoming an asset to their new communities versus a burden to the economy and society of their host country. In a world that continues to have increased instability and an ever-growing refugee population the issue of how to properly and successfully absorb refugees is key to any country’s success. In this work the research addresses the great importance of refugee regimes allocation more resources to helping women refugees work through the immense amount of physical, sexual, psychological, and emotional traumas that they have endured.
■ IntroductionRefugees are migrants who leave their countrie.docxoswald1horne84988
■ Introduction
Refugees are migrants who leave their countries of ori-
gin for asylum, or a safe place to live, because of ongo-
ing armed conflict or fear of persecution based on their
religion, race, nationality, political affiliation, or mem-
bership in a persecuted social group, or a combination
of these items, within their home countries. Refugees
are either unwilling or unable to return to their coun-
tries of origin. The types of persecution that refugees
fear include cruel and inhumane treatment, unjust pun-
ishments, and threats of torture or death.
Unlike immigrants, who leave their home countries
seeking economic, educational, or social opportunities,
refugees seek to escape persecution and harm. Like inter-
nally displaced persons (IDPs), refugees are displaced from
their home because of safety and other humanitarian
concerns. IDPs remain in their country, however, under
the protection of their own government, while refugees
leave theirs. Refugees displaced outside of their home coun-
tries usually cannot return home, in contrast to immigrants,
who typically have the ability to return home without fear
of intimidation and oppression.
Causes of Displacement
One major reason why refugees are displaced is because
they live in a war zone caused by conflicts between their
home country and other countries. Other refugees leave
their homes because they face internal conflicts such as
civil wars or terrorism, and still others leave because of
turmoil caused by armed conflicts between neighboring
states. Refugees also flee due to agricultural problems
and food scarcity caused by water shortages and deserti-
fication, as well as by natural disasters such as floods,
earthquakes, hurricanes, and tornadoes. (Desertification
is the process of productive agricultural land being
turned into desert through deforestation, industrial ag-
riculture, or drought, or a combination of such items.)
Additionally, an economic collapse within a country or
fluctuations in local or international financial markets can
cause people to leave a country for safety and jobs
elsewhere. Some people live in fragile nations governed by
unpredictable dictators or weak or illegitimate political
systems, and these refugees choose to leave because of fear
of persecution or systemic instability. Finally, dangerous
cultural conflicts involving persecution over religion, lan-
guage, education, sexual orientation, and other factors also
cause people to flee their homes and seek asylum elsewhere.
International Understanding
of Refugee Status
Whatever the causes of refugees’ flight, their status is
defined and protected by international laws endorsed by
the members of the United Nations (UN), a body of
diplomatic representatives from countries around the
world. One such law, Article 1 of the Universal Declara-
tion of Human Rights (1948), states that “all human
beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights”
and “should act towards one another in a spirit of
brotherhood.
The Syrian refugee situation, has become one of the biggest humanitarian crisis’ in the last decade. An estimated 9 million Syrians have fled their homes since the outbreak of civil war in March 2011. We see it on tv. We read about it in the news…but do we understand who and what a refugee is?
Study guide human rights-topic-area-a rotaract global mun 2015Adrian Dan Pop
For centuries, protection has been granted to people who flee persecution. However, the
current refugee regime seems to be the product of the last fifty years of the 20th century. The
origins of the modern refugee law can be found in the aftermath of the World World II, due to the
refugee crisis of the precedent years.n refugee regime is largely the product of the second half of
the twentieth century.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (hereinafter: UDHR) guarantees the right to
seek and enjoy asylum in other countries. Other human rights instruments 1 have also guaranteed
the “right to seek and be granted asylum in a foreign territory, in accordance with the legislation
of the state and international conventions.”2
We would like to invite everyone to participate in our Quiz „Political Facts in your mind“, Samantha Bornheim and Lukas Wieczorek prepared for our seminar. It provides you with interesting numbers and facts on the situation of children of war today.
