This document describes British patent GB785288 (A) which was filed on June 12, 1953 and published on October 23, 1957. It relates to an air heating apparatus for motor vehicles that has its own heat source. The apparatus includes a combustion chamber, combustion air blower driven by a motor, and a pre-combustion chamber with an ignition plug and fuel feed device. It also includes means to keep the blower motor running after fuel supply is cut off to allow the apparatus to cool to a predetermined temperature.
This document describes patent GB785178 (A) relating to improvements in steam irons. It includes a U-shaped heating element with a flash boiler adjacent to one limb. Steam ports extend through the sole plate and a steam passage leads from the boiler alongside the heating element to superheat the steam before it exits the ports. The steam is generated in a zone of concentrated heat near the boiler and heating element and passes through the long steam passage where it remains in contact with the heating element to be fully superheated before exiting.
This document describes GB780189 (A), a 1957 patent for improvements to fuel injection systems in internal combustion engines. It aims to dispense with separate air compressors and fuel pumps by using a portion of compressed air in the cylinder to inject and atomize fuel. For four-stroke engines, sub-atmospheric pressure during the intake stroke draws fuel through a metering valve into the injector. For two-stroke engines, a low pressure pump forces fuel through the metering valve during the exhaust/transfer stroke. The timing of fuel injection is determined by an injector obstructing an opening to the combustion chamber at the end of the compression stroke.
This document provides an overview of forced draught burners, including:
1. Fundamental combustion principles such as basic reactions, combustion supporters, pollutant emissions, and combustion control.
2. Details of forced draught burner components like the combustion head, fan, fuel supply, electrical control, and noise levels. It includes diagrams of typical system layouts.
3. A process for selecting an appropriate forced draught burner based on criteria like thermal capacity, fuel type, and installation features. It includes an example selection.
4. Methods for measuring combustion efficiency using instruments to calculate efficiency factors.
5. Reference tables and diagrams on topics like measurement units, fuel properties, circuit dimensioning,
This document provides an overview of burner training for kilns. It discusses the key components of kiln burners, including the fuel supply system, air system, and electric system. The fuel supply system supplies liquid fuel from a tank to the burners via a pump, filter, and valves. The air system utilizes a combustion fan and atomizing fan to supply air and mix it with the fuel. It also includes air valves. The electric system controls ignition and monitoring using components like a solenoid valve, probes, electrodes, and a burner control device. The document provides details on setting up and operating the burners for preheating and firing steps.
The document discusses CFD analysis of a gas turbine combustor. It aims to optimize the diameter, position, and number of dilution holes in a can-type combustor. A 3D model was created using ANSYS CFX software. Simulations were performed with methane gas, varying the dilution hole parameters. The optimized design was found to have 5 holes of 30mm diameter in each of two rows arranged in a zigzag pattern. This provided the lowest combustor exit temperature. A structural analysis of the optimized model showed it was structurally stable with a safety factor of 2.95.
Deutz fahr agrocompact 70 f3 tractor parts catalogue manualufdjjskefksmem
This document contains an index of references for workshop standard times and repair times for Agrocompact tractor models. It includes sections for the engine, gearbox, chassis, cab, front hydraulic power-lift, S.A.C., accessories, and parts. Each section lists the component name in three languages and provides a reference number for locating repair times for that component in the catalog.
This document discusses burner management systems (BMS), including their objectives, design standards, logic, types, and interface with SCADA systems. A BMS is defined as a control system dedicated to boiler safety during startup, operation, and shutdown. The document outlines BMS logic including purge, igniter, and main flame interlocks. It describes early hardwired and solid state systems, as well as modern microprocessor-based and PLC-based BMS. PLC systems offer flexibility, redundancy, and integration with SCADA. In summary, the document provides an overview of BMS design, functionality, and system types.
OBJECTIVE QUESTION - ADVANCE IC ENGINE(ME6016) - UNIT 1 - SPARK IGNITION ENGINE MothilalThulasiraman
The document contains 61 multiple choice questions related to spark ignition engines, fuel injection systems, abnormal combustion (knocking), and factors that affect knocking. The questions cover topics like stoichiometric air-fuel ratios, mixture requirements for different engine operations, definitions of terms like mixture strength, types of fuel injection systems, functions of injection components, causes and effects of knocking, and methods to reduce knocking. The questions are accompanied by the name of the author who compiled the multiple choice questions.
This document describes patent GB785178 (A) relating to improvements in steam irons. It includes a U-shaped heating element with a flash boiler adjacent to one limb. Steam ports extend through the sole plate and a steam passage leads from the boiler alongside the heating element to superheat the steam before it exits the ports. The steam is generated in a zone of concentrated heat near the boiler and heating element and passes through the long steam passage where it remains in contact with the heating element to be fully superheated before exiting.
This document describes GB780189 (A), a 1957 patent for improvements to fuel injection systems in internal combustion engines. It aims to dispense with separate air compressors and fuel pumps by using a portion of compressed air in the cylinder to inject and atomize fuel. For four-stroke engines, sub-atmospheric pressure during the intake stroke draws fuel through a metering valve into the injector. For two-stroke engines, a low pressure pump forces fuel through the metering valve during the exhaust/transfer stroke. The timing of fuel injection is determined by an injector obstructing an opening to the combustion chamber at the end of the compression stroke.
This document provides an overview of forced draught burners, including:
1. Fundamental combustion principles such as basic reactions, combustion supporters, pollutant emissions, and combustion control.
2. Details of forced draught burner components like the combustion head, fan, fuel supply, electrical control, and noise levels. It includes diagrams of typical system layouts.
3. A process for selecting an appropriate forced draught burner based on criteria like thermal capacity, fuel type, and installation features. It includes an example selection.
4. Methods for measuring combustion efficiency using instruments to calculate efficiency factors.
5. Reference tables and diagrams on topics like measurement units, fuel properties, circuit dimensioning,
This document provides an overview of burner training for kilns. It discusses the key components of kiln burners, including the fuel supply system, air system, and electric system. The fuel supply system supplies liquid fuel from a tank to the burners via a pump, filter, and valves. The air system utilizes a combustion fan and atomizing fan to supply air and mix it with the fuel. It also includes air valves. The electric system controls ignition and monitoring using components like a solenoid valve, probes, electrodes, and a burner control device. The document provides details on setting up and operating the burners for preheating and firing steps.
The document discusses CFD analysis of a gas turbine combustor. It aims to optimize the diameter, position, and number of dilution holes in a can-type combustor. A 3D model was created using ANSYS CFX software. Simulations were performed with methane gas, varying the dilution hole parameters. The optimized design was found to have 5 holes of 30mm diameter in each of two rows arranged in a zigzag pattern. This provided the lowest combustor exit temperature. A structural analysis of the optimized model showed it was structurally stable with a safety factor of 2.95.
Deutz fahr agrocompact 70 f3 tractor parts catalogue manualufdjjskefksmem
This document contains an index of references for workshop standard times and repair times for Agrocompact tractor models. It includes sections for the engine, gearbox, chassis, cab, front hydraulic power-lift, S.A.C., accessories, and parts. Each section lists the component name in three languages and provides a reference number for locating repair times for that component in the catalog.
This document discusses burner management systems (BMS), including their objectives, design standards, logic, types, and interface with SCADA systems. A BMS is defined as a control system dedicated to boiler safety during startup, operation, and shutdown. The document outlines BMS logic including purge, igniter, and main flame interlocks. It describes early hardwired and solid state systems, as well as modern microprocessor-based and PLC-based BMS. PLC systems offer flexibility, redundancy, and integration with SCADA. In summary, the document provides an overview of BMS design, functionality, and system types.
OBJECTIVE QUESTION - ADVANCE IC ENGINE(ME6016) - UNIT 1 - SPARK IGNITION ENGINE MothilalThulasiraman
The document contains 61 multiple choice questions related to spark ignition engines, fuel injection systems, abnormal combustion (knocking), and factors that affect knocking. The questions cover topics like stoichiometric air-fuel ratios, mixture requirements for different engine operations, definitions of terms like mixture strength, types of fuel injection systems, functions of injection components, causes and effects of knocking, and methods to reduce knocking. The questions are accompanied by the name of the author who compiled the multiple choice questions.
This document provides an overview of common rail diesel fuel systems presented by Tony Kitchen of AK Training. It describes the key components of common rail systems including the high pressure fuel pump, fuel metering control valve, high pressure accumulator/common rail, fuel rail pressure sensor and control valve, and fuel injectors. The advantages of common rail systems are higher injection pressures, finer fuel atomization, and ability for multiple injections which reduce emissions and improve fuel efficiency.
The document discusses various aspects of fuel injection systems, including:
1) It describes the basic components and operation of port fuel injection and throttle body injection systems, including the fuel pump, fuel pressure regulator, injectors, and how they are controlled by the computer.
2) It explains the different types of fuel injection systems and how they determine the proper fuel amount, such as speed density and mass air flow systems.
3) It provides diagrams and descriptions of the main components like the fuel rail, injectors, and pressure regulator and how they function within the fuel injection system.
The document provides information on the technology of various non-moving and moving parts of an engine, including the engine block, wet liner, cylinder head, valves, pistons, connecting rods, rings, accessory gear train, balance shaft, lubrication system components, cooling system components, air circulation system, and tightening torques. It includes diagrams labeling the parts and providing specifications.
This document provides an overview of a training session on air compressors and compressed air systems. It discusses the different types of compressors including reciprocating, rotary, centrifugal and axial compressors. It also covers how to assess compressors and compressed air systems to determine capacity, efficiency and leaks. Finally, it outlines various energy efficiency opportunities such as optimizing pressure settings and intake air conditions, installing intercoolers and aftercoolers, minimizing leaks, and implementing proper maintenance practices.
This document lists equipment for an ammonia plant, organized into classes. It includes furnaces, heat exchangers, reactors, towers, drums, pumps, compressors, buildings, specialty equipment, electrical systems, instruments, and utilities. Over 100 items are described, ranging from the primary reformer and waste heat boilers to instrumentation, switchgear, and a deaerator.
The document discusses various engine systems including the valve train system, lubrication system, fuel system, and ignition system. It provides details on:
1. The valve train system controls the opening and closing of intake and exhaust valves through components like the camshaft, valves, springs, and timing gears. Correct valve timing is important for efficient engine operation.
2. The lubrication system supplies oil to engine components to reduce friction and heat, protecting the engine.
3. Fuel systems like carburetors and fuel injectors control the supply of air and fuel to the engine cylinders for combustion. Proper fuel metering is important for power and efficiency.
This document provides an overview of gas turbine fundamentals and components. It discusses the gas turbine course topics which include the lubrication oil system, hydraulic oil system, trip oil system and other key systems. It then summarizes the components and operation of a GE 9001E gas turbine, including descriptions of the compressor, combustion system, turbine, bearings and lubrication oil system.
This document provides instructions for operating a thermal power plant over the course of a day. It includes starting various systems like the coal handling plant, primary air fans, mills and coal feeders to start producing power. It also details increasing the load by bringing additional mills online and adjusting support systems. The goal is to eventually reach full load of 210 MW by following the specified procedures.
The document describes the key components and operation of an internal combustion engine. It explains that fuel is combusted within cylinders containing pistons, which convert the chemical energy to mechanical power via a crankshaft. The main components that enable this include the cylinder block, cylinder head, pistons and connected rods, crankshaft, and flywheel. The pistons reciprocate up and down within the cylinders due to combustion, transmitting power to the crankshaft via connecting rods.
This document describes a patent for a method of conditioning web-like materials in a closed chamber using a gaseous medium containing water vapor. The method involves dividing the conditioning process into separate treatment steps where the material is cooled between steps. The relative humidity is successively increased in each step. This allows for more even moisture distribution compared to previous single-step methods. Diagrams and figures show the multi-step apparatus used to perform this conditioning process.
