4th Quarter Topics ALL IN- Grade 7 Science

UNIT 4:
EARTH &
SPACE
Module 1:THE PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENT

WHAT MAKES UP OUR ENVIRONMENT?
What makes up our environment is very much
related to where our country is on the globe. Or, to
say it in a different way, the characteristics of our
environment are determined by the location of the
Philippines on the planet.

LET’S PLAY!! 3 Pics in 1 word
_ _ r _ c t _ _ 0 _
D i r e c t i o n

_ _ t _ t _ _ e
L a t i t u d e

l _ n _ i _ u _ e
l o n g i t u d e

_ _ u _ t _ _ r
E q u a t o r

LOCATING
PLACES ON
EARTH
JADY CLAIREJ. LULLEGAO-ScienceTeacher

• DEMONSTRATE HOW
PLACES ON EARTH MAY BE
LOCATED USING A
COORDINATE SYSTEM.
S7ES-IVA-1
OBJECTIVES:

Are you ready for
another game?

Let’s find our group
mates first!

Groups:
1- blue eagles
2- red dragons
3-Yellow tigers
4- Pink Panthers

Clue 2:
I need your help…
letter

Let’s doTreasure hunting!
Letter
I’m lost and my treasures were left behind. I don’t know where
they are now. Please help me! I am willing to give a reward for
the ones who will find me.
- Pedro
1- blue eagles (31°S, 150°E)
2- red dragons (50°N, 0°)
3-Yellow tigers (40°N, 120°W)
4- Pink Panthers ( 14°N, 120°E) * current location

Clue 3:
You need to answer
the Guide
Questions

Guided Questions:
1. What is an equator?
2. What is latitude?
3. Describe the lines of longitude?
4. The location of a place may be described
by using latitude and longitude.To the
nearest degree, what is the latitude and
longitude of Manila?

Happy Hunting Islets!!

Adventure Time!!

1. Sydney
2. London
3. San Francisco
4. Philippines

Geographic Coordinate System
This system uses degrees of
latitude and longitude to describe the
location of a specific place on Earth.
How did you find the treasures or how did you
locate the places?

Compared to the size of the world, Manila is just a tiny spot,
and its location may be described using a pair of latitude and
longitude. But how would you describe the location of an
“area” such as the whole Philippines?
Locating cities such as Manila is easy. Manila
is just a “spot” on the globe. But locating a
whole country like the Philippines may be
challenging because the country is not a “spot,”
it is an “area.” Since the boundary of the
Philippines (or any country, for that matter) is
irregular, we can simplify things by drawing a
rectangle around the Philippines.

Now you know how to describe the location of
a certain place using latitude and longitude.
The lines of latitude are also known as
parallels of latitude. That is because the lines
of latitude are parallel to the equator and to
each other. Five lines of latitude have special
names.

Why is it important for us
to know how to locate
places on earth using
coordinate system?

Ways by which lines of latitude and
longitude are used easily and
conveniently in locating places:
1. GPS
2. Digital mapping
3. Automotive Navigation
System

a.Moscow
b.Lima
c.Tokyo
d.NewYork
e.Melbourne
f. San Francisco
Direction:
Using the globe or map, identify the nearest city in the world using the
given coordinates, match the coordinates to the nearest city. Write the
letter of your answer in a ¼ sheet of paper.

Answer Key:
1. D- NewYork
2. A- Moscow
3. B- Lima
4. C-Tokyo
5. E- Melbourne

LOCATION OF THE
PHILIPPINES WITH
RESPECT TO
LANDMASSES AND
BODIES OF WATER
LESSON 4.2

OBJECTIVES:
Describe the location of the
Philippines with respect to the
continents and oceans of the
world.
S7ES-Iva-2

LANDMASSES
AND BODIES
OF WATER

Landmasses
and Bodies
of Water
• Using latitude and longitude is
not the only way that you can
describe the location of a
certain area.
• Another way is by identifying
the landmasses and
• bodies of water that are found
in that area.

Landmasses
and Bodies
of Water
• Using the map.
• What are Landmasses and
Bodies of water that can we
found in the map?
• Continents and Oceans

Landmasses
and Bodies
of Water
• So, what are the landmasses
and bodies of water that
surround the Philippines?
• Do the following activity and
get to know the surrounding
geography.

Landmasses and Bodies of Water
GROUP 1 - plot the different landmasses
GROUP 2 – plot the bodies of water
GROUP 3 - answeredGUIDED QUESTION 1
GROUP 4 - answered GUIDED QUESTION 2
GROUP 5 - answered GUIDED QUESTION 3
GROUP 6 – summarized the report.

Landmasses
and Bodies
of Water
GROUP
PRESENTATION
OF OUTPUTS

Landmasses
and Bodies
of Water
ACTIVITY RESULTS /
DISCUSSION

ACTIVITY RESULTS / DISCUSSION
A. Landmasses B. Bodies of water
• Philippine archipelago Philippine Sea
• Asian continent South China Sea
• Malay peninsula Indian Ocean
• Isthmus of Kra Pacific Ocean
• Indonesian archipelago
• Australian continent

ACTIVITY
RESULTS /
DISCUSSION
A. Landmasses
• Philippine archipelago
• Asian continent
• Malay peninsula
• Isthmus of Kra
• Indonesian archipelago
• Australian continent

ASIA CONTINENT
AUSTRALIAN
CONTINENT
MALAY PENINSULA
INDONESIA ARCHIPELAGO
N
W
S
E
A. Landmasses
Philippine archipelago
Asian continent
Malay peninsula
Isthmus of Kra
Indonesian archipelago
Australian continent
PHIL.
ARCHIPELAGO

CHINA
AUSTRALIAN
CONTINENT
MALAY SIA
INDONESIA
N
W
S
E
THAILAND
VIETNAM
TAIWAN
JAPAN
N. KOREA
S. KOREA

ACTIVITY RESULTS /DISCUSSION
B. Bodies of water
•Philippine Sea South
China Sea
•Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean

PACIFIC OCEAN
PHIL
SEA
SOUTH
CHINA
SEA
INDIAN OCEAN
N
W
S
E
B. Bodies of water
Philippine Sea South China Sea
Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean

PACIFIC OCEAN
PHIL
SEA
SOUTH
CHINA
SEA
INDIAN OCEAN
N
W
S
E
CELEBES SEA

ACTIVITY
RESULTS /
DISCUSSION
Q1.Which bodies of water in the
list are found to the west of the
Philippines?