Rights of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons with a special reference ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
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Monitoring Health for the SDGs - Global Health Statistics 2024 - WHOChristina Parmionova
The 2024 World Health Statistics edition reviews more than 50 health-related indicators from the Sustainable Development Goals and WHO’s Thirteenth General Programme of Work. It also highlights the findings from the Global health estimates 2021, notably the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy and healthy life expectancy.
Preliminary findings _OECD field visits to ten regions in the TSI EU mining r...OECDregions
Preliminary findings from OECD field visits for the project: Enhancing EU Mining Regional Ecosystems to Support the Green Transition and Secure Mineral Raw Materials Supply.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Working with data is a challenge for many organizations. Nonprofits in particular may need to collect and analyze sensitive, incomplete, and/or biased historical data about people. In this talk, Dr. Cori Faklaris of UNC Charlotte provides an overview of current AI capabilities and weaknesses to consider when integrating current AI technologies into the data workflow. The talk is organized around three takeaways: (1) For better or sometimes worse, AI provides you with “infinite interns.” (2) Give people permission & guardrails to learn what works with these “interns” and what doesn’t. (3) Create a roadmap for adding in more AI to assist nonprofit work, along with strategies for bias mitigation.
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The potato is a starchy root vegetable native to the Americas that is consumed as a staple food in many parts of the world. Potatoes are tubers of the plant Solanum tuberosum, a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae. Wild potato species can be found from the southern United States to southern Chile
Synopsis (short abstract) In December 2023, the UN General Assembly proclaimed 30 May as the International Day of Potato.
Donate to charity during this holiday seasonSERUDS INDIA
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Property appraisals completed in May for downtown Reno’s Community Assistance and Triage Centers (CAC) reveal that repairing the buildings to bring them back into service would cost an estimated $10.1 million—nearly four times the amount previously reported by city staff.
2. Introduction:
Who is a refugee? (common attributes
Trace the origin of International refugee
protection in modern states?
Who is a refugee- law? (Geneva Convention)
Implication and Weaknesses of the Geneva
Convention?
Other response to refugee problem (OAU and
Cartagena Convention?
3. Common Definition (Attributes)
A person who has been obliged to abandon
his or her usual place of residence- Media
Journalist
Constitute people who have been forced
from their homes as a result of war, political
oppression
People displaced across borders- UNHCR
4. Common Definition (Attributes)
‘Boats people’- Canary Island
People who live in sprawling camps and are
dependent on international relief
organizations for their basic needs
5. Origin of Int’l Refugees Protection
Human history- displacement has existed
since the beginning of organized settlement
Ancient civilization
Human migration in Africa- led to permanent
settlement
Historians- refugee is a problem is a
modern concept- 21st
century
6. Cont’d
Refugeehood is associated to Westphalia
Treaty of 1648 & romantic nationalism in
Europe (Factors)
Recognition of sovereignty
State responsibility- individual protection &
territory
Country of nationality- people crossing
border required to show identification
When
Refugee is anyone fleeing a problem usually not of
their own making, heading towards another country
or a place within the country of their origin
7. 1680-religious problems- Huguenots
Law that outlawed Protestantism in France- US,
Switzerland, SA, Germany & Prussia
People fleeing Russian industrial revolution &
political revolution (1917) 1881-1920- Eastern
Europe
Emigration of Jews
1920- Unrestricted migration no need categorize
(protect)
8. Early Promise of Inte’l Refugee
Protection
End of WWI measures begun to be put in
place to regulate and resolve refugee
problems
Why?
– States allowed unrestricted migration- states did
not see each other as threats- Britain, Germany
competition for balance of power, industrial
revolution & transatlantic trade, colonialism
– magnitude of displaced people- 9.5 million
Define and give reasons for being a
refugee
9. Cont’d….
First World – 1914-1918:
Breakdown of Ottoman & Austro-Hungarian Empire
Russian revolution (1917) & creation of Soviet Union
Russia- fleeing civil conflict, persecution & totalitarian
regime & emerging ideology of Soviet U.