This document provides technical specifications and component details for Tier II compliant diesel engines, including the 4045 and 6068 series. It describes key non-moving parts like the engine block, wet liner, and cylinder head. It also outlines technology for moving components such as pistons, connecting rods, balance shafts, and the lubrication and cooling systems. Precise diagrams and part labels are included to illustrate the components and systems.
This document describes improvements to cathode ray tubes with three electron guns for reproducing images in color television. It discloses a cathode ray tube with three parallel electron guns that produce coplanar electron beams that are scanned by two common deflecting fields perpendicular to each other. Two of the electron guns are associated with individual deviating systems located between the guns and deflecting fields to ensure the corresponding beams intersect the third beam on the target during scanning. The third gun does not have an individual deviating system. This allows the deflecting system to be energized with standard voltages while maintaining beam intersection, but the locus of beam intersections is not flat which is disadvantageous since the target is usually flat. Correcting voltages can be applied
This document describes British patent GB785283 (A) for shaped carbon or graphite bodies with high bending strength and tensile strength. The bodies consist of a graphite or carbon basic body reinforced with iron, steel, or nickel steel elements bonded with synthetic resins. The basic body is made from coke, anthracite or other carbonaceous materials shaped and heat treated. Reinforcing elements can be rods, wires or strips inserted into or on the surface of the basic body and bonded with resins like phenol-formaldehyde or furan resins. The reinforced bodies have applications like heat exchange tubes or rods.
The document describes an improved construction for frames for windows and doors. The frames are assembled using a key section that has longitudinal ribs with lateral projections that slide between ribs of fixed frame sections. This allows for rigid assembly of the fixed frames. Opening frames are assembled in a similar manner and are hinged to fixed frames to allow opening and closing. Surrounding sections are also described that allow the assembled frames to be fixed to wall anchors.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Comunicación Interactiva 5 - Modelos de negocio - UPEze Torres
El documento habla sobre conceptos clave para el desarrollo de una marca en redes sociales como segmentación de mercado, propuesta de valor, posicionamiento, tipos de modelos de negocio, contenido a publicar, métricas para medir el éxito y la importancia de administrar las redes sociales de manera constante.
BUILD UPON: Mieke Oostra - Experiences from de StroomversnellingGBC Finland
This document discusses the Dutch "de Stroomversnelling" program for renovating row housing to net zero energy buildings (nZEB). It was developed to accelerate deep retrofitting of housing associations and private homes. The program aims to convert 11,000 homes within 10 years through an integrated approach and new business models like an energy performance fee. It represents a shift from one-off pilot projects to implementing renovations at scale across entire regions. Further deals are now being developed in other Dutch provinces to continue driving the transition to energy neutral neighborhoods.
Este informe técnico describe las partes y funciones de una licuadora, incluyendo su historia y ventajas sobre inventos similares del pasado como la picadora. Explica que una licuadora está compuesta principalmente de un vaso de vidrio, tapa plástica y base con mecanismos eléctricos que permiten licuar alimentos de manera eficiente. Finalmente, sugiere mejoras al diseño y tiempo de funcionamiento de las licuadoras para hacerlas más accesibles.
The document discusses delivering trust through shared value and branding for shared value. It describes shared value as policies and practices that benefit both social progress and economic success. Brands can play a role in shared value by establishing a social purpose and enabling social and environmental impact as well as business growth through consumer participation. Telefonica UK's Think Big program is provided as an example, aiming to create agents of change through education initiatives that drive economic recovery and digital literacy.
This document provides an overview of common rail diesel fuel systems presented by Tony Kitchen of AK Training. It describes the key components of common rail systems including the high pressure fuel pump, fuel metering control valve, high pressure accumulator/common rail, fuel rail pressure sensor and control valve, and fuel injectors. The advantages of common rail systems are higher injection pressures, finer fuel atomization, and ability for multiple injections which reduce emissions and improve fuel efficiency.
The document discusses various aspects of fuel injection systems, including:
1) It describes the basic components and operation of port fuel injection and throttle body injection systems, including the fuel pump, fuel pressure regulator, injectors, and how they are controlled by the computer.
2) It explains the different types of fuel injection systems and how they determine the proper fuel amount, such as speed density and mass air flow systems.
3) It provides diagrams and descriptions of the main components like the fuel rail, injectors, and pressure regulator and how they function within the fuel injection system.
The document provides information on the technology of various non-moving and moving parts of an engine, including the engine block, wet liner, cylinder head, valves, pistons, connecting rods, rings, accessory gear train, balance shaft, lubrication system components, cooling system components, air circulation system, and tightening torques. It includes diagrams labeling the parts and providing specifications.
This document provides an overview of a training session on air compressors and compressed air systems. It discusses the different types of compressors including reciprocating, rotary, centrifugal and axial compressors. It also covers how to assess compressors and compressed air systems to determine capacity, efficiency and leaks. Finally, it outlines various energy efficiency opportunities such as optimizing pressure settings and intake air conditions, installing intercoolers and aftercoolers, minimizing leaks, and implementing proper maintenance practices.
This document lists equipment for an ammonia plant, organized into classes. It includes furnaces, heat exchangers, reactors, towers, drums, pumps, compressors, buildings, specialty equipment, electrical systems, instruments, and utilities. Over 100 items are described, ranging from the primary reformer and waste heat boilers to instrumentation, switchgear, and a deaerator.
The document discusses various engine systems including the valve train system, lubrication system, fuel system, and ignition system. It provides details on:
1. The valve train system controls the opening and closing of intake and exhaust valves through components like the camshaft, valves, springs, and timing gears. Correct valve timing is important for efficient engine operation.
2. The lubrication system supplies oil to engine components to reduce friction and heat, protecting the engine.
3. Fuel systems like carburetors and fuel injectors control the supply of air and fuel to the engine cylinders for combustion. Proper fuel metering is important for power and efficiency.
This document provides an overview of gas turbine fundamentals and components. It discusses the gas turbine course topics which include the lubrication oil system, hydraulic oil system, trip oil system and other key systems. It then summarizes the components and operation of a GE 9001E gas turbine, including descriptions of the compressor, combustion system, turbine, bearings and lubrication oil system.
This document provides instructions for operating a thermal power plant over the course of a day. It includes starting various systems like the coal handling plant, primary air fans, mills and coal feeders to start producing power. It also details increasing the load by bringing additional mills online and adjusting support systems. The goal is to eventually reach full load of 210 MW by following the specified procedures.
The document describes the key components and operation of an internal combustion engine. It explains that fuel is combusted within cylinders containing pistons, which convert the chemical energy to mechanical power via a crankshaft. The main components that enable this include the cylinder block, cylinder head, pistons and connected rods, crankshaft, and flywheel. The pistons reciprocate up and down within the cylinders due to combustion, transmitting power to the crankshaft via connecting rods.
This document describes a patent for a method of conditioning web-like materials in a closed chamber using a gaseous medium containing water vapor. The method involves dividing the conditioning process into separate treatment steps where the material is cooled between steps. The relative humidity is successively increased in each step. This allows for more even moisture distribution compared to previous single-step methods. Diagrams and figures show the multi-step apparatus used to perform this conditioning process.
This document provides technical specifications and component details for Tier II compliant diesel engines, including the 4045 and 6068 series. It describes key non-moving parts like the engine block, wet liner, and cylinder head. It also outlines technology for moving components such as pistons, connecting rods, balance shafts, and the lubrication and cooling systems. Precise diagrams and part labels are included to illustrate the components and systems.
This document describes improvements to cathode ray tubes with three electron guns for reproducing images in color television. It discloses a cathode ray tube with three parallel electron guns that produce coplanar electron beams that are scanned by two common deflecting fields perpendicular to each other. Two of the electron guns are associated with individual deviating systems located between the guns and deflecting fields to ensure the corresponding beams intersect the third beam on the target during scanning. The third gun does not have an individual deviating system. This allows the deflecting system to be energized with standard voltages while maintaining beam intersection, but the locus of beam intersections is not flat which is disadvantageous since the target is usually flat. Correcting voltages can be applied
This document describes British patent GB785283 (A) for shaped carbon or graphite bodies with high bending strength and tensile strength. The bodies consist of a graphite or carbon basic body reinforced with iron, steel, or nickel steel elements bonded with synthetic resins. The basic body is made from coke, anthracite or other carbonaceous materials shaped and heat treated. Reinforcing elements can be rods, wires or strips inserted into or on the surface of the basic body and bonded with resins like phenol-formaldehyde or furan resins. The reinforced bodies have applications like heat exchange tubes or rods.
The document describes an improved construction for frames for windows and doors. The frames are assembled using a key section that has longitudinal ribs with lateral projections that slide between ribs of fixed frame sections. This allows for rigid assembly of the fixed frames. Opening frames are assembled in a similar manner and are hinged to fixed frames to allow opening and closing. Surrounding sections are also described that allow the assembled frames to be fixed to wall anchors.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Comunicación Interactiva 5 - Modelos de negocio - UPEze Torres
El documento habla sobre conceptos clave para el desarrollo de una marca en redes sociales como segmentación de mercado, propuesta de valor, posicionamiento, tipos de modelos de negocio, contenido a publicar, métricas para medir el éxito y la importancia de administrar las redes sociales de manera constante.
BUILD UPON: Mieke Oostra - Experiences from de StroomversnellingGBC Finland
This document discusses the Dutch "de Stroomversnelling" program for renovating row housing to net zero energy buildings (nZEB). It was developed to accelerate deep retrofitting of housing associations and private homes. The program aims to convert 11,000 homes within 10 years through an integrated approach and new business models like an energy performance fee. It represents a shift from one-off pilot projects to implementing renovations at scale across entire regions. Further deals are now being developed in other Dutch provinces to continue driving the transition to energy neutral neighborhoods.
Este informe técnico describe las partes y funciones de una licuadora, incluyendo su historia y ventajas sobre inventos similares del pasado como la picadora. Explica que una licuadora está compuesta principalmente de un vaso de vidrio, tapa plástica y base con mecanismos eléctricos que permiten licuar alimentos de manera eficiente. Finalmente, sugiere mejoras al diseño y tiempo de funcionamiento de las licuadoras para hacerlas más accesibles.
The document discusses delivering trust through shared value and branding for shared value. It describes shared value as policies and practices that benefit both social progress and economic success. Brands can play a role in shared value by establishing a social purpose and enabling social and environmental impact as well as business growth through consumer participation. Telefonica UK's Think Big program is provided as an example, aiming to create agents of change through education initiatives that drive economic recovery and digital literacy.
http://anercia.com/el/products/10-products/43-i-doc
Πρόκειται για μία φορητή και εύχρηστη συσκευή που καθιστά την πρακτική του βελονισμού τόσο εύκολη που μπορεί να εφαρμοστεί απλά στην άνεση του προσωπικού χώρου του κάθε χρήστη. Η συσκευή συνοδεύεται και από βοηθητικούς χάρτες βελονιστικών σημείων και έτσι μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί και από ανθρώπους που δεν έχουν καμία γνώση των βασικών πρακτικών. Αυτή η απλή βελονιστική πρακτική μπορεί να ανακουφίσει τον κάθε ενδιαφερόμενο από συμπτώματα των στρεσογόνων ρυθμών της σύγχρονης ζωής.