PACIFIC OCEAN
PHIL
SEA
SOUTH
CHINA
SEA
INDIAN OCEAN
N
W
S
E
Q1.Which bodies of water in the
list are found to the west of the
Philippines?

PACIFIC OCEAN
PHIL
SEA
SOUTH
CHINA
SEA
INDIAN OCEAN
N
W
S
E
Q2.Which body of water in the list
is located to the east of the
Philippines?

ASIA CONTINENT
AUSTRALIAN
CONTINENT
MALAY PENINSULA
INDONESIA ARCHIPELAGO
PACIFIC OCEAN
PHIL
SEA
SOUTH
CHINA
SEA
INDIAN OCEAN
N
W
S
E
Q3.Which large landmass is found
to the north of the Philippines?

NATURAL
RESOURCES
OF THE
PHILIPPINES
LESSON 4.3

1.Describe Earth’s natural resources;
2. Differentiate renewable from nonrenewable
resources;
3. Explain why Philippines is rich in natural
resources;
4. Determine which human practices in using
natural resources are sustainable and not
sustainable;
5. Suggest ways on how to use the natural
resources sustainably…
OBJECTIVE:

NATURAL VS. MAN
MADE
By Ashby Morell
Clip Art from Microsoft Office 2007

Natural Objects
• Some things occur naturally in our world.
These things not made by people.
Water, rocks, plants, and trees are made
by nature.

Can you name some other natural
objects?
• Did you say sand, air, grass, mountains,
soil, or animals?

Man Made Objects
• Other items in our world are made
by people.
• There are many of these human
features on the earth’s surface. We
call these things man made objects.
Things like buildings, cars, books,
and furniture are man made.

Can you think of some other man
made objects?
Did you say any of these?

Earth’s surface contains
both natural and man
made materials.

Is this object made by nature or
man?

Is this object made by nature or man?

Natural Resources
- are materials created in
nature that are used and
usable by humans.

Are we
lucky in the
Philippines?

 How does our latitude position affect the water, soil
resources, and biodiversity in the country?
 What mineral deposits do we have in the country?
Where are they located and why only in those
places?
 Given our location, what energy resources are
available?
 Which of our practices in using natural resources are
sustainable?
 How can we help conserve natural resources so that
future generations can also enjoy them?

WATER
RESOURCES
AND
BIODIVERSITY
Lesson 4.3.1

OBJECTIVES:
Recognize that soil, water,
rocks, coal, and other fossil
fuels are Earth Materials that
people use as resources
S7ES-Ivb-3

• The Philippines boasts of many different kinds of natural
water forms, such as bays, rivers, lakes, falls, gulfs, straits, and
swamps.
• The bodies of water and its surrounding environment not only
support the survival of diverse organisms for food but are also
used for other economic values.
• There are two big bodies of water on the west and east side of
the country: Pacific Ocean in the east and South China Sea in
the west. These bodies of water are the origin of typhoons
which on the average, according to Philippine Atmospheric
Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
(PAGASA), is about 20 a year.
Introduction

What will happen
when there is too
much rainfall?

Where does water
in your community
come from?

Watershed
It is an area of land on a slope which drains
its water into a stream and its tributaries
(small streams that supply water to a main
stream).
It is called catchment area or drainage
basin.
It includes the surface of the land and the
underground rock formation drained by the
stream.

Maria Cristina Falls in Iligan City

Factors affecting the amount of water
in a watershed:
a. Vegetation cover
b. Slope of the area
c. Kind of soil
d. Amount of rainfall

Biodiversity
-the variety of
life in the world
or in a particular
habitat or
ecosystem.

Biodiversity
• Many islands of the Philippine
archipelago, there is a high
number of endemic plants and
animals.
• 52, 177 described species

1. Watershed
2. Biodiversity
3. Angat Dam
4. Pantabangan Dam
5.
a. Vegetation cover
b. Slope of the area
c. Kind of soil
d. Amount of rainfall

SOIL
RESOURCES,
RAINFALL AND
TEMPERATURE
Lesson 4.3.2

Soil is formed when rocks and other
materials near the Earth’s surface are
broken down by a number of processes
and collectively called weathering.
Types of weathering: mechanical
breaking or rocks or physical weathering
and the chemical decay of rocks or
chemical weathering.

Activity 4.3 How are soils formed from
rocks?
Objectives:
Using the information in the table,
1.Trace the formation of soil from rocks;
and
2.Identify the factors acting together on
rocks to form soil

Processes of soil
formation
Illustration of
processes
When a piece of rock is
exposed to the Sun, its
outer part expands
(becomes bigger)
because it heat up faster
than the inner part.
Drawing A

Processes of soil formation Illustration of processes
On cooling, at night time, the outer
part of the rock contracts or shrinks
because the outer part of the rock
cools faster than the inner portion.
The process of expansion and
contraction are repeated over the
years and produce cracks in the
rock causing the outer surface to
break off.
Drawing B

Processes of soil
formation
Illustration of
processes
Once broken, water
enters the cracks
causing some
minerals to dissolve.
The rock breaks apart
further
Drawing C

Air also enters the cracks, and
oxygen in the air combines
with some elements such as
iron to produce iron oxide (rust
or kalawang) which is brittle
and will easily peel off. In a
similar way, carbon dioxide
from the air reacts with water
to form an acid causing the
rock to soften further.
Drawing D

Once soft and broken, bacteria and
small plants start to grow in the
cracks of the rock. After some
time, the dead plants and animals
die and decay causing the
formation of more acidic
substances which further breaks of
the rocks.The dead bodies of
plants and animals are acted upon
by microorganism and breakdown
into smaller compound while the
minerals from the rock return to
the soil.
Drawing D

Soil
• It covers the entire earth.
• Temperature, rainfall, chemical
changes and biological action act
together to continuously form
soil.