League of Nations- (Res. 26 Feb 1921)- HCR
( Nansen Fridtjof)- travel documents- Nansen
Passport- travel to safe places
10. Cont’d
Who were refugees?
Russian origin (territorial root) who did not enjoy or
no longer enjoys protection of national govt of USSR
& who has not acquire any other nationality
Armenian origin formerly subject of Ottoman empire
……….. Of Turkish Republic ………
1928- civil wars, & ethnic tensions
Turkish, Assyrian & Assyro-Chaldeans
Definition of refugee was territorially based
Characteristics of definition- ethnic not territory
No specific reason for fleeing
11. Cont’d……
1930:
Convention relating to Int’l status of Refugees- Oct,
1933
1938:
possessing or having possessed German nationality
& not possessing any other nationality who are
proved not to enjoy (in law or fact) protection of
German govt
Stateless persons not covered by previous
convention who have left Germany
Exempted people who left Germany for personal
convenience
12. Cont’d…..
End of WWII
UN-develop a definition & means of handling
refugee crises
IRO- displaced persons
person who has been deported from or has been
obliged to leave his country of nationality or a former
habitual residence as a result of Nazi or fascist regimes
of similar regimes which assisted them against the UN
eg people compelled to undertake forced labor or who
were deported for religious, racial or political reasons
victims of Falangist regimes- Spain
Unaccompanied children, war orphans outside
their country of orgin
15. 1951 Geneva Convention-
Definition
Refers to a person who
– as a result of events occurring before 1 Jan,
1951 and owing to well-founded fear of being
persecuted for reasons of race, religion,
nationality, membership of a particular social
group or political opinion, is outside the
country of his nationality or who not having a
nationality & being outside the country of his
habitual residence as a result of events
occurring in Europe and else where is unable
or owing to such fear is unwilling to avail
himself of the protection of that country’
16. 1967 Protocol- Definition
Refers to a person who
– ‘owing to well-founded fear of being
persecuted for reasons of race, religion,
nationality, membership of a particular social
group or political opinion, is outside the
country of his nationality and is unable or
owing to such fear is unwilling to avail himself
of the protection of that country’
17. Legal Definition
Well-founded- necessity
Asylum need no proof of prior persecutions for
refugee status (support claim)
Persecution- torture, illegal deprivation,
of freedom or extrajudicial execution
Canada- psychological trauma
(determination)- loss of children
Somalia (B. (P.V) (Re), C.R.D.D. No.12
(QL)- lost protection of her child & hence
will be further unable to protect her
daughter from being subjected to FGM
18. Legal Definition
Economic measures
Exclusion from labor market & possibility to
gain an income
Proof that subsistence or existenzminimum
is threatened
Yesidis in German not Syro-orthodox
Christians- gain Istanbul
19. Weaknesses of the Convention
Definition is ambiguous- interpretation and
application
Convention refugees
Embraces only person at risk of Eurocentric forms
of harm
Person is a refugee only if genuinely at risk of
persecution
20. Weaknesses:
Regarding- ground for protection
Tortured because you’re black person Vs.
