This patent document describes a combustion process for internal combustion engines that features:
1) A subdivided combustion chamber, such as a pre-combustion chamber or turbulence chamber.
2) Combustion air is caused to rotate in the chamber and fuel is injected into the rotating air.
3) The temperature of the chamber wall is automatically controlled based on engine operating conditions to optimize combustion.
This patent document describes improvements to ribbon type gas burners that provide multiple flames. It discloses a burner design with reinforced ribs that eliminates sagging at high temperatures. The burner includes an integral crossover pilot at an asymmetric midpoint to ensure flame propagation between ports. By alternating burner orientation in an oven, localized overheating from crossover pilots is avoided while using a single burner design.
This patent document describes improvements to ribbon type gas burners that provide multiple flames. It discloses a burner design with reinforced ribs that eliminates sagging even at high temperatures. The burner includes an integral crossover pilot at an asymmetric midpoint that ensures flame propagation between ports. By alternating burner orientation in an oven, localized overheating from crossover pilots is avoided while using a single burner design.
This document describes British patent GB785438 (A) for improvements in heat exchangers. It discloses a rotary regenerative heat exchanger with an annular matrix containing radially arranged, sector-shaped ducts. Heat transfer elements extend diagonally across each duct and are located behind enlarged sealing flanges at the duct ends to maximize cross-sectional flow area. The radial duct walls and complementary sealing members provide maximum sealing area between the drum faces without decreasing fluid flow area.
The document provides information on the technology of various non-moving and moving parts of an engine, including the engine block, wet liner, cylinder head, valves, pistons, connecting rods, rings, accessory gear train, balance shaft, lubrication system components, cooling system components, air circulation system, and tightening torques. It includes diagrams labeling the parts and providing specifications.
The document describes a 1957 patent (GB786089 A) for improvements to carbon black furnaces and methods of constructing them. It involves constructing the furnaces from precast refractory sections that are assembled inside metal shells. Individual sections can be readily removed for repair or replacement without disturbing the rest of the furnace. This allows localized faults to be addressed without needing to replace the entire furnace.
This document describes a water softening device that uses ion exchange to soften water from mains before it reaches domestic or industrial premises. It contains a cartridge holding the ion exchange medium that is detachably mounted to a frame. The frame can be fixed to a wall. Water enters the bottom of the cartridge, passes through the ion exchange medium, and exits the top, now softened. The cartridge design makes the water softener inexpensive enough to use with water heaters.
This document describes a water softening device that uses ion exchange to soften water from mains before it reaches domestic or industrial premises. It contains a cartridge holding the ion exchange medium that is detachably mounted to a frame. The frame can be fixed to a wall. Water enters the bottom of the cartridge, passes through the ion exchange medium, and exits the top, now softened. The cartridge design makes the water softener inexpensive enough to use with water heaters.
This document describes a water softening device that uses ion exchange to soften water from mains before it reaches domestic or industrial premises. It contains a cartridge holding the ion exchange medium that is detachably mounted to a frame. The frame can be fixed to a wall. Water enters the bottom of the cartridge, passes through the ion exchange medium, and exits the top, now softened. The cartridge design makes the water softener inexpensive enough to use with water heaters.
This patent document describes improvements to ribbon type gas burners that provide multiple flames. It discloses a burner design with reinforced ribs that eliminates sagging at high temperatures. The burner includes an integral crossover pilot at an asymmetric midpoint to ensure flame propagation between ports. By alternating burner orientation in an oven, localized overheating from crossover pilots is avoided while using a single burner design.
This patent document describes improvements to ribbon type gas burners that provide multiple flames. It discloses a burner design with reinforced ribs that eliminates sagging even at high temperatures. The burner includes an integral crossover pilot at an asymmetric midpoint that ensures flame propagation between ports. By alternating burner orientation in an oven, localized overheating from crossover pilots is avoided while using a single burner design.
This document describes British patent GB785438 (A) for improvements in heat exchangers. It discloses a rotary regenerative heat exchanger with an annular matrix containing radially arranged, sector-shaped ducts. Heat transfer elements extend diagonally across each duct and are located behind enlarged sealing flanges at the duct ends to maximize cross-sectional flow area. The radial duct walls and complementary sealing members provide maximum sealing area between the drum faces without decreasing fluid flow area.
The document provides information on the technology of various non-moving and moving parts of an engine, including the engine block, wet liner, cylinder head, valves, pistons, connecting rods, rings, accessory gear train, balance shaft, lubrication system components, cooling system components, air circulation system, and tightening torques. It includes diagrams labeling the parts and providing specifications.
The document describes a 1957 patent (GB786089 A) for improvements to carbon black furnaces and methods of constructing them. It involves constructing the furnaces from precast refractory sections that are assembled inside metal shells. Individual sections can be readily removed for repair or replacement without disturbing the rest of the furnace. This allows localized faults to be addressed without needing to replace the entire furnace.
This document describes a water softening device that uses ion exchange to soften water from mains before it reaches domestic or industrial premises. It contains a cartridge holding the ion exchange medium that is detachably mounted to a frame. The frame can be fixed to a wall. Water enters the bottom of the cartridge, passes through the ion exchange medium, and exits the top, now softened. The cartridge design makes the water softener inexpensive enough to use with water heaters.
This document describes a water softening device that uses ion exchange to soften water from mains before it reaches domestic or industrial premises. It contains a cartridge holding the ion exchange medium that is detachably mounted to a frame. The frame can be fixed to a wall. Water enters the bottom of the cartridge, passes through the ion exchange medium, and exits the top, now softened. The cartridge design makes the water softener inexpensive enough to use with water heaters.
This document describes a water softening device that uses ion exchange to soften water from mains before it reaches domestic or industrial premises. It contains a cartridge holding the ion exchange medium that is detachably mounted to a frame. The frame can be fixed to a wall. Water enters the bottom of the cartridge, passes through the ion exchange medium, and exits the top, now softened. The cartridge design makes the water softener inexpensive enough to use with water heaters.
This document describes British patent GB780011 (A) for improvements to water softening devices. Specifically, it describes a water softening device that uses a cation exchange process and incorporates a cartridge containing the softening medium. The cartridge is detachably mounted to a frame-like structure that can be fixed to a wall. The device is designed to be lower cost than previous water softening equipment in order to be used in conjunction with water heaters.
This document provides technical specifications and component details for Tier II compliant diesel engines, including the 4045 and 6068 series. It describes key non-moving parts like the engine block, wet liner, and cylinder head. It also outlines technology for moving components such as pistons, connecting rods, balance shafts, and the lubrication and cooling systems. Precise diagrams and part labels are included to illustrate the components and systems.