India's GDP has grown significantly over the past 35 years, outpacing global growth. While its growth has been slower than China's, considering India's reforms began 13 years later, the difference is not as large. India's growth has been driven by the services sector rather than manufacturing. Rising incomes, falling interest rates, and increasing domestic savings are fueling strong consumption. Labor productivity has also increased faster than wages. Imports and exports as a percentage of GDP have risen steadily. FDI and FII inflows have grown substantially since economic reforms began in 1991. Outward FDI has increased 30-fold since the 1990s. Recently, inflation and interest rates have fallen in India, signaling an economic recovery.
Shared Value Initiative India connects the business and community leaders towards defining the practice of shared value in India. This initiative is committed to bringing forward the realization, understanding, adoption and implementation of the best practices for creating shared value among the companies, civil society and government organizations in India, thereby accelerating the economic and social progress towards a more equitable and sustainable world.
This document provides a 3-sentence summary of GB784603 (A) which describes a fuel feeding apparatus for pressure burners. The apparatus includes a valve body with passages that selectively connect a mixture tube, air passage, and fuel passages. A stationary rubber disk member and rotatable disk valve member control the connections between passages for starting, running, and shutting off the burner. The valve members and passages allow the burner to be supplied with an air-fuel mixture for starting and then operated with vaporized liquid fuel from the fuel tank.
This document describes a fuel control system for gas turbine engines that aims to prevent compressor stall during acceleration. It does this by modulating the fuel flow to create pulsations in the compressor discharge pressure. As the engine accelerates, the amplitude of these pulsations diminishes as it approaches stall. The system uses sensors to detect changes in pulsation amplitude and control the fuel flow accordingly, allowing maximum acceleration without risk of stall.
This patent document describes a combustion process for internal combustion engines that features:
1) A subdivided combustion chamber, such as a pre-combustion chamber or turbulence chamber.
2) Combustion air is caused to rotate in the chamber and fuel is injected into the rotating air.
3) The temperature of the chamber wall is automatically controlled based on engine operating conditions to optimize combustion.
This patent document describes a combustion process for internal combustion engines that features:
1) A subdivided combustion chamber, such as a pre-combustion chamber or turbulence chamber.
2) Combustion air is caused to rotate in the chamber and fuel is injected into the rotating air.
3) The temperature of the chamber wall is automatically controlled based on engine operating conditions to optimize combustion.
This patent document describes a combustion process for internal combustion engines that features:
1) A subdivided combustion chamber, such as a pre-combustion chamber or turbulence chamber.
2) Combustion air is caused to rotate in the chamber and fuel is injected into the rotating air.
3) The temperature of the chamber wall is automatically controlled based on engine operating conditions to optimize combustion.
1) The document describes a combustion process for internal combustion engines that involves subdividing the combustion space. It involves causing combustion air to rotate in the subdivided chamber, injecting fuel into the rotating air, and automatically controlling the temperature of the chamber wall based on engine operating conditions.
2) Key features include tangential transfer ducts that impart rotation to the air in the chamber, and a heating element like a resistance wire around the chamber to control its wall temperature. This helps ensure uniform combustion conditions.
3) The process can be used with pre-combustion chambers or turbulence chambers, and provides benefits like improved fuel combustion, power output, and emissions. It allows optimizing the interaction of factors like
This document describes fire extinguishing installations with distributed gas-operated valves. Each valve has two pairs of ports that isolate gas and fire extinguishing agent flows. When a fire occurs, gas opens the relevant valve allowing gas to operate release mechanisms and agent to flow to the risk point. Valves prevent pressurization during opening to avoid seal damage. Installations include single or multiple agent sources and gas supplies, with pilot valves or containers to individually activate distributing valves based on fire detection.
This document describes a patent application for a device to control back pressure in hydraulic systems. The device includes a pressure sensitive member extending into the supply and discharge conduits, with a valve element on one end to engage a valve seat in the discharge conduit. This maintains the back pressure in the discharge conduit at a predetermined ratio to the pressure in the supply conduit, such as 1/16, to prevent cavitation and noise. The device controls high velocity fluid flows when the control valve is moved, regulating pressure drops that could otherwise cause issues.
This document describes improvements to an apparatus for applying edible fats to bakery dough pieces on a conveyor belt. The apparatus sprays precise amounts of oil onto dough pieces from nozzles connected to a high-pressure pump. Excess oil is scraped off the conveyor belt into a tray and drained back into the oil tank through strainers. The pump, nozzles, and conveyor speed are adjustable to ensure each dough piece receives only the optimal amount of lubrication.
This document describes a new class of substituted cyclopentyl compounds useful for therapeutic purposes. Specifically, it describes cyclopentyl acetic acid amides containing substituents that are obtainable by condensing cyclopentyl acetic acid or derivatives with ammonia, amines or ureas. The document provides an example for synthesizing cyclopentyl-bromo-acetamide in three steps: 1) brominating cyclopentyl acetic acid, 2) converting it to the acetylchloride derivative, and 3) reacting it with aqueous ammonia. These compounds have sedative properties and can be used as intermediates for producing other therapeutic agents or used directly as therapeutics.
This document describes two embodiments of a clothes dryer invention. The first embodiment uses turbine blades mounted on the rotating drum to be turned by incoming air from a vacuum cleaner, rotating the drum. The second embodiment uses a turbine connected to the drum via a reduction drive using friction pulleys to rotate the drum. Both embodiments aim to rotate a drum containing clothes using a flow of air from an external source like a vacuum cleaner to dry the clothes.
This document describes a high temperature control system and apparatus that uses mercury vapor as a temperature sensitive element. It includes a flexible diaphragm connected to a mercury-filled tube that is exposed to high temperature gases. When the temperature exceeds a control point, mercury vapor pressure exerts force on the diaphragm to actuate a beam and control valve. This provides fast, sensitive temperature control without needing bulky thermocouples or systems with pressure transmission lags.
This document describes a 1957 patent for an oscillating column combustion apparatus. The apparatus has a combustion chamber and pulsating tube that form an acoustic resonator. It is an improvement over prior designs by introducing the combustion mixture tangentially into the cylindrical combustion chamber through a mixing tube. This causes the mixture to circulate and thermally prepare along the hot chamber walls before igniting, overcoming issues with deposits clogging inlet throats in previous models. The pulsating tube can be arranged coaxially to induce better vortexing for ignition.
This patent document describes improvements to a refrigerant compressor. It provides a compressor with a crankcase that communicates with a cylinder and piston. It includes a check valve to allow gas to flow from the crankcase to an inlet, and an orifice to allow lubricant to return from the inlet to the crankcase when there is a pressure differential. The orifice is located such that the piston passes it on the compression stroke, creating lower pressure to draw oil from the inlet settling chamber back to the crankcase. This ensures adequate lubrication without depleting the oil supply.
This patent document describes improvements to a refrigerant compressor. It provides a compressor with a crankcase that communicates with a cylinder and piston. It includes a check valve to allow gas to flow from the crankcase to an inlet, and an orifice to allow lubricant to return from the inlet to the crankcase when there is a pressure differential. The orifice is located such that the piston passes it on the compression stroke, creating lower pressure to draw oil back into the crankcase from the inlet settling chamber. This provides a simple way to return oil entrained in the refrigerant gas back to the compressor crankcase.
This patent document describes improvements to a refrigerant compressor. It provides a compressor with a crankcase that communicates with a cylinder and piston. It includes a check valve to allow gas to flow from the crankcase to an inlet, and an orifice to allow lubricant to return from the inlet to the crankcase when there is a pressure differential. The orifice is located such that the piston passes it on the compression stroke, creating lower pressure to draw oil back into the crankcase from a sump in the inlet settling chamber. This provides a simple way to return oil entrained in the refrigerant gas back to the compressor crankcase.
This document describes an air conditioning installation for rooms that comprises a fresh air receiver supplied with conditioned fresh air at pressure, expansion nozzles that expand the fresh air into a mixing chamber to mix with room air sucked in, and a heat exchanger to heat or cool the room air mixture before it flows into the room. The invention involves widening the free cross-section of the mixing chamber as the distance from the expansion nozzles increases, which improves the flow of room air through the heat exchanger and circulation of air in the room.
This patent document describes improvements to internal combustion engines with two or more cylinders. Specifically, it describes an engine where one rotary valve controls the inlet and outlet of two adjacent cylinders. The rotary valve rotates at half the crank shaft speed and has an axis that is inclined at an angle between 15 and 45 degrees to the cylinder axes. This arrangement allows for a compact design with advantages for the combustion chamber shape and spark plug placement.
This document describes a starting switch for internal combustion engines comprising electrical contacts in a housing and a rotor mounted in the housing. The rotor is operatively connected to an actuating shaft to close the contacts. A suction responsive ball is adapted to move to an effective position by engine suction to block rotation of the rotor and prevent closing of the contacts after the engine starts. The starting switch utilizes a spherical suction responsive member and provides initial positive actuation of the member to keep it from sticking, making the switch self-cleaning and unaffected by dirt or impurities.
This document describes a patent for an electric starting switch for internal combustion engines. The starting switch uses a rotor mounted in a housing connected to the throttle shaft. A suction-responsive ball is moved into position by engine vacuum to prevent the rotor from closing the electrical contacts and energizing the starting motor after the engine starts. The relatively compact design uses a minimum number of parts and a self-cleaning ball to remain unaffected by dirt or impurities.
This document summarizes a patent for manufacturing oximes of cycloaliphatic ketones. It describes a process where salts of thiosulphuric acid or polythionic acids are used as reducing agents in aqueous solution to produce oximes from water-soluble salts of secondary nitro-compounds in the cycloaliphatic series. The ratio used is 1 mole of nitro-compound to 1-1.5 moles of reducing agent salt. Examples provided demonstrate producing cyclohexanone oxime from nitrocyclohexane using sodium thiosulphate or sodium trithionate as the reducing agent. Yields of up to 92% of the oxime product are achieved.
This document describes glyoxalidine corrosion inhibitors for use in hydrocarbon liquids like gasoline and diesel fuel. Specifically, it describes new chemical compounds that are salts of a glyoxalidine and an organic aliphatic dicarboxylic acid with at least 10 carbon atoms. These compounds are effective corrosion inhibitors for ferrous metals in contact with hydrocarbon liquids that contain small amounts of water. Test results show that reactions products of sebacic acid and certain glyoxalidines can inhibit corrosion in gasoline-water systems at low concentrations.
This document describes a patent for improvements in the production of the antibiotic griseofulvin under deep culture conditions. It finds that griseofulvin can be produced on a large scale through submerged aerobic culture of suitable organisms, such as Penicillium patulum, if the available nitrogen level in the culture medium is carefully controlled between 0.04-0.3% nitrogen. Optimum yields are obtained at nitrogen levels of 0.075-0.25%, with the specific optimum depending on factors like inoculum type and fermenter size.
The document describes new disazo dyes and copper complexes of those dyes. The dyes correspond to general formula 1, where R1 is the residue of an oxybenzene-ortho-carboxylic acid, R2 and R3 are benzene residues with the carbon atoms bound to the azo linkage and carboxamide group separated by at least one carbon atom, and R4 is a benzene residue containing a sulphonic acid, carboxylic acid, or carboxymethoxy group. The dyes can be prepared by coupling a diazo compound of an aminoazo dye with a phenylamino-8-oxynaphthalene compound. The resulting dyes and their copper complexes are
This document describes improvements to self-supporting containers made of carbon or graphite. It discusses how prior containers used ceramic linings that had poor thermal conductivity. The new containers described are built from interlocking carbon or graphite plates that form a self-supporting inner structure. This allows the container to be spaced within an outer metal or concrete vessel, improving heat transfer and accommodating different expansion rates of the materials. Diagrams show how the plates interlock at joints and are held together with cement.