Temperature
• Controls how fast
chemical reactions
occur.

Climate
• Is a significant factor not only
in soil formation but also in
sustaining diversity of plants
and animals in the country

Rainfall
• Water directly affects the movement
of soluble soil nutrients from the top
soil to the deeper part of the ground
(leaching).
• Determines the kind of vegetation in
an area.

ROCKS AND
MINERAL
RESOURCES
Lesson 4.3.3

• History tells us that rocks have been used by humans
for more than two million years. (e.g. ancestors lives
in caves, carved rocks and stones for hunting,
cultivation crops and weapons for protection).
• Rocks , stones, gravel and sand were and still used to
make roads, building, monuments and art objects.
• Mining of rocks for their metal content has been
considered one of the most important factors of
human progress.
Introduction

Activity 4.4 Where are the Mineral
Deposits in the Philippines?
Objectives:
1. Locate metallic resources deposits in the Philippines.
2. Identify provinces which are rich or not rich in mineral deposits
across the country;
3. Find out what geologic features are common in areas where
the deposits are found; give a possible reason/s for the
association between metallic mineral deposits and geologic
features in the country; and infer why your area or region is rich
in metallic mineral deposits.

Guide Questions for group 1:
Metals, in symbols
(Ex: Au)
Metal, in Words Province/Region
where the metals
are found
Geologic Structure
Near the Location
of the Metallic
Deposits

Metals, in symbols
(Ex: Au)
Metal, in Words Province/Region
where the metals
are found
Geologic Structure
Near the Location
of the Metallic
Deposits
Au Gold Marinduque Fault,Volcano
Cr Chromium Zambales Trench, Fault,
Volcano
Cu Copper Negros Occidental Trench, Fault,
Volcano
Fe Iron Camarines Norte Trench, Fault,
Volcano
Ni Nickel Surigao del Norte Trench, Fault,
Volcano

Q17. Identify five metals which are most
abundant across the country. Put a number on
this metal (1 for most abundant, 2 next
abundant, and so on.)
Q18. Record in column 3 where the five most
abundant metals are located.

Answer to guide question:
Q17. Identify five metals which are most abundant across
the country. Put a number on this metal (1 for most
abundant, 2 next abundant, and so on.)
-1) Gold, 2)Chromium, 3) Copper, 4) Iron, 5) Manganese,
6) Nickel
Q18. Record in column 3 where the five most abundant
metals are located.
-Marinduque, Zambales, Negros Occidental, Camarines
Norte and Surigao del Norte

Q19.What geologic structures are found near the location of
the metallic deposits?Write trenches, faults or volcanoes in
column 4 ofTable 1.
Q20.Write a statement to connect the presence of metallic
deposits with trenches or volcanic areas.
Q21.Why do you think are metallic deposits abundant in
places where there are trenches or volcanoes?

Answers to Guide Questions:
Q19.What geologic structures are found near the location of the metallic deposits? Write
trenches, faults or volcanoes in column 4 ofTable 1.
The geologic structures found near the location of the metallic deposits are trenches,
faults and volcanoes
Q20.Write a statement to connect the presence of metallic deposits with trenches or
volcanic areas.
There is a continuous source of heat deep under the Earth: this heat melts the rocks
and other materials. Water flowing between these rock is also heated up.The mixture of
molten or semi-molten materials, liquids and gases is called magma. Because magma is
hotter and lighter than the surrounding rocks, it rises, melthing some of the rocks as it
passes on the way. If the magma finds a way to the surface, it will erupt as lava. Lava flow
is observed in erupting volcanoes.

Q22. Are there metallic deposits in your area?
Q23.What could be the reason for the presence or absences
of metallic deposits in your area?You can download the
detailed map ofTrenches, Faults and volcanoes in the
Philippines from the website of PHIVOLCS.
Q24. If there are metallic deposits, what activities tell you
that there are indeed deposits in or near your area/province?

OBJECTIVES:
Describe ways of using
Earth’s resources
sustainably;
S7ES-Ivc-4

NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES
A nonrenewable resource is a natural
resource that cannot be re-made or re-
grown at a scale comparable to its
consumption.

Examples of non-
renewable resources:
Nuclear energy
Coal
Petroleum
Natural gas

Nonrenewable energy resources removed from
the earth’s crust include: oil, natural gas, coal,
and uranium
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

NUCLEAR ENERGY
Nuclear fission uses
uranium to create
energy.
Nuclear energy is a
nonrenewable resource
because once the
uranium is used, it is
gone!

Effects of
Chernobyl nuclear
disaster

Fukushima disaster – Japan, March 2011
Earthquake, followed by tsunami –
subsequent loss of power to cool reactors,
plus fire at plant
before

COAL, PETROLEUM, AND GAS
Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are
considered nonrenewable because they
can not be replenished in a short period
of time. These are called fossil fuels.
They are made of hydrocarbons.
• Oil and natural gas can provide
three times as much energy as an equal
mass of wood

Natural gas • Natural gas is a mixture of methane
and other gases.
• Used to produce electricity, heat
homes and water, Industry (heat for
warmth and producing things),
Vehicles, cooking
• Advantages: produces large amounts
of energy but lower levels of many air
pollutants than coal or oil, easy to
transport
• Disadvantage: highly flammable

Oil/
Petroleu
m
• Deposits of crude oil often are
trapped within the earth's
crust and can be extracted by
drilling a well
• Used in industry to power
machinery
and in transportation

Info for Oil:
Risk of
spills
Infrastructure
already in
place

HMMMM....
If nonrenewable
resources are resources
that cannot be re-made
at a scale comparable to
its consumption, what are
renewable resources?

