Brugia malayi is a roundworm nematode that is one of three causative agents of lymphatic filariasis in humans, along with Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia timori. It infects 13 million people in parts of Asia, causing lymphatic filariasis which is characterized by swelling of the lower limbs. The life cycle of B. malayi involves transmission via mosquito vectors to humans, where it resides in the lymphatic system and can cause symptoms such as lymphadenitis, lymphangitis, and long term lymphedema known as elephantiasis. Diagnosis involves identification of microfilariae in blood smears taken at night,
Trichinella spiralis is a nematode that causes the disease trichinosis. It has a direct lifecycle between pigs and humans. Humans typically become infected by eating undercooked pork containing encysted larvae. The larvae are released in the stomach and penetrate the intestine to mature into adults. The females release larvae that travel through blood vessels to encyst in muscle tissue, where they can survive for years. Symptoms vary from none to severe muscle pain and inflammation depending on the infection level. Diagnosis involves muscle biopsy or serology. Treatment involves antiparasitic medication and corticosteroids for severe cases. Prevention focuses on properly cooking pork and controlling infection in pig populations.
Echinococcosis is caused by the tissue-invasive larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus. Three main species can infect humans: E. granulosus, E. vogeli, and E. multilocularis. E. granulosus causes cystic hydatid disease, forming fluid-filled cysts in organs. Its life cycle involves canine definitive hosts and ungulate intermediate hosts. Humans are accidental dead-end hosts. The cysts grow slowly and can cause pressure effects or spread following rupture. Diagnosis involves imaging and serology tests. Treatment involves surgery and anti-parasitic drugs.
Helminths, also known as parasitic worms, are multicellular eukaryotic parasites that live in and feed on living hosts. They include nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), trematodes (flukes), and monogeneans. Trematodes have two suckers, an oral and ventral sucker, and a simple digestive system without an anus. They reproduce through an intermediate host, often a snail, and then a definitive host, where they can cause disease. One example is Fasciola hepatica, the sheep liver fluke, which uses a snail and water plants as intermediate hosts before infecting the liver of mammals like sheep, cattle, and humans
Basic discussion on Coccidian parasites with a focus on Cryptosporidiosis -morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and laboratory diagnosis and management.
Fleas undergo complete metamorphosis from egg to larva to pupa to adult. Common flea species include cat fleas, dog fleas, human fleas, chigoe fleas, sticktight fleas, oriental rat fleas, and rabbit fleas. Fleas can cause harm through flea allergy dermatitis, tungiasis, and by transmitting diseases as plague vectors. Controlling fleas involves treating pets with soaps, combs, and flea control products from veterinarians as well as limiting outdoor time and contact with wild animals.
Brugia malayi is a roundworm nematode that is one of three causative agents of lymphatic filariasis in humans, along with Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia timori. It infects 13 million people in parts of Asia, causing lymphatic filariasis which is characterized by swelling of the lower limbs. The life cycle of B. malayi involves transmission via mosquito vectors to humans, where it resides in the lymphatic system and can cause symptoms such as lymphadenitis, lymphangitis, and long term lymphedema known as elephantiasis. Diagnosis involves identification of microfilariae in blood smears taken at night,
Trichinella spiralis is a nematode that causes the disease trichinosis. It has a direct lifecycle between pigs and humans. Humans typically become infected by eating undercooked pork containing encysted larvae. The larvae are released in the stomach and penetrate the intestine to mature into adults. The females release larvae that travel through blood vessels to encyst in muscle tissue, where they can survive for years. Symptoms vary from none to severe muscle pain and inflammation depending on the infection level. Diagnosis involves muscle biopsy or serology. Treatment involves antiparasitic medication and corticosteroids for severe cases. Prevention focuses on properly cooking pork and controlling infection in pig populations.
Echinococcosis is caused by the tissue-invasive larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus. Three main species can infect humans: E. granulosus, E. vogeli, and E. multilocularis. E. granulosus causes cystic hydatid disease, forming fluid-filled cysts in organs. Its life cycle involves canine definitive hosts and ungulate intermediate hosts. Humans are accidental dead-end hosts. The cysts grow slowly and can cause pressure effects or spread following rupture. Diagnosis involves imaging and serology tests. Treatment involves surgery and anti-parasitic drugs.