discriminative punishment by a brutal
dictator =
Consequence the same- respect of basic
human rights
1991- English court of queen’s bench- refused to
grant protection Togo Muslim (Alassini) -argued if
he return to his country likely to be an object of
human sacrifice- common among other beliefs
systems who believe in human sacrifices
21. Weaknesses:
Fails to recognize the claims of persons
whose predicaments do not resemble those of
post-WWII
More attention to failed states
Fails to capture- more active forms of
persecution
Ignores the needs of involuntary migrants
who can’t link their fears to the five grounds
Criterion alienates- IDP’s ethical
22. Weaknesses of the
Convention
USA until 1980 considered refugees to be
people escaping communism
– Refugee who were a product of colonialism
not refugees
Convention indirectly targeted Soviet
Union and its communist allies
Vagueness of the reasons- 5
23. Weaknesses:
Persons displaced externally for reasons other
than individualized persecution- Armed conflict
Omission of people who have not crossed
International border
24. African states Response to 1951
Convention
African states became party to the
Convention though the Convention failed
to legally encompass refugees in Africa
– African states were not therefore not
under legal obligation to accord any
standards of treatment of refugees in
Africa
25. African states Response to 1951
Convention
– The Convention also did not reflect the
refugee situation in Africa
– There was thus a need to come up with a
legal instrument to reflect Africa reality
26. African Response to 1951
Convention
The of a Convention was also prompted
by increase in refugees resulting from
national liberation and decolonization
wars
– Mozambique, Angola, Zimbabwe, Sao Tome
and Principe, Equatorial Guinea, Cape Verde
and Guinea Bissau
– The flow of refugees to other countries
because a source of friction- Rwanda and
Burundi
27. Council of African Response to 1951
Convention Ministers recommended
African Refugee Convention- meeting in
Addis Ababa
– To avoid impairing UNHCR- the
temporariness of UN Convention was
removed
– Sep 1969 OAU Convention was adopted and
came into force 20th
June 1974- hence
World Refugee Day
28. OAU 1969 Refugee Convention-
Definition
States that Refugee:
– ‘Shall apply to every person who owing to
external aggression, occupation, foreign
domination or events seriously disturbing
public order in either part or whole of his
country of origin or nationality is
compelled to leave his place of habitual
residence in order to seek refuge in
another place outside his country of origin
or nationality’
29. Cartagena Declaration- Definition
Cartagena Declaration (South and Central
America)
– Places less emphasis on a fear of persecution
and more on objective conditions of violence
and disorder in the country of origin
31. categories of Refugees
Stateless persons-
– Persons who are not considered nationals of any
state under operational law
– Victims of territorial alignment – residents of
Uganda expelled by Idi Amin,
– Resident had neither Uganda or British passports
Convention Refugees (Official):
Have protection rights to seek asylum and
guarantee that they will not be repatriated
Once granted asylum permanently they enjoy
certain social and economic rights
32. Categories of Refugees
De facto refugees-
Excluded from being ad jure refugees rejected by
host country on basis of Convention
Normally victims of armed conflicts, erroneous
economic policy and natural disasters
Not protected from non-refoulement
Internally Displaced Persons:
People uprooted from their homes without
crossing national frontiers
33. Categories of Refugees
Denied refugee status protection on the
requirement that an applicant be outside their
country of his nationality
Products of revolutions and counter
revolutions – guerrilla and government forces
Economic immigrants:
Leave country because of poverty and
financial hardship/ seek better life
Do not fit in the definition of refugees
34. Categories of Refugees
Urban refugees:
Highly educated and qualified persons with
valuable talent and skills
Refugees with an urban, non-agricultural and
usually educated background who take up
residence in the city to live familiar environment
Refugees of a rural agricultural and uneducated
background who initially take up residence in a camp
but move to the city
Individual and small groups of asylum seekers who
arrive independently in the capital cities of low income
countries
35. Categories of Refugees
Criminals:
People who flee from justice and persons who
violate the law n their own country and flee from
persecution
Do not get refugees status
Environmental Refugees:
People who no longer gain a secure livelihood in
their habitat due to drought, famine,
desertification, and other environmental problems
resulting from pressures of population, and
poverty
37. Discussion
What definition can be said to
be ‘ethical’?
policy makers- approach to protect
Definition allow continued dialogue for
change of justification in which states can’t
avoid accountability for their protection
decisions
Refugee law- protect people unable to
access national protection but if one can
received adequate protection of human
dignity
38. Discussion
What definition can be said to
be ‘ethical’?
Conclusion: Agree with Shacknove- it is
the absence of state protection which
constitutes the full & complete negtaion of
society & basis of refugeehood
Supreme court of Canada (1993)-Refugee
law back up to the protection one expects
from his own state of which he is a national