The document describes improvements to the "oxo process" for producing oxygenated organic compounds from olefins using carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and a carbonylation catalyst. Specifically, it involves using a catalyst combination that is particularly effective for catalyzing the reaction. The oxo process typically involves three stages - an initial reaction of the olefin with carbon monoxide and hydrogen over a cobalt catalyst to produce aldehydes, removal of soluble metal compounds from the product, and then hydrogenation of the aldehydes to alcohols. The invention relates to improving the catalyst used in the first stage of the reaction.
1) The document describes improvements to packaging containers that provide reinforcement and strength.
2) The containers have a non-metallic shell and bottom each with a corrosion-resistant thin inner lining that is partly inside and partly outside the container.
3) The shell has an outer reinforcing metal covering that is folded together with the outer parts of the linings to seal the container while keeping the bottom and shell unfolded.
This document summarizes a patent for recovering cooking liquor from spent soda pulping liquors. It describes how traditional soda pulping processes are expensive and wasteful due to the loss of sodium hydroxide in washings and stack gases. The invention provides a practical method for regenerating the soda with minimal loss, eliminating hazards and allowing recovery of soda cooking liquor from waste liquors containing it.
This document describes a multi-tray clarifier system for clarifying liquids containing suspended solids. The system uses multiple compartments and a central feedwell system to evenly distribute incoming feed between compartments. This even distribution allows for simplification of the clarifier design by reducing the number of intermediate compartments needed compared to previous clarifier designs.
This document describes improvements to control means for electric current converters. It discusses providing control of discharge paths through respective control electrodes over a wide range, from rectifier to inverter operation. Each control electrode is connected to two inductive members (transformers or chokes) supplied with phase-displaced operating currents/voltages from AC busbars. There are means for imparting a commonly variable direct current premagnetization and means for imparting independently pre-settable direct current premagnetizations, allowing control of each electrode's feed to provide a control voltage during a portion of the converter's total control range.
The document describes improvements to a storage device for cylindrical objects like barrels. The storage device features an inclined rack with a gate at the lower end that retains the cylindrical objects. The gate has two angular portions - a first portion with an upstanding stop member, and a second portion that acts as a positive stop as long as an object is resting on the first portion. This allows objects to be released individually from the storage device when the gate is opened.
This document summarizes an invention for improvements in single-sideband radio transmission systems. It describes a system that uses band compression at the transmitter and band expansion at the receiver to transmit a single-sideband signal while reducing the required bandwidth. The system detects the signal envelope and uses it to amplitude modulate the compressed single-sideband signal before transmission. At the receiver, the system uses the detected envelope to reconstruct the original single-sideband signal from the received compressed signal. The document provides detailed descriptions and diagrams of transmitter and receiver embodiments.
This document summarizes a patent for an improved paper pattern that can be temporarily bonded to fabric. The pattern is made of thin, flexible paper with markings on top. The underside has a heat-sealable, lubricous resin that is non-adhesive at room temperature but becomes adhesive when heated. This allows the pattern to be temporarily bonded to fabric to facilitate needlework while maintaining lubricity for easy needle passage. The resin may be an ethylene polymer, vinyl chloride polymer, or other specified thermoplastic. Figures show applying multiple patterns to fabric with an iron, an enlarged cross-section, and joining cut fabric pieces with attached patterns.
This document describes improvements to gyroscope apparatus. It summarizes two different gyroscope designs that use air bearings to support a rotating gyroscope rotor. In the first design, the rotor is supported within a concentric casing on a spherical air bearing. The casing is driven by a tubular drive shaft connected to conventional bearings. In the second design, a wheel-shaped rotor is supported within a spherical casing on an air bearing. The casing is driven by electric motor integrated with the lower casing portion and supported by ball bearings. Both designs use pickoffs and electromagnetic means to apply torques to the rotor and counteract precession forces to keep the rotor axis aligned with the casing rotation axis.
This document describes improvements to telephone systems, specifically regarding private automatic branch exchanges (PABX) serving large numbers of subscribers across multiple locations. It details a system with a parent PABX connected via two-wire tie-lines to satellite automatic exchanges. The parent PABX operator can set up calls to subscribers on satellite exchanges and receive visual supervisory indications of call progress over the tie-lines. This is achieved through signals sent on a non-speaking conductor and distinctive signals involving potential reversals at the tie-line conductors.
This document describes a patent for improvements in reciprocating motors that are actuated by a fluid supplied at constant pressure. It involves a piston valve that moves alternately into two positions, connecting one side of the piston to the pressure fluid supply and the other side to exhaust. Plungers on each side of the piston can enter cylindrical spaces at the end of the piston's working stroke to build up pressure and cause the valve to switch positions for the return stroke. Optional features include non-return valves in ducts connecting the valve cavities to the spaces to control fluid flow. The invention is intended for hydraulic motors but not limited to that application or liquid as the working fluid.
This document provides details of GB784673 (A) and GB784674 (A), which are patent specifications for two inventions. GB784673 (A) describes a method of producing printed circuit master drawings by removing portions of a black layer on a board to define a circuit pattern. GB784674 (A) describes a mending plug for tubeless tires, specifically a hollow rubber cylindrical plug inserted into punctures using an insertion tool. The document outlines the techniques and provides figures to illustrate the methods.
This document summarizes a patent for a machine that applies rubber caps to containers. It describes a machine with fingers arranged in an annular form that can place a cap, and pistons that impart radial movement to the fingers. It also includes a rotary table to carry containers, a head carrying the fingers that can slide, and a piston to actuate the head. The machine applies caps by extending the fingers to stretch the cap over the container, then retracting the fingers to leave the cap in place.
This document describes a process for dyeing or printing textiles or foils made of cellulose esters or linear aromatic polyesters. Specifically, it involves using acid dyestuffs from the anthraquinone series that have a sulphonic acid group that can be split off by a reducing agent. This causes the dyestuff to become insoluble and bond to the textile or foil substrate. Examples are provided of dyeing various materials like polyester fibers, acetate rayon and cellulose triacetate fibers using different dyestuffs and reducing agents. The dyed materials exhibit good light and wash fastness according to the document.
The document describes two embodiments of a mechanical gland seal for preventing liquid leakage along rotor shafts of rotary pumps. The first embodiment uses a spring bellows to apply pressure to a carbon ring, sealing it against the shaft flange. An O-ring additionally seals the interior from the exterior of the housing. The second embodiment uses a spring-loaded header ring compressing an H-section seal between the header and a carrier holding the carbon ring, sealing both the interior and along the shaft flange.
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1. * GB785288 (A)
Description: GB785288 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Air-heating apparatus particularly for motor vehicles
Description of GB785288 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
785288 Date of application and filing Complete Specification: June 12,
1953.
No 16324153.
Application made in Germany on June 13, 1952.
Application made in Germany on Oct 21, 1952.
Application made in Germany on Oct 22, 1952.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Classes 64 ( 1), L 2 A 1; and 75 ( 1), TA 2 A 1,
TG( 11: 17: 19).
International Classification: -F 23 d, f F 24 c.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Air-Heating Apparatus particularly for Motor Vehicles We, WALTER
EBERSPACHER and HELMUT EBERSPACHER, both of German Nationality,
trading as J EBERSPACHER, of Eberspacherstrasse 24, Esslingen/Neckar,
Germany, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement: -
The invention relates to an air-heating apparatus which has its own
source of heat, and which is particularly adapted for use in motor
vehicles.
According to the invention, an air-heating apparatus, particularly for
motor vehicles, comprises a combustion chamber, a combustion air
blower and a motor for driving the blower, all having a common
longitudinal axis, and a pre-combustion chamber with an ignition plug
and a fuel feed device, and means for maintaining the motor in
operation after the fuel supply to the combustion chamber has been cut
off, until the apparatus has cooled to a predetermined temperature.
The means for maintaining the blower motor in operation after the fuel
2. supply has been cut off advantageously includes a thermal
circuit-breaker which is in electrical connection with the ignition
plug in the precombustion chamber and with the blower motor, and with
the aid of which the ignition plug can be switched off when the
heating flame has been lit and the blower motor maintained in
operation until the apparatus has cooled to a predetermined
temperature, after the fuel supply has been cut off Thus the apparatus
may be cooled and cleansed of residual gases.
In order to set the heating apparatus into operation, an electric main
switch is provided which is so constructed that in the switchedon
position current is supplied to a valve controlling the fuel flow, to
the blower motor, to the ignition plug and to the thermal
circuit-breaker When the main switch is in the lPrice 3 s 6 d l Ffce 4
S switched-off position, current is supplied only to the blower motor
through the thermal circuit-breaker.
The invention is diagrammatically illus 50 trated by way of example in
the accompanying drawings, in which, Figure 1 is a longitudinal
section of the heating apparatus, Figure 2 is a longitudinal section
of the 55 combustion chamber and of the pre-combustion chamber of the
heating apparatus, Figure 3 is a section through the pre-combustion
chamber, Figure 4 is a cross -section of the fuel 60 supply means with
the pre-combustion chamber and the combustion chamber, Figure 5 shows
diagrammatically a stand pipe and a nozzle connection, and Figure 6
shows a nozzle connection with 65 fuel control means in longitudinal
section.
In the air-heating apparatus, a casing 1 surrounds an annular heat
exchanger 2, a central cylindrical chamber 44, and a cylindrical
combustion chamber 3, which all have 70 a common longitudinal axis A
cylindrical whirler body 4 extends into the chamber 3.
A fresh air blower 5 and a combustion air blower 6 are both mounted on
a motor 7, on the same longitudinal axis as that of the 75 chamber 3,
and are driven by the motor 7.
The fresh air fed-in by the blower 5 flows through the interior of the
heating apparatus casing 1, is heated by the heat exchanger 2 and the
combustion gases in the central 80 chamber 44, and passes into the
space to be heated through the opening 8 disposed at the end of the
apparatus The combustion gases pass through the central chamber 44 and
are discharged to atmosphere through apertures 85 45, heat exchanger 2
and an outlet pipe 9, which is mounted on the heat exchanger.
Mounted on the apparatus casing and extending into the heat exchanger
is a thermal switch 19, which is effective to maintain the 90 motor 7
in operation for a limited period of time after the heating has been
switched off.
1, C-^'L Also mounted on the heating apparatus casing, approximately
3. at the level of the motor 7, is a float device, including a float 10,
for regulating the flow of fuel A valve 11 having no operative
relationship with the float 10, is provided and is controlled by an
electromagnet which, when energised, opens the valve and permits the
flow of fuel The float device 10 is supplied with fuel from a fuel
tank (not shown) through a pipe 12 The fuel is then fed to the
pre-combustion chamber 18 through a jet 15 which is adjustable to vary
the fuel flow, pipe 16 and fuel feed pipe 17 If it is desired to
increase the rate of flow of air through the heating apparatus, means
are provided for proportionately increasing the flow of fuel These
means comprise a compressed air line 13, connected to the casing 1 by
a screw closure in such manner as to receive pressure from the blower
fan 5 The pressure is transmitted through the line 13 to the fuel tank
and thence through the pressure equalising line 14 to the float device
so as to act upon the float 10 in such manner as to permit an
increased flow of fuel to a pre-combustion chamber 18.
In the partial illustration shown in Figure 2, several whirler vanes
20 are provided on the periphery of the whirler body 4 disposed in the
combustion chamber 3 The whirler vanes 20 cause turbulence of the
conveyed combustion air in the combustion chamber.
The driving motor 7 and the blower fan 6 are surrounded by a casing 21
and a guide vane housing 22.
A cowling 23 is disposed at the oppositely disposed opening of the
combustion chamber Disposed between the blower fan 6 and the guide
vane housing 22 are guide vanes 24 The pre-combustion chamber 18 is
mounted laterally of the combustion chamber 3, and on the periphery
thereof, and consists of a cylindrical or conical hollow body, into
which the ignition plug 25 is fitted by screwing The element wires 26
of the ignition plug 25 are disposed approximately at the level of the
whirler vanes 20, and approximately at the boundary between the pre
combustion chamber and the combustion chamber.