RENEWABLE RESOURCES
Renewable resources are
natural resources that can be
replenished in a short period of
time.
● Solar ● Geothermal
● Wind ● Biomass
● Water

SOLAR
Energy from the
sun.
Why is energy from
the sun renewable?

GEOTHERMAL
Energy from Earth’s
heat.
Advantage: unlimited source
of cheap energy.
Disadvantage: There are only
a few places where magma
comes close to Earth’s
surface. Elsewhere, very
deep wells are needed to tap
this energy and that is
expensive.

WIND
Energy from the
wind.
Why is energy
from the wind
renewable?

BIOMASS
Energy from
burning organic or
living matter.
Examples include:
Wood, leaves, food
wastes, and manure.

WATER or HYDROELECTRIC or
Hydrothermal energy
Energy from the
flow of water.
Why is energy of
flowing water
renewable?

Energy Conservation
Energy conservation –
making an effort to reduce
the amount of energy
used… some waste can be
avoided

What are the
simple things you
can do to conserve
energy?

SUMMARY
What are the
differences
between
nonrenewable and
renewable
resources?

TEST II. Picture Analysis
Directions: Using the picture below, supply the answer to the given
questions on the space provided.
I. What number represents the
following:
_______________ 1. Tropic of Cancer
_______________ 2. Tropic of Capricorn
_______________ 3. Antarctic Circle
_______________ 4. Arctic Circle
II. What part of the globe is represented
by the following numbers?
_______________ 1. 7
_______________ 2. 2
_______________ 3. 5
_______________ 4. 4

TEST III. Multiple Choice
Directions: Read each item carefully and write the letter
and words of your answer.
1.Which city in the Philippines is 10° 18’ N and 230° 54’ E located?
A. Cebu B. Davao C. Manila D.Tagaytay
A. Baguio B. Davao C. Manila D. Zamboanga
A. Bataan B. Cebu C. Pampanga D.Tacloban
4. In which body of water is 15° S, 75° E located?
A. Arctic B. Atlantic C. Indian D. Pacific
5. In which body of water is 30° N, 45°W Located?
A. Arctic B. Atlantic C. Indian D. Pacific

6. In which continent is the Philippines located?
A. Africa B. Asia C. Australia D. Europe
7.What landmass is located at the northern part of the Philippines?
A. Asian Continent C. Australian Continent
B. Malay Peninsula D. Indonesian Archipelago
8. In which surrounding part of the Philippines does the Indonesian
Archipelago located?
A. East B. North East C. SouthWest D. West
9.Which landmass is at the Southern part of the Philippines?
A. Isthmus of Kra C. Australian Continent
B. Malay Peninsula D. Indonesian archipelago
10.Where is Isthmus of Kra located with respect to the location of the
Philippines?
A. East B. North East C. South East D. West

TEST IV. Table Completion Directions: Using the picture, list at least 3
landmasses and 3 bodies of water surrounding the Philippines.
Use the table provided below.

TESTV. Cloze Test
Directions: Using the word/s inside the word pool, fill in the blanks
with the correct term that would complete the thought of the
paragraph.
The Philippines boasts of different kinds of
natural water forms such as bays,
______(1)________, lakes, falls, gulfs, straits, and
swamps.The two big bodies of water on the west
and east side of the country: the Pacific Ocean in
the east and ______(2)________ in theWest.
People need fresh water for many purposes; for
irrigation and generate electricity.
A ______(3)________ is an area of land
on a slope which drains its water into a
stream and its tributaries.There are
many watersheds in the Philippines
because of abundant rainfall. Examples
are ______(4)________ in Metro Manila
and, Pantabangan Dam in Pampanga,
and ______(5)________ in Bulacan.
The main function of a watershed is the
production of a continuous water
supply that would maintain the life
forms within it and in the area fed by its
stream.

OBJECTIVES:
Discuss how energy from
the Sun interacts with the
layers of the atmosphere
S7ES-Ivd-5

Activity 4.7- What is the basis for dividing Earth’s
Atmosphere into Layers?
Objective
1. Describe the features of each of the
five layers
2. Compare the features of the five
layers; and
3. Explain the basis for the division of the
layers of the atmosphere

Q1.What are the five layers?
Estimate the height of each
layer. Q2. Describe the graph
for each layer.
Q3. In which layer is
temperature increasing with
increasing altitude?
Q4. In which layer is
temperature decreasing with
increasing altitude?

Q5.What is the
relationship between
temperature and height
in the
a) troposphere?
b) stratosphere?
c) mesosphere?
d) thermosphere?
e) exosphere?

Q6. Observe the whole
graph. What is the basis for
the division of Earth’s
atmosphere?
Q7. From the graph, can
you generalize that the
higher the layer of the
atmosphere (that is closer
to the Sun), the hotter the
temperature?Why or why
not?

Q8.What other
information about
Earth’s atmosphere
can you derive from
the graph?

How our atmosphere evolved
I.The early atmosphere did not support life.
It contained deadly gases such as Methane
and Ammonia. There was very little
Oxygen.
II. Over time, gases were added to the
atmosphere by volcanic eruptions, and as a
result of chemical reactions due to sunlight.

How our atmosphere evolved
cont.
III.The OZONE LAYER formed as a result of the chemical
reactions. Ozone is made of three oxygen atoms
bonded together. It blocks out ultraviolet radiation
from the sun.
IV.The formation of the ozone layer allowed MICRO-
ORGANISMS such as Blue-Green Algae to appear on
earth. They take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen,
so the amount of OXYGEN in the atmosphere steadily
increased.

How our atmosphere evolved continued…
V. Stromatolites were some of the early organisms that
used Photosynthesis to convert CO2 into Oxygen. They
still exist today and have survived 5 mass extinctions!

Basis for
Layers
• Layers are based on TEMPERATURE
CHANGE within the layer.
• As you move up through the
troposphere, temperature
decreases.
• As you move up through
stratosphere, temperature increases.
mesosphere, temperature decreases
thermosphere, temperature
increases.