This patent is for a fireplace water heater that uses a network of tubular members to maximize the surface area exposed to heat from the fireplace. It has a lower header along the rear and side walls of the fireplace to define an open area for the fire. An upper header extends along the top wall near the flue. Upright boiler pipes connect the lower and upper headers, with some pipes extending vertically and others diagonally to improve heat transfer. This configuration allows for an open fire area while providing a large heat exchange surface to heat water circulating through the system.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document summarizes a patent for a nuclear reactor plant that involves constructing the reactor vessel with a comparatively small thickness and inserting it into a space formed in rock. This allows the rock to take up pressure stresses on the reactor vessel walls, bottom, and top. The reactor vessel is located freely within the rock space, with the rock surface sealed by a sheet lining. The interstice between the lining and vessel is filled with a pressure-transmitting material like water.
Kavaata Valves are products of Rajeev & Company, India. They are manufacturers and Exporters of Ball Valves, 3 ways Ball valves, multiport ball valves. The strength of Rajeev & Company lies in technical competence, high precision machining capability and unflinching adherence to quality and deadlines.
This document is a patent application for improvements to domestic firegrates. It describes a firegrate with a chamber below the oven and a baffle located at the front of the chamber. The baffle extends upward from the firegrate to form a passage below the oven, drawing some combustion gases downward and upward through the chamber and passage to heat the oven. The baffle may include flanges to direct gases and support a firebrick facing the chamber.
This document is a patent application for improvements to domestic firegrates. It describes a firegrate with a chamber below the oven and a baffle located at the front of the chamber. The baffle extends upward from the firegrate to form a passage below the oven, drawing some combustion gases downward and upward through the chamber and passage to heat the oven. The baffle may include flanges to direct gases and support a firebrick facing the chamber. This design improves oven heating over previous domestic firegrates.
This document is a patent application for improvements to domestic firegrates. It describes a firegrate with a chamber below the oven and a baffle located at the front of the chamber. The baffle extends upward from the firegrate to form a passage below the oven, drawing some combustion gases downward and upward through the chamber and passage to heat the oven. The baffle may include flanges to direct gases and support a firebrick facing the chamber. This design improves oven heating over previous domestic firegrates.
This document is a patent application for improvements to domestic firegrates. It describes a firegrate with a chamber below the oven and a baffle located at the front of the chamber. The baffle extends upward from the firegrate to form a passage below the oven, drawing some combustion gases downward and upward through the chamber and passage to heat the oven. The baffle may include flanges to direct gases and support a firebrick facing the chamber. This design improves oven heating over previous domestic firegrates.
This document describes a 1957 British patent for an anti-skid control device for fluid pressure brakes used in aircraft. The device uses a rotary inertia element and valve system to sense wheel skidding and automatically reduce brake fluid pressure to prevent skidding, while maintaining braking force. It aims to maximize braking torque without skidding by varying the time to sense skid recovery based on wheel acceleration rates and controlling brake pressure buildup during recovery. The device was an improvement over prior anti-skid systems that would fully release the brakes until the wheel resumed non-slip speed.
This document describes improvements to textile ring spinning machines. It discusses prior art machines and limitations around friction and speed. The invention aims to allow for higher speeds by reducing friction through various means, including driving the spinning ring with an electric motor and using magnetic bearings on the spindle. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the invention, showing the arrangement of motors, magnetic components, and other elements.
This document summarizes a patent for an apparatus that stores digital data on a moving magnetic medium. It allows for simultaneously reading stored data from a cell on the medium and overriding it by writing new data to the same cell. This is accomplished by using timing impulses to select cells for reading and writing, with the reading gate occurring slightly before the writing gate. This allows time to determine if the cell contents need to be changed based on the read data and other inputs, before overriding the data during the writing gate. The document describes the technical details and diagrams of how this simultaneous read/write process is implemented on the magnetic medium.
This document describes patent GB780002 (A) for an electronic switching circuit arrangement. It includes a detailed description of the circuit components, including a central conductor, rectifiers, resistors and switching units. The circuit allows for rectifiers to act as either controlling or controlled components depending on how they are connected between relay circuits. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate example circuit configurations. The switching circuit can be used in applications like code converters to convert between binary input signals and converted output codes.
1) The document describes improvements relating to electrical storage apparatus, specifically storage systems for numerical data in binary form using an array of double base transistors.
2) A double base transistor has two base electrodes with a trigger electrode and collector electrode in between. Applying a bias voltage between the base electrodes and a trigger voltage to the trigger electrode can trigger the transistor to store data.
3) The transistors can be arranged in a matrix with rows and columns connected to busbars. Applying trigger pulses simultaneously to a row and column can selectively trigger a transistor at that intersection to store a 1, while other transistors remain off and store a 0. Stored data can then be read out without erasing it.
This document describes a 1957 British patent for an anti-skid control device for fluid pressure brakes used in aircraft. The device uses a rotary inertia element and valve system to sense wheel skidding and automatically reduce brake fluid pressure to prevent skidding, while maintaining braking force. It aims to maximize braking torque without skidding by varying the time to sense skid recovery based on wheel acceleration rates and controlling brake pressure buildup during recovery. The device was an improvement over prior anti-skid systems which would fully release the brakes until the wheel resumed non-slip speed, resulting in greater stopping distances.
This document describes a preparation and process for permanently changing the shape of hair, such as imparting a permanent wave, using a reducing solution containing a mercaptan (such as thioglycollic acid), a sulphite, and formamide or a substituted formamide (such as urea). Applying the solution to hair wrapped in curlers and heating it to 40-60°C (tepid waving) allows the concentration of mercaptan to be substantially reduced compared to conventional preparations while still effectively changing the hair shape. The preparation pH is preferably 9-10 and concentrations of ingredients like mercaptan, sulphite and formamide or substitute are provided.
1) The document describes a packaging machine that inserts soft products like rubber goods into envelopes. It does this by first inserting the product into a flattened tube, then inserting the end of the tube containing the product into an open envelope.
2) A gripping device then presses on the part of the product protruding from the tube to hold it in place as the tube is withdrawn.
3) The machine uses a rotating spider arm mechanism to position flattened tubes containing products above open envelopes on a rotating turntable, transferring the products into the envelopes as the tubes are inserted and withdrawn.
This document describes a patent application for improvements to regulating systems for dynamo-electric machines. Specifically, it describes a system that incorporates means to automatically prevent reduction of generator excitation below the stability limit. The system includes an automatic voltage regulator and overriding control means that prevent excitation from falling below a value determined by the magnitude of the generator load current.
This document describes a patent for a soap holder and applicator. The soap holder is made of a flexible material shaped like a soap cake with a slit that can be opened by squeezing to insert pieces of used soap. Part of the wall has a criss-cross lattice formation to expose the soap and allow direct contact between the soap and skin during use. When squeezed, the two halves of the holder separate to form an opening for inserting soap pieces.
This document describes an improved animal holding device consisting of a pair of movable side arms that can embrace an animal's neck. The side arms are pivotally mounted and given simultaneous movement by contact with a pivoted operating lever. In the closed position, the side arms imprison the animal's neck, while in the open position they leave a wide space for the animal to put its head. The device allows animals to be safely held for inspection, medical treatment, or other purposes in a simple and humane manner.