The fuel pipe 17 opens out into the hollow body 27 of the
pre-combustion chamber 18 and is inclined at an angle of up to 60 ' to
the axis of the pre-combustion chamber The fuel pipe 16 is connected
to the fuel feed pipe 17 in known manner by means of a screw cap 28 A
displacement wire 29 is provided within the fuel pipe 16 and extends
as far as the screw cap leaving open a determined cross sectional area
30 for capillary effect.
Instead of the device for the supply of readily volatile fuels
hereinbefore described, according to the invention furthermore,
provision is made for pumping fuel by means of an electric fuel pump
and for passing it to the combustion chamber through a nozzle
connection of special construction to the fuel feed pipe which is
connected to the pre-com 70 bustion chamber The nozzle connection
4. consists of a stand pipe which is provided with an inlet nozzle, a
supply nozzle, and an overflow nozzle The feed of the fuel to the
stand pipe is effected through the inlet nozzle 75 and through the
supply nozzle leading to the combustion chamber Both nozzles are so
adjusted that a determined excess of fuel is always supplied to flow
off through an overflow provided on the stand pipe 80 For rendering
the fuel feed controllable, the supply nozzle is advantageously
provided in the stand pipe so as to be displaceable so that the amount
of fuel supplied to the combustion chamber may be varied as In the
modifications illustrated in Figures 4 to 6, the nozzle connection 31
is connected to the fuel feed pipe 17 by means of a screw cap 32 and a
packing 33 so as to be replaceable The direction of flow of the fuel
34 90 is illustrated by arrows in Figures 5 and 6.
The inlet nipple 35 is screwed into the stand pipe 31 and is provided
in its interior with an inlet nozzle 36, through which the fuel flows
into the stand pipe A supply nozzle 95 37 is provided at the lower end
of the stand pipe, and an overflow nipple 38 above the fuel level, for
returning the fuel to the fuel tank The overflow nipple 38 is provided
in its interior with an outlet nozzle 39 A venti 100 lating pipe 40
may be provided at the upper end of the nozzle connection 31.
In the further constructional example illustrated in Figure 6, the
supply nozzle 37 is provided so as to be displaceable in the 105 stand
pipe by means of a piston rod 41 with a piston 42 and a
circumferential sealing ring 43 The supply nozzle 37 is screwed into
the head of the piston 42 and is in communication with the fuel 34
through a drilled 110 hole 44 At the upper end of the stand pipe the
piston rod 41 extends into the nozzle connection, the internal space
being sealed by the stuffing box screw nut 45 and the annular packing
ring 46 The end 47 of the 115 piston rod projecting from the nozzle
connection serves as means for connecting the piston to the control
devices In this arrangement it is also possible, if desired, to
provide the inlet nipple 35 at the position 35 ' indi 120 cated in dot
and dashed lines in Figure 6 at the same level as the overflow pipe
38, or below the overflow pipe as shown at 3511.
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5. * GB785289 (A)
Description: GB785289 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Knitted fabric and method of and apparatus for the production thereof
Description of GB785289 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
785289 _ i 2 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification
June 23, 1953.
No 17411153.
Complete Specification Published Oct 23, 1957.
Index at acceptance: -Class 74 ( 2), CIA( 5: 6), K 4 A( 2: 4: 12).
International Classification: -D 04 b.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Knitted Fabric and method of and Apparatus, for the Production thereof
I, MAX NEBEL, of 160, Waldstrasse, Wiesbaden, Germany, a German
Citizen, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a
patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement: This invention relates to a knitted fabric and to a method
of and apparatus for production thereof.
The invention relates more particularly to fine-gauge knitted fabrics
made on a circular knitting machine with one needle row, and aims at
providing a knitted fabric which will not ladded or run in use.
The present invention also aims at providing a loop construction in
which loosening of stitches cannot occur.
To this end, referring to Fig 1 of the accompanying drawings, the
present invention consists in a knitted fabric in which which each
course consists of stitches of two yarns each stitch being knitted
from a ground yarn (g) and an additional yarn (a, b), ground yarn
being knitted with every course and wale, and the additional yarn (b)
knitted with the ground yarn (g) in evry alternate wale (AW) of
alternate courses (AC) ground yarn (g) being knitted in the
intermediate wales (IW) of said alternate coures (AC) with a long loop
(bh) of said additional yarn (b) which extends over two courses from a
previous course in which said additional yarn (b) is knitted with
ground yarn (g), ground yarn (g) being also knitted with the
additional yarn (a) in every said intermediate wale (IW) of the
6. intermediate courses (IC), ground yarn (g) being knitted in the
alternate wales (AW) of said intermediate courses (IC) with a long
loop (ah) of said additional yarn (a) which extends over two courses
from a previous course in which said additional yarn (a) is knitted
with ground yarn (g).
The invention also consists in a method of producing the fabric above
described which comprises forming alternate courses by feeding a
ground yarn to all the needles, feeding an additional yarn to
alternate needles to knit in lPrice 3 s 6 d l alternate wales in one
said alternate course normal stitches from said two yarns, forming the
portions of said additional yarn between said alternate needles into
long loops in the intermediate wales in said one alternate course, and
knitting ground yarn in the said intermediate wales of said one
alternate course with a said long loop formed during the knitting of
the preceding alternate course, and forming intermediate courses in
like manner but with the normal stitches in the intermediate wales and
the stitches knitted from the long loops of additional yarn and ground
yarn in the alternate wales.
Such a knitted fabric may be produced, according to the invention, on
a circular knitting machine which comprises two groups of needles and
two groups of loop transfer members (hereinafter referred to as "
transferring sinkers ") associated therewith, the needles and
transferring sinkers of the first group being arranged in alternation
with the needles and transferring sinkers of the second group, a pair
of thread guides, one for feeding a ground yarn and one for feeding an
additional yarn, the thread guide for the ground yarn being positioned
in a lower horizontal plane than the thread guide for the additional
yarn so that the ground yarn is fed beneath the transferring sinkers
to all the needles and the additional yarn is fed to the needles of
the second group and over the transferring sinkers associated with the
needles of the first group, and a further pair of thread guides
similarly arranged to feed ground yarn to all the needles and
additional yarn to the needles of the first group and over the
transferring sinkers associated with the second group of needles, the
needles of one group and the transferring sinkers associated therewith
being operable in such manner that after the additional yarn is fed
over a said transferring sinker the latter is withdrawn out of the row
of needles to hold the long loop formed thereover clear of the
associated needle which knits ground yarn together with a long loop
previously transferred to said needle from its associated transferring
sinker, said associPice 25 p ated needle then receiving ground yarn
and additional yarn from said second pair of thread guides to knit in
the next course a normal stitch from said two yarns and thereafter the
said transferring sinker is moved back into the row of needles to
7. transfer said long loop to the said needle to knit said long loop with
the ground yarn fed by the ground yarn thread guide of the first pair
in to a two thread stitch in the next but one course, the needles and
transferring sinkers of the other group being operable in like manner.
In order that the invention may be more readily understood, reference
is made to the accompanying drawings which illustrate diagrammatically
the construction of knitted fabric according to the invention and the
movement of the needles and the transferring sinkers to produce such
fabric.
Fig 1 illustrates the knitted fabric construction according to the
invention; Fig 2 shows in rear view the manner of working of the
needles and transferring sinkers on a circular knitting machine; Fig 3
is a corresponding plan view; Fig 4 is a section on the line 4-4 of
Figs.
2 and 3, of an operating position of needles and transferring sinkers;
and Fig 5 is a side view of the transferring sinkers.
For the sake of clarity, Figs 2 and 3 show the sinker row and needle
row of the circular knitting machine in a straight line.
Referring to Fig 1, each course of the fabric according to the
invention consists of stitches of two yams, each stitch being knitted
from a ground yarn g and an additional yarn (ab) ground yarn g being
knitted in every course and wale and the additional yarn b knitted
with the ground yarn g in every alternate wale AW of alternate courses
AC Ground yarn g is knitted in the intermediate wales 1 W of the
alternate courses AC with a long loop bit of said additional yarn b
which extends over two courses from a previous course in which the
additional yarn b is knitted with ground yarn g The additional yarn
(a) is also knitted withground yarn g in every intermediate wale 1 W
of the intermediate course IC and ground yarn g is knitted in
alternate wales AW of the intermediate courses IC with a long loop alt
of the additional yarn (a) which extends over two courses from a
previous course in which the additional yarn a is knitted with ground
yarn g.
In this way long side parts 10 a, l Ob of the stitches 10 formed from
the long loops ah and bit respectively of the additional yarns pass
over the sinker loops 6 and cross over themselves in the spaces
between the needle stitches (see Fig 1).
For producing such a knitted fabric a circular knitting machine is
used which as shown in Figs 2 to 5 is provided with two groups of
needles NI and N' and two groups of transferring sinkers Pl and P'
associated therewith.
The needles N' and transferring sinkers Pl of the first group are
arranged in alternation with the needles N 2 and transferring sinkers
P 2 of the second group Two pairs of thread guides 70 are provided,
8. one pair comprising thread guide 1 for additional yarn a (or b) and a
thread guide 11 for ground yarn g, and the pair comprising thread
guide 2 for additional yarn b (or a) and another thread guide 11 for
second 75 ground yarn g The thread guides 11 of each pair are disposed
in a lower horizontal plane than the thread guides 1 and 2 so that
they are in such a position relatively to the lower edge of the
transferring sinkers that the ground 80 yarn g is fed beneath the
transferring sinkers to all the needles N' and N' The additional yarn
a (or b) is fed by the thread guide 1 to the needles of N 2 of the
second group and over the transferring sinkers P' of the first group
85 In a similar manner the additional yarn b (or a) is fed by the
thread guide 2 to the needles N' of the first group and over the
transferring sinkers P 2 of the second group.
The needles and transferring sinkers are 90 operable in such manner
that after additional yarn a (or b) is fed by thread guide 1 over a
transferring sinker Pl the latter is withdrawn out of the needle row
to hold the long loop 3 a formed thereover clear of the associated 95
needle N' Needle N' takes ground yarn g and knits together with a long
loop loop 3 a, previously transferred to it from the associated
transferring sinker P' as hereinafter described, stitch 4, 10 The
needle N' then receives 100 ground yarn g and additional yarn b (or a)
from the second pair of thread guides 11 and 2 to knit in the next
course a normal stitch 4 from said two yarns The transferring sinker
P' is thereafter moved back into the needle row 105 to transfer the
long loop 3 a to the needle N' (see right hand end of Fig 3) to knit
the long loop 3 a with the ground yarn g fed from thread guide 11 of
the first pair into a two thread stitch 4/10 in the next but one
course 110 The needles N 2 and transferring sinkers P 2 of the second
group operate in a like manner to the above so that the needles N 2
knit normal two thread stitches 4 from the ground yarn g land
additional yarn a (or b) fed from the first 115 ipair of thread guides
1 and 11 while the transferring sinkers P 2 receive additional yarn b
(or a) from the thread guide 2.