1. Troposphere, the temperature decreases as
the altitude increases
2. Stratosphere, height around 10-20 km above
the ground, the temperature is almost the
same. From about 20 to 50 km above, the
temperature increases.
3. Mesosphere, the temperature decreases as
height increases.

4.Thermosphere, from heights about 87 to
100 km, the temperature change is small, it
increases gradually from about 100 to 110
km. From 110 km to the end of the layer the
temperature steadily increases with height.
5.The gradual increase in temperature with
altitude continues to the exosphere.

Characteristics of layers
• Troposphere: Contains Convection Currents created by
the sun’s heat which cause most of our weather
• Stratosphere: Contains the Ozone Layer.
– prevents some ultraviolet radiation UV light from reaching
Earth’s surface, also where airplanes fly.
• Mesosphere: Meteors burn up when they hit this layer.
• Thermosphere: Divided into Ionosphere and Exosphere.
Satellites & Radio waves travel in this layer.This is the
hottest layer

Thermosphere has 2 parts:
• Ionosphere: LowerThermosphere. Contains
electrically charged particles due to absorption of
ultraviolet radiation and X-rays that are given off
by the sun. Aurora Borealis can be seen in this
layer. Radio waves travel easily in this layer.
• Exosphere: Upper thermosphere. Air is
extremely thin. Satellites travel here because
there is very little friction with air.

Aurora Borealis  A glow in the
night sky produced in the upper atmosphere by
ionized particles from the solar wind interacting
with Earth’s magnetic field.

1. Stratosphere
2. mesosphere
3. Exosphere
4 Troposphere
5. Ionosphere

11. Decrease/colder
12. Exosphere
13. Ionosphere
14. Mesosphere
15. Stratosphere
16. Troposphere
17. Stratosphere
18. Mesosphere
19. Ionosphere
20. Exosphere
1. Blue-green Algae
2. Stromatolites
3. Methane
4. Ammonia
5. Ozone Layer
6. Thermosphere
7. Stratopause
8. Tropopause
9. Mesopause
10. Increase/hotter

Assignment! Submission:Tuesday
Define the following:
1.Greenhouse gases
2.Greenhouse Effect
3.GlobalWarming
4.Climate Change

GREENHOUSE
EFFECT AND
GLOBAL
WARMING

OBJECTIVES:
Explain how some
human activities affect
the atmosphere
S7ES-IVe-6

Activity 4.7- Does a greenhouse retain or
release heat?
Objective
1. Construct a model greenhouse.
2. Find out if your model greenhouse
retains heat
3. Relate the concept of greenhouse to
the increasing temperature of Earth’s
atmosphere

Guide Questions:
Q1. Predict which bottle will get hotter
when you turn on the light or when they
are exposed to the Sun. How will you
know that one bottle is hotter than the
other?
Q2. Write down your prediction and the
reason why you predicted that way.

Guide Questions:
Q3. What variable did you put in the x-axis? In
the y-axis? Q4. Why did you put these data in
the x and y axes, respectively?
Q5. Describe the graph resulting from
observations in Bottle A.
Q6. Describe the graph resulting from
observations in Bottle B.

Guide Questions:
Q7. Explain the similarities in the graphs of
Bottles A and B.
Q8. Explain the differences in the graphs of
Bottles A and B.
Q9. Does this activity help you answer the
question in the activity title: Do greenhouses
retain heat? What is the evidence?

19
7
Greenhouse Gases
1. Carbon dioxide
–combustion of solid waste, fossil fuels (oil, natural gas,
and coal), and wood and wood products
2. Methane :
–production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil.
Methane emissions also result from the
decomposition of organic wastes in municipal solid
waste landfills, and the raising of livestock.

19
8
Greenhouse Gases
3. Nitrous oxide
– agricultural and industrial activities, as well as
during combustion of solid waste and fossil fuels.
4. hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur
hexafluoride (SF6),
CHOROFLUOROCARBON (CFC’s)
–industrial processes.

So what if there is
increasing emission of
greenhouse gases like
carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere?What is the
problem with a small
increase in carbon
dioxide concentration in
the atmosphere?

How Global Warming Works
Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

The Sun’s energy
passes through the
car’s windshield.
This energy (heat)
is trapped inside
the car and cannot
pass back through
the windshield,
causing the inside
of the car to warm
up.
Example of the
Greenhouse Effect

What’s the difference
between “global warming”
and “climate change”?

Difference
GLOBAL WARMING
is the increase of the
Earth’s average surface
temperature due to a
build-up of greenhouse
gases in the
atmosphere.
CLIMATE CHANGE
is a broader term that
refers to long-term
changes in climate,
including average
temperature and
precipitation.

Effects of Global Warming
Increased Temperature
Habitat Damage and
Species Affected Changes in Water Supply
Rising Sea Level

WHAT’S THE PROOF THAT
GLOBAL WARMING IS TAKING
PLACE?

Portage Glacier
1914 2004
• Alaska
Photos: NOAA Photo Collection and Gary Braasch – WorldViewOfGlobalWarming.org

Colorado River
• Arizona
June 2002 Dec 2003

WHY IS
GLOBAL
WARMING
HAPPENING?

Burning of Fossil Fuels
Pollution from coal,
natural gas, and oil

What’s being done now to
reduce our emissions?
Solar Power
Wind Power Fuel-Efficiency

WHAT CAN
YOU DO TO
HELP SOLVE
THE PROBLEM?

Simple Things To Do
Dress lightly when it’s hot instead of turning up
the air conditioning. Or use a fan.
Dress warmly when it’s cold instead of turning
up the heat.
Offer to help your parents keep the air filters on
your AC and furnace clean.
Walk short distances instead of asking for a
ride in the car.
Plant a tree.
Recycle.