1) The document describes an electronic switching unit comprising two tubes (Bla and Bib) that can alternately conduct or not conduct based on the control grid voltage of the first tube (Bla).
2) The switching unit uses voltage dividers to regenerate the amplitude of the applied switching potential and output nominal and inverted values of the potential at its terminals.
3) By applying multiple switching units in series and connecting their reference potentials, only one voltage source is needed to power the circuit.
This document describes British patent GB780011 (A) for improvements to water softening devices. Specifically, it describes a water softening device that uses a cation exchange process and incorporates a cartridge containing the softening medium. The cartridge is detachably mounted to a frame-like structure that can be fixed to a wall. The device is designed to be lower cost than previous water softening equipment in order to be used in conjunction with water heaters.
This document provides technical specifications and component details for Tier II compliant diesel engines, including the 4045 and 6068 series. It describes key non-moving parts like the engine block, wet liner, and cylinder head. It also outlines technology for moving components such as pistons, connecting rods, balance shafts, and the lubrication and cooling systems. Precise diagrams and part labels are included to illustrate the components and systems.
This patent is for a fireplace water heater that uses a network of tubular members to maximize the surface area exposed to heat from the fireplace. It has a lower header along the rear and side walls of the fireplace to define an open area for the fire. An upper header extends along the top wall near the flue. Upright boiler pipes connect the lower and upper headers, with some pipes extending vertically and others diagonally to improve heat transfer. This configuration allows for an open fire area while providing a large heat exchange surface to heat water circulating through the system.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document summarizes a patent for a nuclear reactor plant that involves constructing the reactor vessel with a comparatively small thickness and inserting it into a space formed in rock. This allows the rock to take up pressure stresses on the reactor vessel walls, bottom, and top. The reactor vessel is located freely within the rock space, with the rock surface sealed by a sheet lining. The interstice between the lining and vessel is filled with a pressure-transmitting material like water.
Kavaata Valves are products of Rajeev & Company, India. They are manufacturers and Exporters of Ball Valves, 3 ways Ball valves, multiport ball valves. The strength of Rajeev & Company lies in technical competence, high precision machining capability and unflinching adherence to quality and deadlines.
This document is a patent application for improvements to domestic firegrates. It describes a firegrate with a chamber below the oven and a baffle located at the front of the chamber. The baffle extends upward from the firegrate to form a passage below the oven, drawing some combustion gases downward and upward through the chamber and passage to heat the oven. The baffle may include flanges to direct gases and support a firebrick facing the chamber.
This document is a patent application for improvements to domestic firegrates. It describes a firegrate with a chamber below the oven and a baffle located at the front of the chamber. The baffle extends upward from the firegrate to form a passage below the oven, drawing some combustion gases downward and upward through the chamber and passage to heat the oven. The baffle may include flanges to direct gases and support a firebrick facing the chamber. This design improves oven heating over previous domestic firegrates.
This document is a patent application for improvements to domestic firegrates. It describes a firegrate with a chamber below the oven and a baffle located at the front of the chamber. The baffle extends upward from the firegrate to form a passage below the oven, drawing some combustion gases downward and upward through the chamber and passage to heat the oven. The baffle may include flanges to direct gases and support a firebrick facing the chamber. This design improves oven heating over previous domestic firegrates.
This document is a patent application for improvements to domestic firegrates. It describes a firegrate with a chamber below the oven and a baffle located at the front of the chamber. The baffle extends upward from the firegrate to form a passage below the oven, drawing some combustion gases downward and upward through the chamber and passage to heat the oven. The baffle may include flanges to direct gases and support a firebrick facing the chamber. This design improves oven heating over previous domestic firegrates.
This document describes a 1957 British patent for an anti-skid control device for fluid pressure brakes used in aircraft. The device uses a rotary inertia element and valve system to sense wheel skidding and automatically reduce brake fluid pressure to prevent skidding, while maintaining braking force. It aims to maximize braking torque without skidding by varying the time to sense skid recovery based on wheel acceleration rates and controlling brake pressure buildup during recovery. The device was an improvement over prior anti-skid systems that would fully release the brakes until the wheel resumed non-slip speed.
This document describes improvements to textile ring spinning machines. It discusses prior art machines and limitations around friction and speed. The invention aims to allow for higher speeds by reducing friction through various means, including driving the spinning ring with an electric motor and using magnetic bearings on the spindle. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the invention, showing the arrangement of motors, magnetic components, and other elements.
This document summarizes a patent for an apparatus that stores digital data on a moving magnetic medium. It allows for simultaneously reading stored data from a cell on the medium and overriding it by writing new data to the same cell. This is accomplished by using timing impulses to select cells for reading and writing, with the reading gate occurring slightly before the writing gate. This allows time to determine if the cell contents need to be changed based on the read data and other inputs, before overriding the data during the writing gate. The document describes the technical details and diagrams of how this simultaneous read/write process is implemented on the magnetic medium.
This document describes patent GB780002 (A) for an electronic switching circuit arrangement. It includes a detailed description of the circuit components, including a central conductor, rectifiers, resistors and switching units. The circuit allows for rectifiers to act as either controlling or controlled components depending on how they are connected between relay circuits. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate example circuit configurations. The switching circuit can be used in applications like code converters to convert between binary input signals and converted output codes.
1) The document describes improvements relating to electrical storage apparatus, specifically storage systems for numerical data in binary form using an array of double base transistors.
2) A double base transistor has two base electrodes with a trigger electrode and collector electrode in between. Applying a bias voltage between the base electrodes and a trigger voltage to the trigger electrode can trigger the transistor to store data.
3) The transistors can be arranged in a matrix with rows and columns connected to busbars. Applying trigger pulses simultaneously to a row and column can selectively trigger a transistor at that intersection to store a 1, while other transistors remain off and store a 0. Stored data can then be read out without erasing it.
This document describes a 1957 British patent for an anti-skid control device for fluid pressure brakes used in aircraft. The device uses a rotary inertia element and valve system to sense wheel skidding and automatically reduce brake fluid pressure to prevent skidding, while maintaining braking force. It aims to maximize braking torque without skidding by varying the time to sense skid recovery based on wheel acceleration rates and controlling brake pressure buildup during recovery. The device was an improvement over prior anti-skid systems which would fully release the brakes until the wheel resumed non-slip speed, resulting in greater stopping distances.
This document describes a preparation and process for permanently changing the shape of hair, such as imparting a permanent wave, using a reducing solution containing a mercaptan (such as thioglycollic acid), a sulphite, and formamide or a substituted formamide (such as urea). Applying the solution to hair wrapped in curlers and heating it to 40-60°C (tepid waving) allows the concentration of mercaptan to be substantially reduced compared to conventional preparations while still effectively changing the hair shape. The preparation pH is preferably 9-10 and concentrations of ingredients like mercaptan, sulphite and formamide or substitute are provided.
1) The document describes a packaging machine that inserts soft products like rubber goods into envelopes. It does this by first inserting the product into a flattened tube, then inserting the end of the tube containing the product into an open envelope.