The fabric is produced in ithe following manner: 120 Considering first
the pair of thread guides 1 and 11 at the right hand end of Figs 2 and
3, it will be seen that ground yarn g is fed to all the needles and
additional yarn a (b) is fed only to needles N 2 (i e to alternate
needles) so 125 that in the working direction R needles N 2 knit two
thread stitches 4, 4 from yarns i and a As the yarn a is fed into the
needles N 2 the transferring sinkers P' are -moved forward through the
needle row so that the portions of 130 785,289 785,289 yarn a
extending between two adjacent needles N pass over the transferring
sinker P' between such needles to form a long loop 3 a thereover The
transferring sinker Pl is then withdrawn out of the needle row as
9. shown in Figs 3 and 4 to hold the long loop 3 a formed thereon clear
of the associated needle N' Needle N' takes ground yarn g and knits
together with a long loop 3 a, previously transferred to it from the
associated transferring sinker P', stitch 4, 10 The needle N' then
receives ground yarn g and additional yarn b (a) from the next pair of
thread guides 11 and 2 respectively to knit in the next course normal
two thread stitches 4, 4 from said yarns g and b.
The transferring sinkers P' with the long loops 3 a thereover remain
in the withdrawn position at the second pair of thread guides 11, 2
and are not moved back into the needle row until shortly before again
reaching thread guides 1 and 11 At this point shown at the right hand
end of Fig 2 and 3, the transferring sinker P' is positioned through
the needle row to permit the associated needle NI to move upwardly
through the long loop 3 a so that on subsequent withdrawal of the
transferring sinker Pl the long loop 3 a is transferred to the needle
to lie on the opened latch as shown in Fig 4 In order to open the
latch a short up and down movement is imparted to the needle.
It will be seen that by placing the long loop 3 a over the opened
latch of the needle ensures that this loop is separated from the
previously formed stitch which still hangs on the shank of the needle
below the opened latch This previously knitted stitch is knocked-over
in the following downward movement of the needle whilst the newly
taken yarn g and loop 3 a are held in the closed latch in readiness
for knitting into stitches 4, 10 to form the next but one course.
The above procedure is effected in the reverse order at the pair of
thread guides 2 and 11 at which point ground yarn g is fed to all
needles and additional yarn b (or a) is fed only to needles N' to knit
two thread stitches 4,4 from these two yarns whilst the portions of
yarn b extending between adjacent needles N' pass over the
transferring sinker P' between them to form long loop 3 b thereover.
In other respects the operation of the needles and transferring
sinkers is as described above but with the long loops 3 b being
transferred to the needles N 2 to be knitted with newly taken ground
yarn g into sitches 4, 10 in the next but one course.
In order still further to clarify the sequence of operations in the
fabric shown in Fig 1, the courses marked 1 C are knitted from yarn
fed from thread guides 1 and 11 whilst the courses marked AC are
knitted from yarn fed from thread guides 2 and 11.
In order that the long loops 3 a, 3 b, are still safely retained on
the transferring sinkers when the free ends of the latter are drawn
slightly out of the needle row, the free end p I of the transferirng
sinker P' and P' is advantageously directed obliquely upwards (as
shown in Fig.
by free end Pb in dotted lines) 70 In order to permit the selective
10. operation of the two groups of needles and transferring sinkers, the
butts of the two groups of needles and the butt of the two groups of
transferring sinkers are respectively displaced along the 75 shanks of
the needles and transferring sinkers in order to be operable by
different sets of cams.
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* GB785290 (A)
Description: GB785290 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Improvements in a process and apparatus for the production of iron granules
Description of GB785290 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
785,290 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification July 20,
1953.
No 20137153.
Application made in Switzerland on Dec 6, 1952.
Complete Specification Published Oct 23, 1957.
Index at Acceptance: -Class 82 ( 2), D.
International Classification: -C 22 f.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in a Process and Apparatus for the Production of Iron
Granules We, AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT DER VON MOOS'SCHEN EISENWERKE, of
Lucerne (Switzerland), a company organised under the laws of the Swiss
Confederation, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that
a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement: -
11. The invention relates to a process and to apparatus for the production
of iron granules for polishing castings and for descaling drawn and
rolled products, such for example as section iron.
Granules of iron and steel, are used with advantage instead of sand,
for example quartz sand, for cleaning castings of cast steel, cast
iron or non-ferrous materials, for mechanically descaling rolled
products, and for cleaning the surfaces of articles which are to be
subjected to a subsequent surface treatment, such as painting, z Inc
plating or enamelling.
According to the invention a method of producing iron granules
comprises causing the iron to flow on to the apex and down the face of
a conical member in such manner that several streams of molten metal
impinge upon a high pressure annular spray of water whereby the metal
is caused to disintegrate into particles the particles dropping into
cooling water.
The water pressure producing the spray must amount to at least 2
atmospheres gauge, but may conveniently amount to a multiple thereof
This water pressure, and the velocity of the water resulting
therefrom, determine decisively the size of the granules formed The
higher the velocity of the water, the smaller are the granules formed
By varying the water pressure or the velocity of the water and the
mass flow of water per unit time depending on it, and by varying the
quantity of iron to be poured on it per unit time, the granule size or
the percentage of the various granule sizes in the mixture of granules
formed can be influenced within very wide limits.
In order that the invention may be clearly understood and readily
carried into effect, two embodiments of apparatus for carrying out the
process according to the invention are described by way of example
with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:Figure 1 is a
lateral elevation of the first embodiment of apparatus according to
the invention for the production of iron granules, and Figure 2 is a
lateral elevation of the second embodiment of apparatus according to
the invention for the production of iron granules.
In the device for the production of iron granules according to Figure
1, the water basin is provided with an overflow 21 and a discharge
pipe 22 Xn the middle of the water basin 20 is disposed a
high-pressure spray nozzle 23, which is supplied with water under
pressure through a high-pressure pipe 24, and the discharge openings
of which lie in several rows one on top of the other on an annular
conical face This high-pressure spray nozzle 23 produces a conical
annular water spray mantle On the high-pressure spray nozzle 23 is
mounted a support 25 which carries a conical jet distributor 26 of
refractory material.
The molten iron is poured out from the crucible 1 accurately on to the
12. apex of the jet distributor 26, and flows down over the distributor on
all sides From the lower edge of the conical jet distributor 26 the
iron flows on to the high velocity spray of the conical water mantle
of the high pressure spray nozzle 23, and is granulated thereby.
In the device for the production of iron granules according to Figure
2, in the middle of the water basin 30, which is provided with an
overflow 31 and a drain pipe 32, is mounted a vertical tube 33 In the
tube 33 is journalled a shaft 34, which is driven through a bevel gear
35, mounted on its lower end below the water basin 30, by a bevel gear
37 meshing therewith The gear 37 is mounted on the end of the shaft 36
and is driven by a motor (not shown in the drawing) On the upper end
of the shaft 34 there is mounted coaxially to it a conical thrower
disc 38 Above the water basin 30 there is fixedly mounted an annular L
2 785,290 high pressure spray nozzle 39 concentrically to the thrower
disc 38, which is supplied with water by a high pressure pump (not
shown in the figure) This high pressure spray nozzle 39 has a large
number of downwardly directed water discharge openings and produces a
water mantle formed by a plurality of high velocity sprays and
surrounding the thrower disc 38.
The molten iron is poured out from the crucible 1 accurately on to the
apex of the rotating thrower disc 38, and is thrown off from its edge
The iron droplets thrown off from the thrower disc 38 are intercepted
by the water mantle of the high pressure spray, and are granulated by
the high pressure spray.
The process and the devices specifically described with reference to
the accompanying drawings make it possible to regulate the sizes of
granules of soft to medium hard iron produced, and thereby to attain
an economical output of granules of the sizes required without any
subsequent disintegration thereof The granules produced merely require
grading according to size by sifting.
Tests have proved that in this manner by selecting favourable
conditions of water pressure and of the quantity of iron poured on to
the water spray or sprays, and with the use of the best devices for
carrying out the process, a yield of up to 80 % of granules of a size
from 0.5 to 1 millimetre or of a size from 0 5 to 2 5 millimetre
diameter can be attained.
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13. * GB785291 (A)
Description: GB785291 (A) ? 1957-10-23
An improved process for moulding or casting profiled articles
Description of GB785291 (A)
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
An Improved Process for Moulding or Casting Profiled Articles.
We, POWER JETS (RESEARCH: AND DE
VELOPMENT) LIMITED, a British Company,
of 25 Green Street, London, W.1, do hereby
declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted
to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement
Articles of a special but smoothly curved
or twisted shape which are moreover required to be of accurately
formed profile, and especially objects of aerofoil section, are
commonly machined in a copying machine to a form which is a copy of a
model serving as a master pattern. Turbine and dynamic
compressor blades are machined to correct profile in this way.
The making of the model, especially of an article which is of varying
cross-section or twisted along its length, has hitherto been slow and
costly. An object of the present invention is to enable a model to be
made comparatively quickly.
The invention consists in a method of moulding or casting a body
having a curved or twisted surface which includes setting up in spaced
relationship two or more correctly profiled templates, stretching a
sheet of pliable material in contact with the profiled edges of the
templates to form that surface in the mould and, while the sheet
remains substantially in the stretched position thereby resulting,
casting material against the sheet to form the body. The material may
be plaster or other moulding material which is capable of
consolidation substantially without damaging or distorting the sheet.
Additional features of the invention are that the moulding material is
introduced between adjacent templates and that after removal of the
sheet an article. for example, a metal model is cast in contact with
14. said surface of the body.
As will appear from what follows, the pliable material of the sheet
may have in some cases a rubbery consistency but in other cases may
conveniently be substantially nonelastic.
In making a model of one half of a turbine blade--e.g. of the concave
face-two end gauge plates and preferably one or more intermediate
gauges are usually made of sheet metal with convex knife edges which
will fit the concave surfaces of a correct model at chosen end and
intermediate positions. According to previous practice a steel block
is then worked until a concave surface thereon firstly fits the gauge
plates in their assigned positions and subsequently presents a
smoothly curved face extending between them. Both of these phases of
working the block are laborious and costly.
In comparison the present invention affords the possibility of
eliminating the first phase and minimising the subsequent phase.
The foregoing and other features of the invention will be readily
understood from the following descriptions, with reference to
Figures 1, 2 and 3 and Figures 4 and 5 respectively of the
accompanying drawings, of two alternative methods for making in
accordance with the invention, models corresponding to the convex and
concave surfaces of a blade.
Figure 1 shows an isometric view of the apparatus for use in carrying
out the first method with the pliable sheet in position.
Figure 2 shows a transverse section of the apparatus when adapted as a
mould prior to casting the model and Figure 3 shows an isometric view
of the cast model. The apparatus consists of a base plate 1 having at
spaced points along its length a number of transverse slots 2. A
number of templates 3 are entered one in each slot, each template
having a base portion 4 of reduced width (see
Figure 2) which is located laterally in the associated slot by set
screws 5 entered into laterally extending screw holes coinciding with
the slot and engaging opposite edges of the base portion 4. The
upstanding portion of each template has parallel edges spaced inwardly
from the sides of the base plate 1 and an intermediate convex knife
edge having a profile complementary to the profile, at the
corresponding position, of the concave surface of the blade which is
to be copied from the model. The templates are conveniently aligned by
reference to one of the parallel edges on each template. Two wooden
shutters 6 bear on the respective parallel edges of the templates and
the baseplate, being of such a thickness that their outer faces
coincide with the sides of the baseplate. The upstanding edges of the
shutters are co-extensive at each template with the abutting parallel
edge of the template and are bevelled away from the templates. A sheet
7 of rubber or rubber substitute such as neoprene extends over the
15. outer face of one shutter, around the curved edges of the templates
and over the outer face of the other shutter. Each longitudinal edge
of the sheet 7 is gripped between two strips 8 which are riveted
together through the sheets. At opposite ends of the strips forked
yokes 9 are pivotably attached thereto, each yoke having a threaded
extension 10 and a thumb screw 11 thereon bearing on a slotted
extension 12 of the base plate. The sides of the baseplate 1 are
provided with grooves 13 to accommodate the inner strip 8 and yokes 9,
the heads of the set screws 5 being accommodated in recesses in the
grooves. The lateral edges of the sheet are gripped between similar
riveted strips 14 having in each case a single yoke 9 pivoted thereon
with a corresponding threaded extension 10 and thumbscrews 11 bearing
on a slotted projection 15 from the baseplate. By tightening the
thumbs crews 11 the neoprene sheet 7 is tensioned in mutually
perpendicular directions over the templates to simulate the concave
face of the blade. The apparatus is then inverted and plaster is
introduced between each successive pair of templates and into contact
with the sheet 7 through holes 16 in the baseplate. When the plaster
has set the sheet 7 and shutters 6 are removed.