OBJECTIVES:
Account for the occurence of
land and sea breezes,
monsoons, and intertropical
convergence zone (ITCZ)
S7ES-IVf-7

Activity 4.7- what happens to the air in the
surroundings as warm air rises?
Objective
1. explain what happens to the air
in the surroundings as warm air
rises.

Pre-activity
Make two holes in the box: one
hole on one side and another hole
on top (see drawing). Place the
cardboard tube over the hole on
top and tape it in place. Make a
window at the front side of the box
so you can see inside. Cover the
window with clear plastic to make
the box airtight.

Guide Questions:
Q1.Was your prediction
accurate?
Q2.What happened?
Q3. Can you explain why?

Sea Breeze:
During the day, the land warms up
faster than the water.
The warm air over the land rises,
while the cooler air over the water
sinks down and moves in to replace
the warm air.

As the warm air rises, it expands and
cools.
As it cools, it becomes more dense, so
that it sinks back down.
A convection current is created:

Land Breeze:
At night, dry land cools faster than
water, due to the water’s large
specific heat capacity.
Since the land cools faster than the
water, the air above the water is now
warmer and less dense than the air
above the dry land.

Therefore the path of the
convection current is the opposite
of the daytime current. Warmer
air above the water is rising,
drawing in the cooler air from the
land.

Write SEA if the statement describes sea breeze and
LAND if the statement describes land breeze. Write your
answer on the space provided before the number.
________1.Air blows in from the sea to the land to replace rising air.
________2. Air blows out from the land to the sea to replace rising air.
________3. During night time the land will cool down faster than the sea.
________4. Occurs during night time where both land and sea cool down.
________5. Occurs during daytime where the sea heat up faster than the land.
SEA
LAND
LAND
LAND
SEA

6. land
7. water
8. sea
9. up
10.down
11. amihan
12. habagat
13. Equator
14. North Pole
15. South Pole

ASSIGNMENT
•What is monsoons?
•What is ITCZ?

Do you know
what monsoons are?

Monsoon is a seasonal change in
direction of the prevailing, or
strongest, winds of a region.
Cause wet and dry seasons
throughout much of the tropics.

Monsoons are called amihan
or habagat, depending on
where the winds come from.

Activity 4.8- In what direction do winds blow–from
high to low pressure area or vice versa?
Objective
1. Interpret a map to determine direction of
wind movement
2. Explain why it is cold around in December
to February and warm around July.
3. Illustrate why habagat brings lots of rain
4. Give examples how the monsoons (amihan
and habagat) affect people.

Guide Questions:
Q1. Choose a low-pressure area and study the direction of the
winds around it. Do the winds move toward the low-pressure
area or away from it?
Q2. Choose a high-pressure area and study the direction of
the winds around it. Do the winds move toward the high-
pressure area or away from it?
Q3. In what direction do winds blow? Do winds blow from
high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas? Or, from low-
pressure areas to high-pressure areas?

Guide Questions:
Q4.Where is North in the map? South?West? East?
Write the directions on the map.
Q5.Where is the Philippines on the map? Encircle it.
Q6. Study the wind direction near the Philippine area.
From what direction does the wind blow near the
Philippines in January?
Q7. Study the wind direction near the Philippine area.
From what direction does the wind blow in the vicinity
of the Philippines in July?

What happens during
the colder months?

• The wind blows from the high-pressure area in the
Asian continent toward the low-pressure area south
of the Philippines.
• The cold air that we experience from December to
February is part of this wind system.
Amihan

• The wind passes over some bodies of water before it
reaches the Philippines.The wind picks up moisture
along the way and brings rain to the eastern part of
the Philippines.
Amihan cont’

What happens during
the warmer months?

Habagat
• The wind will move from the
high-pressure area in Australia
to the low-pressure area in the
Asian continent.

INTERTROPICAL
CONVERGENCE
ZONE
(ITCZ)

Where would you
observe the Sun
directly above
you? When you
are at the
equator? Or when
you are at a
higher latitude?

Where do
you think
will it be
warmer?

What is ITCZ?
• The Intertropical Convergence Zone or ITCZ
appears as a band of clouds, usually
thunderstorm that circle the globe near the
equator and it is where the trade winds in
the northeast and southwest meet or
converge.

• In the Northern Hemisphere, the trade winds move
in a South western direction from the northeast,
while in the Southern Hemisphere , they move
north westward from the southeast.
• When the ITCZ is positioned north or south of the
equator, these directions change according to the
coriolis Effect .In time, the rising warm air will form
clouds, which may lead to heavy rains and
thunderstorm.

QUIZ:
ClozeTest Directions: Using the word/s
inside the word pool, fill in the blanks with
the correct term that would complete the
thought of the paragraph.

The Intertropical Convergence Zone or ITCZ appears as
a band of clouds, usually thunderstorm that circle the
globe near the equator and it is where the trade winds
in the northeast and southwest meet or converge. In the
Northern Hemisphere, the trade winds move in a
South western direction from the northeast, while in
the Southern Hemisphere , they move north westward
from the southeast. When the ITCZ is positioned north
or south of the equator, these directions change
according to the coriolis Effect .In time, the rising warm
air will form clouds, which may lead to heavy rains and
thunderstorm.
1
2
3
4 5

1.C
2.D
3.B
4.D
5.A
6.D
7. Too cold, absence of ozone, absence of
cloud cover, high percentage of carbon
dioxide
8.A
9.D
10.D

11. B
12. Water vapor is short-lived while Co2 stays in the atmosphere for years
and even centuries that is why it has a much more long-term effect.
13. Plant use carbon dioxide to make food.When trees are cut, CO2 in the
atmosphere will not be used up.
14. Planting, trees, reducing use of gasoline, walking or riding a bicycle if
travelling in short distances.
15. A
16. A
17. 1
18. D
19. D
20. C
21. C

1.A
2.A
3.B
4.B
5.D
6.B
7.D
8.B
9.B
10.D

11.D
12.D
13.D
14.D
15.C
16.C
17.A
18.A
19.B
20.C

December
to
May
(a) cool dry season-
December to February
(b) hot dry season-
March to May.
Dry Season

S E A S O N S P E
U E X R Y Z N W Q
M F A L L B H U I
M C M S P R I N G
E E R Y U I O P S
R W I N T E R F D
W I N T E R
S
U
M
M
E
R
S E A S O N S
Hi I am
Mr. Sun!
Help me
find the
words in
the word
puzzle.
F A L L
S P R I N G

Using models, relate the tilt of the Earth
to the length of daytime.
S7ES-IVh-9
Objective:

Seasons are short periods
of climate change caused
by changes in the amount
of solar radiation (sunlight)
an area receives.