2) A gripping device then presses on the part of the product protruding from the tube to hold it in place as the tube is withdrawn.
3) The machine uses a rotating spider arm mechanism to position flattened tubes containing products above open envelopes on a rotating turntable, transferring the products into the envelopes as the tubes are inserted and withdrawn.
This document describes a patent application for improvements to regulating systems for dynamo-electric machines. Specifically, it describes a system that incorporates means to automatically prevent reduction of generator excitation below the stability limit. The system includes an automatic voltage regulator and overriding control means that prevent excitation from falling below a value determined by the magnitude of the generator load current.
This document describes a patent for a soap holder and applicator. The soap holder is made of a flexible material shaped like a soap cake with a slit that can be opened by squeezing to insert pieces of used soap. Part of the wall has a criss-cross lattice formation to expose the soap and allow direct contact between the soap and skin during use. When squeezed, the two halves of the holder separate to form an opening for inserting soap pieces.
This document describes an improved animal holding device consisting of a pair of movable side arms that can embrace an animal's neck. The side arms are pivotally mounted and given simultaneous movement by contact with a pivoted operating lever. In the closed position, the side arms imprison the animal's neck, while in the open position they leave a wide space for the animal to put its head. The device allows animals to be safely held for inspection, medical treatment, or other purposes in a simple and humane manner.
1) The document describes an electronic switching unit comprising two tubes (Bla and Bib) that can alternately conduct or not conduct based on the control grid voltage of the first tube (Bla).
2) The switching unit uses voltage dividers to regenerate the amplitude of the applied switching potential and output nominal and inverted values of the potential at its terminals.
3) By applying multiple switching units in series and connecting their reference potentials, only one voltage source is needed to power the circuit.
The document summarizes an improved nail packing machine that comprises a series of vibrating feeder chutes to efficiently pack nails into cases. An intermediate chute weighs the amount of nails received and interrupts the vibrator on the hopper chute if too many nails are received, allowing the intermediate chute to unload before restoring to normal operation. The machine also includes a vibratory table to further settle the nails into the cases without empty spaces.
This document provides details on patent GB780046 (A) which relates to a process for preparing lubricating compounds of the formal type. Specifically, it involves first forming a mixture of Oxo alcohols via an Oxo synthesis reaction using a mixture of polymeric olefinic hydrocarbons containing mostly C12 to C18 olefins. This is then contacted with excess formaldehyde in the presence of an acid catalyst to form a residue with lubricating oil characteristics after removing more volatile components.
This document describes a patent application filed in 1954 for improvements to cobalt-iron-chromium alloys. The alloys contain 45-70% cobalt, 15-22% chromium, 2-6% tungsten and molybdenum each, and 1-6% niobium and/or tantalum. Adding larger amounts of carbon, carbide-forming elements, and other strengtheners improves the heat-resisting properties of the alloys. The alloys are solution treated at 1150-1300°C and may be further improved with warm working at 500-900°C. Several example alloy compositions and their properties such as corrosion resistance are provided.
The document describes an improved copper-aluminum alloy containing 5.5-8% aluminum, 1-2% cobalt, and 2-6% nickel (replaceable by manganese). The alloy exhibits high resistance to creep at temperatures up to 500°C and good mechanical properties at ordinary temperatures due to precipitation hardening. Preferred proportions are 7% aluminum, 1.5% cobalt, and 4% nickel. Samples of the alloy with this composition demonstrated tensile strengths up to 65 tons/in2, elongations up to 10%, and creep rupture lives over 1000 hours at loads up to 4 tons/in2 when given appropriate heat treatments.
This document describes a patent filing from 1957 for an improved clamping device. The device comprises two bifurcated members that can be secured together in different relative positions using a connecting screw. One member has a strip or rail that prevents relative rotation when the two members are secured together. The arrangement allows a shelf or panel to be firmly supported in any of several selected positions relative to a support.
This document provides a summary of GB780031 (A), which describes a process for manufacturing acid amide derivatives of azo-compounds. Specifically, it involves condensing an amine containing at least two reactive amino groups with a carboxylic acid halide from an azo compound, where the azo compound contains a carboxylic acid ester group next to the azo linkage. The starting materials used do not contain groups that impart water solubility. A variety of diamine and azo compounds are described that can be used in this process.
This document describes a 1957 patent for an oscillating column combustion apparatus. The apparatus has a combustion chamber and pulsating tube that form an acoustic resonator. It is an improvement over prior designs by introducing the combustion mixture tangentially into the cylindrical combustion chamber through a mixing tube. This causes the mixture to circulate and thermally prepare along the hot chamber walls before igniting, overcoming issues with deposits clogging inlet throats in previous models. The pulsating tube can be arranged coaxially to induce better vortexing for ignition.
This patent document describes improvements to internal combustion engines with two or more cylinders. Specifically, it describes an engine where one rotary valve controls the inlet and outlet of two adjacent cylinders. The rotary valve rotates at half the crank shaft speed and has an axis that is inclined at an angle between 15 and 45 degrees to the cylinder axes. This arrangement allows for a compact design with advantages for the combustion chamber shape and spark plug placement.
This document describes GB780189 (A), a 1957 patent for improvements to fuel injection systems in internal combustion engines. It aims to dispense with separate air compressors and fuel pumps by using a portion of compressed air in the cylinder to inject and atomize fuel. For four-stroke engines, sub-atmospheric pressure during the intake stroke draws fuel through a metering valve into the injector. For two-stroke engines, a low pressure pump forces fuel through the metering valve during the exhaust/transfer stroke. The timing of fuel injection is determined by an injector obstructing an opening to the combustion chamber at the end of the compression stroke.
This document describes British patent GB785288 (A) which was filed on June 12, 1953 and published on October 23, 1957. It relates to an air heating apparatus for motor vehicles that has its own heat source. The apparatus includes a combustion chamber, combustion air blower driven by a motor, and a pre-combustion chamber with an ignition plug and fuel feed device. It also includes means to keep the blower motor running after fuel supply is cut off to allow the apparatus to cool to a predetermined temperature.
This document provides a detailed description of improvements relating to motor vehicle fuel supply systems, specifically describing a novel fuel level control mechanism for a carburetor fuel bowl. The mechanism uses a float-actuated needle valve to maintain fuel level and a servo valve controlled by the needle valve to permit increased fuel flow when the level drops. This eliminates restrictions of small needle valves that can cause vapor locking, allowing the fuel pump to operate at full stroke and fill lines quickly without stalling the engine.
This document describes a braking device for printing presses with a reciprocating type bed. The device uses one or more brake cylinders connected via piping to a counter-cylinder with a spring-loaded piston. This allows the braking force curve applied by the cylinders to be altered to better match the curve of retarding force from the type bed movement, improving smooth and uniform running of the printing press.
This document describes a braking device for printing presses with a reciprocating type bed. The device uses one or more brake cylinders connected via piping to a counter-cylinder with a spring-loaded piston. This allows the braking force curve applied by the cylinders to be altered to better match the curve of retarding force from the type bed movement, improving smooth and uniform running of the printing press.