At this point a model may be cast by forming a mould box consisting as
shown in
Figure 2 of side walls 17 abutting on the parallel edges of the
templates and end walls 18 abutting on the end templates and affording
a cavity over the curved surface of the plaster in which the model is
east. How- ever the model is preferably cast oversize to allow its
curved surface to be cleaned up between the template stations.
Accordingly a small amount of plaster, to a depth of only a few
thousandths of an inch, is scraped away over the whole curved surface
leaving the knife edges of the templates proud, before the model is
cast and conveniently before the mould box walls 17 and 18 are fitted.
The resulting casting, seen in Figure 3 will have, in its concave
surface, reference lines 19 in the form of very shallow grooves. The
surface can then be cleaned up by removal metal down to the level of
the bottom of the grooves until the reference lines have almost
disappeared.
The casting is made in an alloy of comparatively low melting point and
having no appreciable coefficient of expansion so that no allowance is
made fop contraetion on cooling.
Such an alloy is somewhat soft and may wear away or distort under
repeated rubbing by the stylus of the copying machine. The model may
be used once, or only a few times to make-by copying in the
machine-one or more steel models to serve as master patterns.
Alternatively the cast model may be chromium plated to form on its
working surface a hard coating of considerably less thickness than one
16. thousandth of an inch.
It has been found that such a coated model will long withstand the
comparatively light pressure of the stylus of a hydraulically or
electrically aetuated copying machine.
For producing a model from a convex surface corresponding to the
conves face of a blade, when the templates would have a concave
profile, a method generally similar to that described above may be
used but differing in that while the sheet is tautened over the
templates an inflatable rubber or similar cushion is constrained
against the sheet, the latter being constrained in turn against the
templates when the cushion is inflated. Alternatively the sheet may be
integrated in the cushion. Although it would seem impossible in either
case to avoid some depression of the sheet between the templates this
is not unacceptable since it results in an oversize model and
therefore the error may be eliminated in the fiiiishing of the model.
The alternative method illustrated by
Figures 4 and 5 may be used for either convex or concave faces. In
t,his method the apparatus, an exploded isometric view of which is
shown in Figure 4, consists of a base plate 1 having as before a
number of transverse slots 2 in which are inserted templates 3 held by
set screws extending transversely into the slots. The templates each
have a knife edge of concave profile (since the convex surface of a
blade is to be simulated in the model) between two depending side
portions 20 which latter enter the slots 2. One of the side portions
33 is notched at 21 to provide a reference face for the alignment of
the templates. The upper corners of the templates are connected
together by stays 23 which increase the rigidity of the structure.
Opposed side walls 24 having slots 25 to receive the tem- plates bear
on the outer edges of the portions 20 of the templates and on the base
plate 1, being clamped in position by suitable external elamps (not
shoan). One side wall 24 has a groove 96 slightly deeper than the
notch 21 in the templates so that the latter protrude slightly into
the groove. Elsewhere the inner edges of the portions 20 of the
templates are flush with the side walls.
Before or after the side walls are fitted a length of pliable tape 27
just wide enough to cover the knife edges of the templates is drawn
through the tunnel formed by the templates.
One end of the tape is fastened by a temporary adhesive to the outer
face of one end template; the tape is then tautened over the templates
and its other end is fastened by a temporary adhesive to the outer
face of the other end template, the ends of the tape being notched to
accommodate the curvature of the tape. Alternatively a number of
similar lengths of narrower tape may be arranged to overlap one
another. The tape may be of substantially non-elastic material, for
17. example a linen backed tape, but must be resistent to sagging when
wet. With the side walls 24 in position further lengths of tape are
applied as gussets 28 along the junction between the tape 27 and walls
24, being secured to both by a temporary adhesive. Plaster is then
introduced between the templates above and in contact with the tape
and when the plaster has set the tape is removed. At this point, as in
the previously described method, a very slight amount of plaster is
preferably removed from the curved face between the templates. For
this purpose the templates 3, stays 23 and plaster between them may be
removed from the base plate and side walls. When the apparatus is
subsequently reassembled, pairs of end plates 29 are attached to the
end templates to enclose the tunnel formation of the templates.
The end plates have runner and riser passages 30 by means of which
metal is poured into the tunnel, and are split so as to be removable
from the cast model. When the runner and riser are removed the cast
model appears as shown in Figure 5, having reference lines 19
corresponding to the knife edges of the templates and other reference
lines 31 corresponding to the notches 21 in the templates, both
appearing as very shallow grooves.
The model may be finished and plated in the same way as that produced
by the method previously described but has the added advantage that a
flat reference face may be obtained on the model from the grooves 31.
Although the described methods of carry ing out the invention have
been concerned in particular with the production of models for copying
machines it will be apparent that a wider field of application exists.
What we claim is
I. The method of moulding or casting a body having a curved or twisted
surface which includes setting up in spaced relationship two or inore
correctly profiled templates and stretching a sheet of pliable
material in contact with the profiled edges of the templates to form
that surface in the mould and, while the sheet remains substantially
in the stretched position thereby resulting, casting material against
the sheet to form the body.
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* GB785292 (A)
18. Description: GB785292 (A)
No title available
Description of GB785292 (A)
PATENT SPECIFIGMTION
783,292 Inventors: -NEVILL FRANCIS MARSH and DENIS SYDNEY PANISSET.
1 "" 15, 1 r _ q -1 -I" t, 51 ' O , 4 p if m p 4.
1 1,' ' ' 1 i i Dare of filing Complete Specification Nov 5, 1954.
lpplicat ion Dale: Nov 5, 19; 3, No 555 53 C 7 i 1 plcle Seci ication
Published: Oct 2 l, 195 i 7.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 39 ( 3), H,1 D 1 L: 2 E 4 C 1.
International Classification:-HO 5 b.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements relating to Electrically Heated Cooking Appliances.
We, SIMPLEX ELECTRIC COMPANY LIMITED, a British Company, of Broadwell,
Oldbury, in the County of Worcester, do hereby declare the invention,
for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method
by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by
the following statement:-
The present invention relates to electrically heated cooking
appliances of the kind intended for use in cooking operations such as
toasting or grilling involving the downward radiation of heat onto a
substance to bei cooked, and comprising an electric heating element
arranged and supported by the body or like supporting structure of the
appliance in a horizontal or approximately horizontal plane, such body
or structure affording space beneath the heating element for the
accommodation of the substance to be cooked.
The invention is applicable to appliances of this kind, whether these
are in the form of separate grilling or toasting appliances or whether
they constitute part of a cooking stove including other electrically
heated cooking appliances Further, the invention is applicable to
appliances of this kind whether they are intended or adapted to be
used for cooking by downwardly directed radiant heat only, or whether
they are arranged or constructed for alternative or additional use as
heating units of the kind generally termed "hot plates," wherein heat
is trans:35 mitted from the heating element to the underside of a
cooking vessel supported above it by a combination of conduction,
19. convection and radiation.
The inventioni is specifically concerned with electric heating
appliances of the foreoing kind wherein the electric heating element
is of the type in which the heated lPrice 3 s 641 l resistor is
embedded in insulating material enclosed by an outer tubular sheath of
metal, and has for its object to provide improved uniformity of
heating of the area of the substance to be cooked Such appliances are
hereinafter referred to as being of the kind specified.
According to one aspect of the invention an electrically heated
cooking appliance of the kind specified characterised in that the
sheathed electric heating element is confined to a peripheral margin
of a rectangular, or approximately rectangular, area by arranging the
element in the form of a correspondingly shaped frame containing an
outer run and an inner run of the element, the corner portions of the
peripheral margin containing a greater length of the heating element
per unit area than do the remaining side portions of peripheral
margin, the electrical resistance of the heating element being
substantially uniform along its length.
According to a further aspect of the invention we provide an
electrically heated cooking appliance of the kind specified,
characterised in that the electric heating element is confined to a
peripheral margin of a main rectangular area to be energised which is
adapted to be so energised solely by an electric heating element, the
corner portions of this margin, as defined by elemental rectangular
areas having sides equal to the widths of the peripheral margins
extending along respectively adjacent sides of the main rectangular
area, containing a greater length of the heating element per unit area
than do the remaining side portions of the peripheral margin, the
electrical resistance of the heating element being substantially
uniform along its length.
The sheathed element may be bent into the form of a gapped or unclosed
loop wherc _ 35 6 i 5 / _ 31) 1 1 1 p 785,292 it passes through a
corner portion, while the parts of the element which extend along some
or all side portions of the peripheral margin in which the element
lies may be sub; stantially rectilinear, or of a curvature such as to
provide a relatively smaller specific electrical loading of the side
portions of the peripheral margin in comparison with the corner
portions.
1 ( 1 Within the peripheral margin the sheathed electric heating
element may be arranged so as to have a plurality of limbs or runs
extending side-by-side along the side portions in laterally spaced
relationship and 1., connected by respective looped portions disposed
in the corner portions, thenlateral spacing of the limb or runs in the
side portions being generally greater than the separation between
20. adjacent limbs of the same or 2 ( O different looped portions disposed
in the corner portions.
In a particularly convenient arrangement the looped portions in the
corners may be so disposed that the spaced side limbs of 2, the loops
lie on opposite sides of a diagonal of the main rectangular area with
the gap or unclosed part of the loop situated inwardly, i e nearer to
the centre of the main area than is the connecting part which :3 N
unites the limbs of the loop.
In any of the foregoing arrangements it is within the scope of the
invention for the sheathed heating element to be in two or more
separate lengths, such lengths being :35 connected individually to the
supply with or without the interposition of a switching means enabling
such lengths to be energised selectively or in different modes of
connection to the supply (e g by series, or parallel 40) switching
circuits).
We, may however, employ a sheathed heating element formed in a single
length, this being bent to provide at least two limbs along each of a
pair of opposed side portions of the peripheral margin, which, through
looped corner portions, are connected with U-shaped end portions,
these U-shaped end portions having their closed ends disposed adjacent
to each other at a 550 spacing to provide substantially uniform
energisation of this side portion of the margin, the opposite parallel
side portion heing that at which the ends of the singlelength element
enter.
5., By adopting heating element dispositions as above described there
is effective compensation for the inherently greater heat loss :it the
corner portions as compared with the side portions In the preferred
arrangement ji X wherein the heating element is confined to the
peripheral margin there is, in addition, compensation for otherwise
greater heating effect which would be attained in the central region
of the surface of a substance undergoing cooking in comparison with
that obtaining at the margins of this surface so that greater
uniformity is attained.
In some appliances the heating element may also be exposed at its
upper side, to constitute a heated surface, upon which may 70 be
supported a cooking vessel Whilst such a construction is advantageous
in that it enables a common heating element to be utilised in
different modes of cooking, (i e.
grilling or toasting in respect of substances 75 disposed beneath it,
and boiling, stewing, or even roasting in respect of substances
disposed above it in suitable vessels, or containers), use
simultaneously in the two modes may impair the uniformity of heating
effect So produced upon the lower substance, due to local inequalities
in the heat extraction rate from the upper side of the heating
21. element.