Summer
Answer GQ1
Role Playing
Winter
Answer GQ2
Singing
Presentation
Autumn
Answer GQ3
Newscasting
Spring
Answer GQ4

Activity 4.9- Why do seasons
change?
After performing this
activity, you should be
able to give one reason
why the seasons change.

Group Rules:
 Go to your designated
group silently
 Active participation is a
must.
 5 minutes to finish the
output and 2 minutes to
present your findings.

Q1. In which
month is the North
Pole tilted toward
the Sun– in June or
December?
The month in
which the North is
tilted toward the
Sun is in June.

Q2. In which
month is the North
Pole tilted away
from the Sun– in
June or December
The month in which
the North is tilted
away the Sun is in
December.

Q3. In June, which
hemisphere
receives direct rays
from the Sun– the
Northern
Hemisphere or
Southern
Hemisphere?
Northern Hemisphere

Q4. In December,
which hemisphere
receives direct rays
from the Sun- the
Northern Hemisphere
or Southern
Hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere

Why is it in the Northern
Hemisphere it is Summer while
in Southern Hemisphere it is
winter?

Are there any other
reason for the changing
of season?

The axis of the Earth
is not perpendicular
to the plane of its
orbit; it is tilted from
the vertical by 23.5
degrees.
The tilt of the Earth

• The Earth rotates on its axis
(imaginary vertical line around
which Earth spins) every 23
hours & 56 minutes or 1 day.
• Day on Earth is when our side of
the Earth faces the sun.
• Night on Earth is when the side
of Earth we are on faces away
from the sun.
Earth’s Rotation

• It takes the Earth 365
¼ days (or rotations)
to travel or revolve
around the Earth
once.
• This is called a year.
Earth’s Revolution

What happens
when the Earth
has moved to the
other side of the
Sun?

In what angle does the house receives
more sun rays?
or

Areas at a
higher angle
(closer to 90°)
receive more
total solar
radiation (sun
rays) than
areas where
sunlight
strikes at a
lower angle.
Add these
statements to
the diagram
on your notes
Latitude

Why does in the Philippines we doesn’t wear
thick clothes like in the picture?

What have you
learned?
What is the reason
of seasons?

• Tilt of the Earth
• Rotation
• Revolution and
Sun’s height
• Latitude of the
place

Activity 4.10- How does the length of daytime
and nighttime affect the season? Page 349
Objectives
1. Interpret data about sunrise and sunset
to tell when daytime is long and when
daytime is short;
2. Infer the effect of length of daytime and
nighttime on seasons;
3. Summarize the reasons why seasons
change based on Activity 9

Q1. Compare
the times of
sunrise from
January, 2011 to
December, 2011.
What do you
notice?
Guide Questions:

Q2. Compare
the times of
sunset during
the same
period. What
do you notice?
Guide Questions:

Q3. Compare the
time of sunrise on
June 22, 2011 with
that on December
22, 2011. On which
day did the Sun
rise earlier?
Guide Questions:

Q4. Compare the
time of sunset on
June 22, 2011 with
that on December
22, 2011. On which
day did the Sun
set later?
Guide Questions:

Q5. When
was
daytime the
longest?
Guide Questions:

Q6. When
was
daytime the
shortest?
Guide Questions:

• The length of daytime changes from
month to month.
• When the North Pole is tilted toward
the Sun, daytime will be longer than
nighttime in the Northern
Hemisphere.
What can you infer about the
activity?

What happens when daytime
is longer than nighttime?

The time of heating up during the day
will be longer than the time of cooling down
at night. The Northern Hemisphere steadily
warms up and the result is summer. At the
same time, in the Southern Hemisphere, the
opposite is happening. Nights are longer than
daytime. It is winter there.

• During Summer, days are
much longer than the
nights.
• During winter, the Sun's
rays hit the Earth at an
extreme angle, and the
days are very short.
Why do we have seasons?

Day= 12 hours
Night= 12 hours
• It literally means "equal
night".
• Sunlight strikes the earth
most directly at the
equator.
• This occurs twice a year.
Equinoxes

• when the tilt of the
Earth's axis is oriented
directly towards or
away from the Sun,
causing the Sun to
appear to reach its
northernmost and
southernmost
extremes.
Solstices

• Winter solstice is the
shortest day of the year. It
occurs on December 21 and
marks the beginning of
winter.
• Summer Solstice is the
longest day of the year. It
occurs on June 21 and marks
the beginning of summer.
Solstices

• During the winter the Northern
Hemisphere day lasts fewer than
12 hours and the Southern
Hemisphere day lasts more than
12 hours.
• During the winter solstice, the
North Pole has a 24-hour night
and the South Pole has a 24-hour
day.
• Sunlight strikes the earth most
directly at theTropic of
Capricorn.
Solstices

• the tilt of the Earth
• the direct rays of the
Sun, and the length of
daytime.
• Equinoxes and Solstices
What have you learned from
the discussion?

OBJECTIVES:
show what causes change in
the seasons in the Philippines
using models;
S7ES-IVi-10

OBJECTIVES:
explain how solar and
lunar eclipses occur;
S7ES-IVj-11

How about eclipses?
Do you know why they
occur?

Do you think
that shadows and
eclipses are
related in any
way?