This document describes an air conditioning installation for rooms that comprises a fresh air receiver supplied with conditioned fresh air at pressure, expansion nozzles that expand the fresh air into a mixing chamber to mix with room air sucked in, and a heat exchanger to heat or cool the room air mixture before it flows into the room. The invention involves widening the free cross-section of the mixing chamber as the distance from the expansion nozzles increases, which improves the flow of room air through the heat exchanger and circulation of air in the room.
The document describes a piston-type slide valve for steam locomotives. The slide valve has two components on each end that are normally held together under steam pressure but can separate when the engine is idling. This allows ports on both ends of the cylinder to communicate through apertures in the inner component and equalize pressure in the cylinder ends when coasting. The separation is achieved using a spring located between the two components on each end of the slide valve.
This document describes an improved electrical relay device with two interconnected circuits. Each circuit incorporates a signal receiving element. When a signal is accepted by one element, that circuit becomes operative and the other inoperative. Reversing the polarity or transferring the signal to the other element switches which circuit is operative. The relay includes two auto-excited transducers, each with two AC output windings, rectifiers, a single cut-off winding, and a single control winding. A signal to either control winding causes that transducer's output to decrease and the other's to increase. Transferring the signal or reversing its polarity switches the operative transducer.
This document describes a patent for improving the gasification of finely divided fuels suspended with oxygen. Specifically, it aims to overcome issues with prior arrangements that had long conveying paths between mixing and reaction, which caused wear and potential premature reactions. The new arrangement conveys fuel via a worm into a compression chamber ending in an annular slot, while oxygen is conducted through the worm's hollow shaft to break up the fuel plug and mix in a short section before the gasifying chamber. This avoids issues with prior long, curved conveying sections and allows for improved mixing with less pressure and safer operation.
This document describes a patent for improvements to high-speed watercraft. Specifically, it describes a watercraft with a hull supported above the water by at least two side-by-side legs, one on the port side and one on the starboard side. Elongated bodies on the ends of the legs are hydrodynamically shaped to lift the hull as the craft moves. The craft has a power plant in the hull connected to drive means on the bodies to propel the craft, and hydrofoils extending across the craft and connected to the bodies.
This document describes British patent GB784988(A) from 1957 regarding improvements to pressure-operated gas relay valves. Specifically, it introduces a weight supported by the valve-controlling diaphragm that is lifted off during valve closure by an adjustable stop, temporarily arresting closure to provide a steady gas flow to appliances like furnaces. It provides diagrams and descriptions of the valve components and how the added weight allows a third stage of gas flow control.
The combustion chamber has the difficult task of burning large quantities of fuel with air at high temperatures and pressures to produce hot gases to drive the turbine. It must accomplish this while minimizing pressure losses and maximizing heat release in a limited space. The combustion chamber diffuses and recirculates the incoming air to create regions of low velocity where fuel can fully mix and burn efficiently. Only around 20% of the total air is used in the primary combustion zone, with the remaining air used to dilute and cool the hot gases before they enter the turbine. Different chamber designs are used, but all utilize similar airflow patterns to stabilize the flame and promote complete, efficient combustion.
This document summarizes heat transfer processes within internal combustion engines. It discusses how about one-third of the total chemical energy from fuel must be dissipated through heat transfer to keep engine materials from overheating. The hottest areas include around the spark plug, exhaust valve, and piston face. Engines use water jackets or fins to cool the engine block. During operation, heat is transferred through conduction, convection and radiation within the combustion chamber and throughout the engine. Maintaining proper heat transfer is critical for engine performance and durability.
This document describes patent GB785178 (A) relating to improvements in steam irons. It includes a U-shaped heating element with a flash boiler adjacent to one limb. Steam ports extend through the sole plate and a steam passage leads from the boiler alongside the heating element to superheat the steam before it exits the ports. The steam is generated in a zone of concentrated heat near the boiler and heating element and passes through the long steam passage where it remains in contact with the heating element to be fully superheated before exiting.
This document describes a fuel injector for an internal combustion engine. It has a valve body with an annular groove that connects to oblique passages, allowing fuel to enter from different angles without bending the valve needle. During injection, fuel jets issue from the passages simultaneously and with equal force, balancing each other out to avoid bending the needle. The angular position of the valve body does not need to be exact, simplifying assembly.
This document describes British patent GB780067A from 1957 regarding improvements to gas turbine plants. It involves using a piston-driven gas generator and extraction pump to increase the pressure and temperature drop across the turbine without exceeding temperature and pressure limits at the turbine inlet. This allows increasing the specific output and efficiency of the plant by reducing pressure variations across the turbine. The extraction pump is driven by the gas generator to cool the turbine exhaust through a heat exchanger before entering the pump.
This document describes British patent GB780067A from 1957 regarding improvements to gas turbine plants. It involves using a piston-driven gas generator and extraction pump to increase the pressure and temperature drop across the turbine without exceeding temperature and pressure limits at the turbine inlet. This allows increasing the specific output and efficiency of the plant by reducing pressure variations across the turbine. The extraction pump is driven by the gas generator to cool the turbine exhaust through a heat exchanger before entering the pump.
This document describes British patent GB780067A from 1957 regarding improvements to gas turbine plants. It involves using a piston-driven gas generator and extraction pump to increase the pressure and temperature drop across the turbine without exceeding temperature and pressure limits at the turbine inlet. This allows increasing the specific output and efficiency of the plant by reducing pressure variations across the turbine. The extraction pump is driven by the gas generator to cool the turbine exhaust through a heat exchanger before entering the pump.
This document describes a travelling wave tube comprising a ceramic envelope bonded to ceramic discs at each end, with a helix inside. It includes coaxial input/output feeders external to the envelope. Dielectric-loaded stripline impedance transformers couple each end of the helix to the respective feeder. The couplings are formed by a ground plane on the disc joined to the feeder outer conductor, and a radial conducting strip bonded to the disc inner face connected to the helix and feeder inner conductor.
This document describes a patent for a novel looped pile fabric and method of making it. The fabric is woven flat on a simple loom with heat-shrinkable yarns running in one direction and other yarns crossing perpendicularly. Soft lofty yarns are floated over the crossing yarns to form piles. When heat-treated, the shrinkable yarns contract and draw the pile yarns together to form dense upright loops on the surface. The opposite side can then be coated to anchor the piles. This allows inexpensive production of looped pile fabrics on simple looms.
This patent document describes improvements to sealing glands for rotating machines using sintered metals. It discusses how sintered forms of metal like iron or nickel rub away more readily with less heat generation than cast or wrought metals when used in sealing glands between a rotating shaft and surrounding casing. The invention involves using sintered metal for one or both parts of a labyrinth gas gland that are liable to rub against each other.