A further object of the invention is to avoid or reduce this possible
disadvantage 55 With this object in view an electrically heated
cooking appliance in accordance with the invention as above described
may have a heating element which serves both as the heating means for
providing downwardly 90 directed radiant heat for grilling, toasting
or the like cooking operations and itself presents a horizontal
upwardly facing heating surface forming a hot plate on which a cooking
vessel may be disposed to receive 95 the heat therefrom, the appliance
being further characterised in that to reduce the conductive
transmission of heat directly from the heating element to the vessel
relatively to the heat transmitted thereto from 100 the element by
convection or radiation the sheath has a greater vertical cross
sectional dimension than horizontal cross sectional dimension, the
topmost portion of the sheath being in the form of an upwardly
projecting 105 rib or segment of an oval figure having its major axis
vertical.
Preferably the sheath is formed with two diametrically opposed ribs
one of which projects upwardly to constitute the topmost por 110 tion
of the sheath and the other of which projects downwardly.
By disposing the sheathed element with its greater cross sectional
dimension vertical and its smaller cross sectional dimension 115
horizontal the rigidity of the grid like structure afforded by the
heating element when bent into the desired configuration and with
respect to deflecting forces such as the weieht of a vessel supported
thereon is in 120 creased, whereas the deformation of the metal of the
sheath and displacement of the compacting insulating material usually
provided in the sheath between the resistance wire and the inner
surface of the sheath is 125 less severe at the locality at which
maximum deformation or displacement occurs for examn le at the inner
and outer boundaries of sharp bends, so that not only can the element
he bent more readily into the 1:;) :1 735,2 u 2 required configuration
but there is less risk that such bending will impair the mechanical
and electrical properties of the element.
Furthermore by making the topmost portion of the sheath in the form of
an upwardly projecting rib or segment of an oval figure as above
described, the underside of a vessel supported on such element Xill be
resting on a portion of relatively sharp curvature which portion will
be also furthest from the centre of cross section of the heating
element so that any variations in contact pressure betwveen the
underside of the vessel and the heating element are less likely to
produce significant variations in temperature along the length of the
elements, and the risk that the uniformity of downward radiation will
be impaired when the appliance is in use both for toasting or grilling
22. and for supply2 k ing heat to a cooking vessel will be materially
reduced.
As a possible alternative means separate from the sheathed electric
heating element itself may be provided for supporting the 2 base of a
vessel in close proximity to the upper surface presented by the
sheathed heating element without the vessel actually touching it so
that conductive transmission of heat from the element to the vessel is
3:u 1 interrupted completely thereby avoiding differential local
cooking of the clement by variations in contact area or pressure.
The invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings wherein::,.l
Figure 1 is a plan view of one construction of electrically heated
cooking appliance in accordance with the present invention; Figure 2
is a cross sectional view on the line 2-2 of Figure 1; pl Figure 3 is
a cress sectional view on the line 3-3 of Figure 1.
Figure 4 is a fragmentary view from the underside; and Figure 5 is a
fragmentary view showing 4.5 the manner of supporting the heating
element in the transverse members of the frame.
In the construction illustrated the appliance which is of the kind
specified may form part of an electrically heated cooking stove which
may be of the kind including an oven of substantial size above which
are disposed a plurality of cooking units including a combined hot
plate and grilling ;) unit with which the present invention is
specifically concerned The appliance may, however, be embodied in a
smaller sized cooking stove intended usually to be used for grilling,
toasting, or boiling and stewing 1.) only without the provision of a
larger sized oven and in such a case the appliance may constitute the
only unit of the stove or m-ay be associated with auxiliary hot plates
if desired.
03.e In any of these possible applications of appliance this may
comprise a supporting means for the electric heating element this
supporting means preferably being in the form of a frame 10 of
a'suitable heat resisting metal, for example chrom-iron alloy or 70
stainless steel.
The frame may be formed of metal strip arranged with its major
dimension vertically and may be o F rectangular figuration as viewed
in plan the longer dimension and 75 shorter dimension of the frame
conforming to accepted standards, namely 10 Q inches and S inches
respectively.
Intermediate its cnds the frame may inelude transverse reinforcing
strips 11 extend SO in 2 parallel to its shorter sides, connected
centrally by strips 12.
Near the corners of the frame this may be provided with attachment
lugs or brackets 13 having screw holes 14 or otherwise 85 adapted to
permit the frame to be secured horizontally in the body of the
23. appliance above a grilling chamber 15 and flush or approximately flush
with a hob-plate structure 16 affording a rectangular aperture for 90
the re-ception of the frame.
One of the shorter sides of the frame may have secured thereto a
supporting plate 17 for a terminal or connector unit having a housing
IS serving to accommodate terminals 95 for the current to be supplied
to the electric heating element of the appliance These terminals are
connected to downwardly projecting contact pins 19 extending from the
underside of the housing Heat insulation 100 between this housing and
the supporting plate may be effected by inter-position of a strip of
asbestos or similar material.
The heating element itself is of the type wherein the resistance wire
is enclosed in a 105 tubular metal sheath packed with insulating
powder and preferably we employ a heating element of this type
constructed as described and claimed in the Complete Specification of
our prior British Letters Patent 110 No 592,124, wherein the cross
sectional shape of the sheath is circular or approximately so with
longitudinally extending ribs projecting from the outer surface at
diam-trically opposed positions 115 The sheathed electric heating
element may be formed in a single length and supported by the frame
within the confines of a perinheral margin of the frame of a width of
the order of + to i the corresponding dimen 120 sien of the frame
itself.
Conveniently, the element may be bent to form outer and inner runs
conforming approximately to the shape of the frame and situated one
inside the other in the same 125 plane, these runs being supported by
the provision of slots 20 (Figure 5) formed in the transverse strips
11 and secured in position in these slots by deforming the outer parts
21 of the slots inwardly to grip the 1 20 so )O . 785,292 sides of the
sheath where it passes through each slot.
The inner run of the element may have r ectilinear limbs 22 extending
parallel to 3 the longer sides of the frame these limbs being united
at their ends with corner portions 23 of looped form These looped
corner portions may be of U-shape as viewed in plane with their limbs
extending approximately parallel to each other, and the axis of
symmetry being disposed diagonally with respect to the main frame or
approximately so, the unclosed or gapped part of the loop being
situated inwardly.
13 If desired, the loops 23 may be made of more severe form, that is
to say, the gap 24 or unacloscd part may be a narrow opening or neckh
which widens out in the interior of the loop the latter then
approximating to a partly closed circular or like convolution.
If it is desired to position a still greater length of heating element
within the confines of the corner portion, as defined by an elemental
24. rectangle having sides equal to the width of the peripheral margin,
then the looped portion may include more than one complete convolution
arranged in somewhat spiral form so that the whole length of the
element in this portion may be disposed in the same horizontal plane,
but ordinarily, as shown, a single U-shaned or unclosed loop will be
found adequate.
At the one end of the frame the ends of these looped corner portions
23 not united 3 a with the side limbs 22 of the inner run may be bent
downwardly somewhat as at 25 and turned to enter the housing 18 at a
position spaced below the frame, these downwardly turned connecting
portions preferably including rods or other low resistance connecting
elements rather than heating resistor elements so that these portions
do not attain the same high temperature in use as a remaining length
sheathed element.
43 At the opposite end of the frame the looped corner portions 23 of
the inner run may be connected with substantial rectilinear limbs 26
of the outer run extending parallel to the adjacent end member of the
frame by d O U-shaped end portions 27 which are situated one on either
side of the longitudinal reinforcing strip 28.
The outer run of the element includes rectilinear limbs 29 extending
parallel to the longer sides of the frame and disposed between these
and the corresponding rectilinear limbs 22 of the inner run The frame
of the outer run has a further rectilinear limb extending parallel to
the rear frame merm6 o ber and passing above the downwardly bent
connecting portions of the inner run.
All these rectilinear limbs 29 and 30 of the outer run are united with
each other by corner portions 31 also of looped form but in which the
degree of looping is not quite so severe as is the case for the looped
portions of the inner run.
For example, the looped portions of the outer run may be in the form
of elbow sections having an included angle lying 7 i o betwezen 0 and
90 degrees for example, of the order of 80 degrees or thereabouts,
this value being found to produce sufficient extra length in the
corner portion to provide the additional heating required thereat in
conm iparison with that required along the side portions of the
peripheral margin.
Instead of the limbs 22, 26, 29 and 30 being of strictly rectilinear
form they could in appropriate cases be of somewhat curvate SC' form
provided that the aggregate lengths of heating element in the side
localities of the peripheral margin do not exceed the aggregate length
of heating element in the corner location 83 In forming the
configuration required for the heating element and particularly when
utilising the heating clement constructed in the manner described and
claimed in our aforementioned British Patent Specification 90 it is
25. preferred niot only for convenience in the actual bending operation
but for other reasons as hereinafter particularly pointed out, to bend
this element in a plane perpendicular to the diametral plane
containing 91 the ribs 32 and 33.
The principal reason for bending in this manner is so that one of the
projecting ribs may lie uppermost and form the actual surface upon
which the base of a cooking 100 vessel may rest.
Contact between the base of such vessel and the sheathed heating
element is thus confined to a line or relatively narrow zone such as
will be afforded by the edge of the 103 rib 32, and consequently the
proportion of heat transmitted to the vessel by conduction directly
from the sheath will be reduced relatively to that transmitted by
other means such as convection or radiation, in corm 110 parison with
the ratio of he at transmitted by conduction to convection or
reduction which obtains in the case of known hot plate structures
formed by sheathed heating elements having a locally flattened upper
face 113 It is almost inevitable owing to local distortions of the
upper surface presented by the heating elements or owing to local
distortions of the under-surface of the vessel, or owine to both these
factors that some 120 parts of the under-surface of a vessel placed on
the heating element will be pressed into contact therewith more
strongly than other parts, whlich, in some cases may not actually
touch the heating element at all 1 '2 If the heating element has a
locally flattened upper surface there might, in consequence be
significant local variations in the rate of heating extraction from
the element to the vessel owing to extended area 130 l 785,292 of
contact between these two parts With the above described construction,
however, only a small proportion of the heat is transnitted by
conduction and consequently even if there are variations in the
contact pressure producing differential rates of conductive heat
extraction at different localities these will not significantly affect
the temperature of the sheath element at these localities, since most
of the heat will be transmitted by convection or radiation at a rate
which is not varied by the contact pressure.
The result could be obtained by utilising a cross section of oval or
elliptical form 1.5 arranged with its major axis vertical.
The ribbed construction illustrated arranged with the ribs in the
manner stated has an additional advantage of increasing the stiffness
of the element as a whole in relation to lateral deflection in the
vertical plane and therefore tends inherently to reduce the
possibility or extent of distortion out of the true horizontal plane
thereby reducing the differential contact pressures 2.5) at separated
localities of the element.
In order to increase the thermal efficiency of the appliance when in
26. use in only one of its possible modes we may provide a reflector plate
34.
:3) Such plate may be formed of suitable metal such as aluminium and
is preferably flanged as indicated at 35 or at its periphery and is
provided with a handle 3 by means of which it can be placed either
beneath the heating element as shown in full lines in Figure 3, or
above the heating element as shown in chain lines in Figure 3.
In the former position the plate is supported at its rearward end on
pegs 37 projecting from plate 17 and at its forward end on collars 38
carried at the lower end of screws or studs 39 In the latter position,
as seen in chain lines in Figure 3, it will be observed that the
flange 35 of the plate is -15 received in a peripheral groove 36 and
that the edges of the ffange rest on the bottom of this groove to
maintain the main body of the plate out of contact with the heating
element.
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