Activity 4.11- Are there shadows in space?
Objective
After performing this activity, you
should be able to explain how
shadows are formed in space

Q1. What is formed on the other side of the
Moon?
Guided Questions:

Q2.What is formed on the surface of the Earth
Guided Questions:

Q3. What is formed on the white paper?
Guided Questions:

Q4. What happens to the shadow of the Moon as you
move the Moon around the Earth?
Guided Questions:

Q5. Observe the appearance of the Moon.What is the effect
of the shadow of the Earth on the Moon as the Moon reaches
position X (see drawing above)
Guided Questions:

How Do Eclipses Happen?
An eclipse occurs any
time something passes
in front of the Sun,
blocking its light. This
can be the Earth or the
Moon.

What is a solar eclipse?
When the Moon casts a shadow on
the Earth, causing the sun to go
dark.
The Moon comes between the Sun
and Earth and casts a shadow on
part of Earth (New Moon)
It occurs when the Moon comes
directly between the Sun and Earth.

Total Solar Eclipse
can only occur if you
are at the exact spot
within the moon’s
umbra (which isn’t
very big).
T
Y
P
E
S
OF
S
O
L
A
R

Partial Solar Eclipse
Visible if you are in
the penumbra of the
shadow. Only some
of the moon will be
shadowed.
T
Y
P
E
S
OF
S
O
L
A
R

Annular Eclipse
occurs when the moon
is farthest from the
Earth in its orbit.This
makes the moon look
smaller, so during the
eclipse you see an
outer ring of light from
the Sun.
T
Y
P
E
S
OF
S
O
L
A
R

When the Earth casts a shadow on
the moon, causing the moon to go
dark.
Earth comes between the Sun and
the Moon and casts a shadow on the
Moon (Full Moon)
It occurs when the Moon is
directly on the opposite side of
the Earth as the Sun.
What is a lunar eclipse?
When the Earth casts a shadow on
the moon, causing the moon to go
dark.
Earth comes between the Sun
and the Moon and casts a
shadow on the Moon (Full Moon)

• The Earth moves between the Sun and the Moon, blocking
th Sun’s light, and causing the moon to glow red.

• Umbra –The
dark inner
portion of the
shadow cone.
• Penumbra – the
lighter outer
portion of the
shadow.
A
N
A
T
O
M
Y

Total Lunar
Eclipse
when the Moon
passes completely
into the Umbra, or
total shadow of the
Earth.
T
Y
P
E
S
OF
L
U
N
A
R

Partial Lunar
Eclipse
Occur when the
Moon does not fully
move into the
Umbra
T
Y
P
E
S
OF
L
U
N
A
R

Penumbral Lunar Eclipse
When the moon passes only through the
penumbra, or partial shadow. They are barely
visible.
T
Y
P
E
S
OF
L
U
N
A
R

How often do Eclipses Happen?
• That depends!! Lunar Eclipses happen more often
than Solar Eclipses.
• Why? Well everyone who is experiencing nighttime
during a lunar eclipse can see it.
• But you have to be at the exact spot on Earth to see a
Solar Eclipse.
• The spot on Earth is so small, that the same place only
sees a Solar Eclipse every 350 years!!

Why Don’t We See Lunar Eclipses More Often?
• Well, lunar eclipses don’t
happen everyday because
the Moon’s orbit is tilted.
So, during most months,
the Moon is above or below
the Earth.

• Syzygy-The times
where the Moon, the
Earth, and the Sun line
up perfectly for an
eclipse.
Syzygy

True or False Direction:WriteTRUE if the statement describes
solar eclipse and FALSE if it is not.
_________ 1. A solar eclipse occurs during night time.
_________ 2.Those people in the umbra will see a total solar
eclipse.
_________ 3.Those people standing in the penumbra will see a
total solar eclipse.
_________ 4. Solar eclipse occur when the moon is in between the
sun and the Earth.
_________ 5. A total solar eclipse covers the whole part of the sun
including the corona.
FALSE
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
TRUE

6. In what phase of the moon
does lunar eclipse occur?
A.Full Moon
B.New Moon
C.First Quarter moon
D.Last Quarter moon

7. During a total lunar eclipse, what can
an observer see on the moon?
A. total darkness
B. photosphere of the sun
C. brightly illuminated ring of the Earth’s
atmosphere
D. brightly illuminated ring of the
moon’s atmosphere

8.Where on Earth can a lunar eclipse be
observed?
A. daytime of northern hemisphere
B. night time of northern hemisphere
C. daytime of northern and Southern
hemisphere
D. night time of northern and Southern
hemisphere

9.When will a lunar eclipse occur?
A. When Earth passes through moon’s
shadow
B. When Earth passes through the sun’s
shadow
C. When the moon passes through sun’s
shadow
D. When the moon passes through earth’s
shadow

10.What is the correct alignment
during a total lunar eclipse?
A. Sun, moon, earth
B. Earth, sun, moon
C. Sun, earth, moon
D. None of the above

OBJECTIVES:
collect, record, and report
data on the beliefs and
practices of the community in
relation to eclipses.
S7ES-IVj-12

FACTS, MYTHS, AND
SUPERSTITIONS

• a belief or way of behaving that is
based on fear of the unknown and
faith in magic or luck
• a belief that certain events or things
will bring good or bad luck.

• a traditional story, especially one
concerning the early history of a people or
explaining some natural or social
phenomenon, and typically involving
supernatural beings or events.b

• a thing that is known or
proved to be true and based
from scientific knowledge.

Objective:
When you finish this activity,
you should be able to
evaluate some beliefs about
eclipses.

Q1. Which beliefs and practices have
scientific bases? Why do you say so?
Q2. Which beliefs and practices have
no scientific bases? Support your
answer.

Which among the
beliefs you have
collected do you
consider true?

The increase of
harmful
microorganisms
during an
eclipse, are
passed on by
adults to young
children.

Deformity
of the baby
inside the
womb

It is bad to look
directly at the Sun
during a solar
eclipse. Doing so
will damage your
eyes.

4th Quarter Topics ALL IN- Grade 7 Science

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