This document describes improvements to reflex klystrons. It discloses a reflex klystron design that avoids the formation of a virtual cathode in the reflector space by ensuring the ratio of the reflector surface area to the cathode surface area is more than twice the ratio of the length of the retarding path in front of the reflector to the length of the acceleration path in front of the cathode. The klystron is suitable for modulation purposes due to its relatively large bandwidth.
This document describes improvements to heat exchanger tubes made of thin-walled aluminum or light alloy. It discusses two improved modes of manufacturing the tubes. The first involves forming a strip into a tube shape with the longitudinal edges turned inward and joined. The second involves forming a tube from two complementary strips with abutting longitudinal edges joined. Both methods involve coating the strips with brazing filler and brazing the joined edges.
The document describes an improved can packing mechanism for textile drawing frames. The mechanism uses vertical cylinders attached to the base of the machine, each containing a slidable rod connected to a chain. The rod carries a head that packs sliver into cans. The chains are connected to wheels on a shaft that is oscillated back and forth, causing the rods and heads to move up and down in a tramping motion to pack the sliver. This mechanism eliminates extending levers and allows for close spacing of the cans. Diagrams show two embodiments using springs or weights to assist the up and down motion of the rods and heads.
This document describes a process for stabilizing textile materials against shrinkage during laundering by treating cellulosic materials with non-volatile acetals of monoaldehydes and dialdehydes containing up to eight carbon atoms, and heating the treated material in the presence of an acidic catalyst and curing at over 121°C. Specific examples are provided of treating fabrics like viscose with acetals then evaluating them for shrinkage after multiple washes. The treatment is said to impart shrink resistance with minimal discoloration and retention of strength and handle.
This document describes improvements to ion traps in cathode-ray tubes. Specifically, it describes a cathode-ray tube design where the axis of the tubular anode adjacent to the cathode is not coaxial with but intersects the common axis of preceding electrodes. This allows the ion trap to operate satisfactorily while avoiding disadvantages of prior designs that required the anode to have a coaxial part. The new design allows for a shorter overall electrode system length compared to prior bent anode designs.
This document describes a patent for improvements in the production of molds and cores. Specifically, it involves a process where a mixture of sand and gas-hardenable binder is blown into a mold or core box. A gaseous hardening agent is then applied to the mixture as it enters the mold box. This allows the molds and cores to be formed and hardened rapidly. The document provides detailed descriptions of the process and apparatus used, including the use of a venturi tube-shaped orifice in the blowing plate to control where the hardening agent is introduced.
This document describes an apparatus for measuring high rotational speeds ranging from 2500 to 30000 RPM. The apparatus uses a cathode ray oscilloscope connected to an electromagnetic impulse generator attached to the rotating member. This causes the spot on the oscilloscope to move in a circular pattern proportional to the rotational speed. Timing circuits switch the spot on to create a short spiral trace indicating the broad speed range, then off. After a delay, the spot is switched on briefly to create a dot, indicating the precise speed within the range.
This document is a patent application from 1957 relating to locker and cupboard door fastenings. It describes a three-point locking mechanism that locks the door at the top, bottom, and side for increased security. The mechanism includes a lever that projects from the side of the door and upper and lower bolt members connected to the lever that project from the top and bottom when the lever is engaged. One of the bolt members has an abutment that can be locked in place by a lock to secure all three points.
This document describes a lubricant composition for aviation gas turbine engines. The composition includes a blend of dinonyl sebacate and di-2-ethyl hexyl sebacate as the major components. It also includes a complex ester in the amount of 10-30% by volume to increase viscosity and improve high temperature performance. Additionally, it contains an oxygen-containing polymer such as polyacrylate in the amount of 20% by weight to further improve properties.
This document describes a flux composition for soldering metals like aluminum that comprises a zinc chloride complex salt of a pyrazoline hydrohalide and a nitrogen salt component. The flux composition has advantages for production line soldering as it can be used in an inexpensive, non-flammable aqueous solution without hydrolysis or oxide formation issues seen in other fluxes. The document provides details on preparing the complex salt and flux, and examples demonstrating its effectiveness in soldering aluminum.
This document describes improvements to teaching apparatus for elementary arithmetic instruction. The apparatus uses a rigid board with numerical scales and movable counters to teach counting and basic arithmetic operations. Key improvements include omitting or outlining numerical symbols on the scales so students fill them in as they move counters. Counters are also marked with arrows or other symbols to associate direction of movement with addition and subtraction. Having irregular edges on the board conveys the infinite nature of numbers to students.
This document summarizes a patent for an apparatus that stores digital data on a moving magnetic medium. It allows for simultaneously reading stored data from a cell on the magnetic medium and overriding it by writing new data to that same cell. This is accomplished by using timing impulses to select cells for reading and writing, with the reading gate impulse occurring just before the writing gate impulse. This provides time to determine what new data should be written based on the read data and other inputs. The document describes the technical details and diagrams of how this works.
This document describes improvements to methods and apparatuses for filling large collapsible shipping containers. Specifically, it describes pressurizing the container before filling to expand it fully, then filling it while maintaining pressure. This ensures utilization of the container's full capacity. The document provides detailed descriptions and drawings of various apparatuses that can pressurize and fill the container through separate or same openings, including features like telescoping filling tubes and screw conveyors to direct filling material.
The document summarizes an improved nail packing machine that comprises a series of vibrating feeder chutes to efficiently pack nails into cases. An intermediate chute weighs the amount of nails received and interrupts the vibrator on the hopper chute if too many nails are received, allowing the intermediate chute to unload before restoring to normal operation. The machine also includes a vibratory table to further settle the nails into the cases without empty spaces.
This document describes patent GB780026 (A) filed in 1957 regarding improvements to rotary pumps, compressors, and engines. It includes a rotor with blades that form conveyor chambers and an abutment slide that separates the suction and pressure sides. The blades curve forward in the direction of rotation to fully fill the chambers and prevent ejection of the medium. The abutment slide has a cylindrical packing part that follows the sharp blade tips for improved efficiency. The abutment slide is controlled via a crank to match the rotor profile for various applications including high speed operation.
This document describes GB780027 (A), which relates to a new group of compounds called 3-piperidyl ethers and thioethers. These compounds have desirable therapeutic properties, particularly oxytocic activity and selectivity of action upon the in situ uterus without undesirable side effects. The document provides the general chemical formula for these compounds and examples of their synthesis, including by reacting piperidinols with aralkyl halides. Therapeutic uses including preventing or treating postpartum hemorrhage are also described.
This document describes British patent GB780024 (A) for improvements in weighing apparatus. The weighing apparatus uses a weight-carrying platform mounted on a conducting coil located in a magnetic field. Current is passed through the coil to support the platform in a floating position. When a weight is placed on the platform, the current through the coil is increased to restore the position, and the current variations are indicated to show the weight. The apparatus provides a fast response time and can indicate weight as a voltage, making it suitable for automatic control applications.
1. * GB780023 (A)
Description: GB780023 (A) ? 1957-07-31
New or improved combustion process for internal combustion engines with
subdivided combustion space
Description of GB780023 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: May 25, 1955.
Application made in Germany on May 25, 1954.
780,023 No, 15087/55.
Complete Specification Published: July 31, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Classes 7(2), B2C(1A:1C:9:15A); and 7(3),
B2J(2:4A:4C2:4C3:
4D:19B:20).
International Classification:-FO2b, f.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
New or Improved Combustion Process for Internal Combustion Engines
with Subdivided Combustion Space I, WALTER PFLAUM, of 9,
Hermannstrasse, Berlin-Wannsee, Germany, a German citizen, do hereby
declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted
to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement: -
The advantages of an internal combustion engine with a subdivided
combustion space are generally known. In particular, a chamber divided
off from a main combustion space may be used asapre-combustionchamber
or as a turbulence chamber. In the case of a pre-combustion chamber,
the fuel is injected into such chamber and partially ignited and
consequently blows the rest of the fuel into the main combustion space
with increase in pressure, the main combustion then taking place. In a
turbulence chamber, all or nearly all the combustion air is forced
into the chamber wherein it is caused to rotate by the action of a
tangential transfer duct or other means, the fuel being injected into
the rotating air mass.
In all cases, favourable combustion depends upon the co-operation of a
number of factors, whereof the most important are:The form and
2. position of the fuel stream admitted, the form and disposition of the
chamber and of any air or mixture turbulence therein, and the
temperatures in the chamber and of the wall enclosing the same.
The interaction between these factors is so great that successful
development can be ensured only if they are suitably co-ordinated.
Thus, the ignition and combustion and the air or gas movement are so
affected by the temperature of the wall of the chamber that the fuel
stream and air movement, for example, have to be differently
determined in order to produce the most favourable conditions with
different temperatures of the chamber wall.
Measures serving to ensure a certain tem.
perature of the chamber are usually adopted.
[Price 3/61 In particular, use has been made for this purpose of
inserts embodying either the transfer duct between the main combustion
space and the chamber or part or all of the walls of the said chamber.
Such inserts have 50 also been insulated, or the walls of the chamber
or cooling-water jacket have been suitably dimensioned in order to
keep the temperature of the chamber wall at a certain value. However,
such measures only allow 55 favourable conditions to be assured for a
certain load, whereas, under other load conditions, the wall
temperature may be either too low or too high, which may be
disadvantageous with respect to combustion, power 60 output, fuel
consumption, smokeless combustion and combustion noise.
In contrast with the foregoing, the present invention enables the
individual factors to be more favourably co-ordinated, so that better
65 and more uniform combustion of the fuel is ensured.
According to the invention, in a combustion process for an internal
combustion engine with a chamber divided from the main combustion
space, particularly but not essentially a pre-combustion chamber or a
turbulence chamber, combustion air is caused to execute a rotary
movement in the said chamber, fuel is injected into the rotating air,
and the temperature of the wall of the said chamber is automatically
controlled by heating the said wall in controlled dependence upon an
operating condition of the engine.
The temperature of the wall of the chamber may be controlled in
dependence on engine speed, power output or torque or on the
temperature of the engine, for example by means of a
temperature-responsive device, which may be a thermostat in the
cooling 85 system of the engine or in the exhaust or the like. If
desired, provision may in addition be made for cooling the wall of the
chamber.
Electrical energy may be used for heating the chamber and a resistance
wire or high 90 780,023 frequency current may be used for the purpose.
Or an external source of heat for a fluid heating medium may be used,
3. permitting heating not only during running but also during engine
starting, or the engine coolant itself may be utilised. A fluid medium
may also be chemically heated or cooled, or such heating or cooling
may be effected by mechanical means such as a compressor or
compression-expansion refrigerator.
The rotary air movement, provided in accordance with the invention in
conjunction with the heating of the chamber wall, ensures that
practically all the air comes uni15formly into contact with the wall,
so that almost uniform heating of the turbulent air mass rotating in
the chamber can be attained and high efficiency achieved.
By the injection of the fuel into the rotating and uniformly heated
air, relatively uniform combustion conditions are obtained at all
points in the chamber, so that, with a uniform air-fuel mixture, good
combustion is attained. The fuel also is brought directly 25into
contact with the heated walls of the chamber.
In a particularly advantageous construction of engine, the transfer
duct between the chamber and the main combustion space is formed in a
manner known per se by obliquely or helically directed apertures which
produce the rotating air movement in the said chamber. The axis of the
fuel stream is preferably disposed in or substantially in the
direction of the axis of rotation of the air.
Thus, a twist is imparted not only to the air flowing into the
chamber, but also to the gases flowing out of the same, which assists
further mixture formation and completion of the combustion.
The obliquely or helically directed apertures of the transfer duct may
all be the same or may differ in size, shape and/or direction.
Further details and advantages of the invention may be gathered from
the following description of various examples described with reference
to the accompanying drawings, wherein:Fig. 1 is a vertical axial
section through the upper part of an internal combustion engine having
a pre-combustion chamber arranged to one side of the axis of the
engine cylinder:
Fig. 2 is a vertical section showing a modified construction of the
pre-combustion chamber; Fig. 3A is a developed peripheral section,
drawn to a larger scale, through the transfer duct between the
cylinder space and the precombustion chamber of Figs. 1 and 2; Fig. 3B
is a plan view, also to a larger scale, of the insert forming the
transfer duct in Figs. 1 and 2; Figs. 4A and 4B show a variant of
Figs.
3A and 3B; Fig. 5 shows a further variant of Figs. 3A and 4A; Fig. 6
is a vertical axial section of the upper part of an internal
combustion engine with a further modified pre-combustion 70 chamber;
Fig. 7 is a section along the line A, B. C, D in Fig. 6; Fig. 8 is a
small scale plan view of a multicylinder engine constructed in
4. accordance 75 with Figs. 6 and 7: and Fig. 9 is a plan view
corresponding to Fig.
8 of a somewhat different construction of the engine.
In Fig. 1, a pre-combustion chamber 11 is 80 arranged in the cylinder
head 10 to the side of the axis of the cylinder. The chamber 11 of
this e:-ample is cylindrical with the longitudinal axis disposed
vertically. A fuel injection nozzle may enter through the cover 85 of
this chamber in alignment with the said axis.
The transfer duct 12 between the precombustion chamber 11 and the main
combustion space 13 over the piston 14 is formed 90 by an insert 15,
individual transfer apertures 16 in such insert 15 being obliquely
positioned or helically directed about the jet axis of the injection
nozzle in order to impart a rotating movement to the combustion air 95
passing through such apertures into the chamber 11 from the cylinder
during the compression stroke. At the same time, the fuel is carried
towards the wall of the chamber 11, more particularly by centrifugal
action, so that the wall temperature can have a direct effect on the
fuel.
The apertures 16 may be uniformly dimensioned, arranged and directed,
as illustrated in Figs. 3A and 3B. If desired. however, the 105
distribution and the shape or direction of the apertures 16 can be
varied in accordance with the position of the pre-combustion chamber
in relation to the main combustion space and the shape of such
chamber. Thus, for 110 example, Figs. 4A and 4B show apertures 16a
with cross-section of differing sizes decreasing or increasing in
sequence around the circle, while in the case of Fig. 5 the apertures
16b have not only different cross-sections but 115 also different
angles of inclination to the horizontal. The radial shaping of the
apertures of a transfer duct can also be different from one another,
or individual apertures of different kinds can be provided separately
120 or in combination, the apertures being, for example, distributed
regularly around the periphery or following a particular expedient
law. Furthermore. the axis of the circular arrangement of apertures
need not coincide with the axis of the pre-combustion chamber 11,
because the said apertures may be arranged eccentrically or in any
other desirable way in the insert 15.
A conductor spiral 17 (Fig. 1), protected 130 780,023 against the
effect of the cooling jacket space in the cylinder head by an
insulating mass 18, is disposed around the chamber 11 for the purpose
of attaining the controlled wall temperature thereof. The spiral can
be an electric heating resistance or a spiral tube supplied from
outside with a hot medium. The said medium may be a fluid heated by
suitable means. The walls of the spiral may entirely or partially
cover the wall of the chamber 11.
5. The heating is controlled so that the temperature of the whole or part
of the wall of the chamber 11 is controlled in dependence upon an
operating condition of the engine.
Fig. 2 shows a modification wherein the chamber 11 is completely
enclosed by a onepiece insert 19 in the bottom of which are formed the
apertures constituting the transfer duct. The insert 19 is so
dimensioned that a space 20 intervenes between its exterior and a
surrounding wall of the cylinder head. This space 20 is used for
accommodating a spiral electric wire 21 or a spiral tube. A
heat-insulating layer also may be provided in the space 20, as shown.
If desired, the spiral could be dispensed with and a heating medium
could be allowed to flow directly through the intermediate space 20.
The heating is controlled so that the temperaSo ture of the whole or
part of the wall of the chamber 11 is controlled in dependence upon an
operating condition of the engine.
While the examples above described involve heat transfer means for
heating the wall of the chamber 11, the heating may also be effected
in a manner known per Se by direct high-frequency current.
Figs. 6 to 9 show constructions in which the chambers are turbulence
chambers, generally of spherical or globular form. In most
turbulence-chamber engines, the fuel is injected transversely through
the rotating air mass and thus substantially perpendicularly to the
axis of the whirl in the turbulence chamber, for example in the
direction 22 or 23 in Fig. 6. This causes the fuel jet or stream to be
cut by the air streams both at its foot and at its head, or both at
its point of egress from the chamber and at its point of entry.
However, this makes fuel distribution so non-uniform that optimum
mixture formation and maximum power output, and thus the lowest
possible fuel consumption, cannot be attained. For this reason, the
fuel 55is preferably injected in the direction of the axis 24 of the
air whirl or parallel to such axis as illustrated by way of example in
Figs.
6 and 7. The turbulence chamber 25 then communicates with the main
combustion space 27 via a transfer duct 26 communicating tangentially
or substantially tangentially therewith. The injection nozzle is
inserted at 28 into the socket member 29 in the direction of the axis
24.
As with the examples described with reference to Figs. 1 and 2,
particularly complete mixture formation is also attained with the
construction in Figs. 6 and 7, more particularly because those fuel
particles which are carried to the wall of the chamber 25 encounter,
because of the controlled wall temperature, just that temperature
condition which is advantageous for the intended favourable course of
combustion.
6. The turbulence chamber may be either 75 spherical or of any flattened
or oblate form.
It is also immaterial whether the said chamber is accommodated in the
cylinder head, in the engine cylinder itself, or in a separate
intermediate member or extension of the 80 cylinder. It is sufficient
if the air whirl can be formed and thereafter maintain its kinetic
energy.
As regards heating, the same applies to the construction according to
Figs. 6 and 7 as to 85 Figs. 1 and 2, so that there is no need for a
further special explanation in this connection.
A heating spiral 30 corresponding to Fig. 1 is illustrated by way of
example, and is embedded in insulating material. However, any 90 other
kind of heating means can be provided.
Furthermore, Fig. 8 shows a construction wherein a space 32 is
provided between individual cylinder heads 31 of an engine, in which
space the injection nozzle 33 or the 95 head of same can be detachably
fitted; without the cylinder heads 31 having to be removed for this
purpose.
In cylinder heads used in blocks, as shown for example in Fig. 9, a
recess 34 with the 100 axis of the fuel injection nozzle inclined in
relation to the axis of the engine is expedient in certain
circumstances. This arrangement is naturally not limited to either the
one or the other cylinder head construction. 105 The turbulence
chamber 25 is advantageously so displaced in relation to a transverse
plane passing through the cylinder axis that the axial directions of
the air turbulence and the fuel stream extend substantially parallel.
It 110 is also expedient in this case accordingly to displace the
inlet and exhaust valves 36 and 37 respectively as illustrated.
The invention is not limited to pre-combustion chambers or turbulence
chambers, 115 but is applicable to all kinds of subdivided combustion
spaces. Thus, the combinations of rotary air movement and wall heating
may also be of advantage on engines having a socalled air accumulator,
that is a separate air 120 chamber into which combustion air flows
from the main combustion space during the compression stroke and from
which it flows out during the expansion stroke, in such engines, the
fuel nozzle is not located in the 125 separate chamber, but the nozzle
can be arranged so that, as required by the present invention, at
least a part of the fuel is injected by the nozzle into the said
chamber. Uniform heating of the combustion air exerts a favour780,023
able influence on the combustion of the fuel in this case also. The
production of rotary air movement is of advantage not only for the
inflow of the air into the separate chainber, but also for its
outflow, as it contributes to better mixture distribution and to
better continuation and completion of the mixture formation and
7. combustion in the main combustion space. The process according to the
invention is thus also of use when there is only partial combustion in
the separated chamber.
In addition to provision for automatically controlled heating of the
wall of the chamber, provision may be made also for cooling the said
wall by a cooling medium, for example by supplying the spiral tube,
referred to in connection with Figs. 2, 6 and 7, with a fluid cooled
by suitable means. Alternatively, if the spiral is dispensed with, as
referred to in connection with Fig. 2, the cooling medium could be
allowed to flow directly through the intermediate space 20.
A suitable heating and cooling combination would consist, for example,
of electric heating and cooling by a flowing liquid coolant. The space
around the chamber wall will generally afford enough room to
accommodate provision for both heating and cooling.
With provision for cooling as well as heating., the chamber wall may
be heated at times, for example on starting of the engine, and cooled
at other times, for example when the engine is running under heavy
load.
In some cases, depending upon the dimensions and disposition of the
chamber, provision may be made, for the purpose of more effectively
controlling the temperature of the chamber wall, not only for heating
the said wall in one part but also for cooling it in another part at
the same time.
Also in cases in which provision is made for cooling as well as
heating, it is arranged that the wall temperature is controlled in
dependence upon an operating condition of the engine
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