Helminths, also known as parasitic worms, are multicellular eukaryotic parasites that live in and feed on living hosts. They include nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), trematodes (flukes), and monogeneans. Trematodes have two suckers, an oral and ventral sucker, and a simple digestive system without an anus. They reproduce through an intermediate host, often a snail, and then a definitive host, where they can cause disease. One example is Fasciola hepatica, the sheep liver fluke, which uses a snail and water plants as intermediate hosts before infecting the liver of mammals like sheep, cattle, and humans
Basic discussion on Coccidian parasites with a focus on Cryptosporidiosis -morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and laboratory diagnosis and management.
Fleas undergo complete metamorphosis from egg to larva to pupa to adult. Common flea species include cat fleas, dog fleas, human fleas, chigoe fleas, sticktight fleas, oriental rat fleas, and rabbit fleas. Fleas can cause harm through flea allergy dermatitis, tungiasis, and by transmitting diseases as plague vectors. Controlling fleas involves treating pets with soaps, combs, and flea control products from veterinarians as well as limiting outdoor time and contact with wild animals.
This document discusses different types of blood-sucking lice that affect humans, including their morphology, life cycles, and public health importance. It covers three main types: body louse, head louse, and pubic louse. Key points include their worldwide distribution, feeding behaviors, egg-laying habits, and roles in transmitting diseases like epidemic typhus. Control methods include insecticidal treatments, combing, boiling clothes/water, and chemical disinfectants. The document also briefly overview Cyclops, a freshwater copepod genus that can act as an intermediate host for diseases like guinea-worm.
The document summarizes key aspects of two classes of parasitic flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes) - cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes). It describes their morphology, life cycles, important orders/species that infect humans as intestinal or extraintestinal parasites, and highlights key distinguishing features of medically relevant tapeworms and flukes. Key tapeworms discussed are Taenia solium, T. saginata, Echinococcus granulosus, E. multilocularis, and Dipylidium caninum. Key flukes discussed are Schistosoma spp., Fasciola hepatica, Clonorchis sinensis, and Par
Clostridium is a genus of gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria. Some Clostridium species are pathogenic and can cause diseases like gas gangrene, tetanus, and botulism by producing toxins. Clostridium perfringens is a species that can cause gas gangrene through tissue destruction mediated by toxins and enzymatic activity. It is identified through culture, Gram staining, and tests like Nagler's reaction that detect lecithinase production. Treatment of gas gangrene involves prompt surgical debridement and antibiotics.
This document provides information on basic identification methods for human parasitology. It discusses various parasite identification techniques including microscopic examination of wet mounts, concentration methods for stool samples, and examination of other specimens like sputum, biopsies, and blood. The document outlines procedures for collecting and preparing stool, sputum, and blood samples for examination and describes examining samples microscopically to identify parasites, eggs, larvae, trophozoites or cysts of organisms like hookworm, tapeworm, whipworm, pinworm, Entamoeba, and Giardia. It also discusses concentrating techniques, normal values, artifacts, and use of the QBC method for diagnosing parasites in blood samples.
Trichuris trichuria, also known as the whipworm, is a soil-transmitted helminth that inhabits the large intestine. The male worm is 30-45mm while the female is 35-50mm. The female lays 3,000-10,000 eggs per day that are passed in feces. Under favorable conditions, the eggs embryonate in 2-3 weeks and can cause infection if swallowed. Heavy infections can cause symptoms like bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, and anemia. Diagnosis is via stool examination and treatment is with mebendazole or albendazole.
- Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic roundworm that causes lymphatic filariasis. It lives in the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes of humans.
- The parasite has a two-host lifecycle, with humans as the definitive host and various mosquito species as the intermediate host. Microfilariae ingested by a mosquito develop into infective larvae that can be transmitted to another human.
- In humans, adult worms cause lymphangitis and lymphadenitis, leading to symptoms like lymph edema, hydrocele, and elephantiasis. Occult filariasis involves high eosinophilia without microfilaremia. Diagnosis involves microfilariae detection in blood
Loa loa, commonly known as the eye worm, is a parasitic filarial nematode transmitted by deer flies and mango flies. It causes loiasis or Calabar swelling in humans in parts of Africa and India. The adult worms live in subcutaneous tissues under the skin and can sometimes be seen moving under the eye or skin, giving it the name "eye worm". Microfilariae produced by the adult female worms can be found in blood, urine and other tissues. The life cycle involves transmission between humans and flies. Diagnosis is by finding microfilariae in blood samples and treatment involves diethylcarbamazine or ivermectin.
1) Hookworms are blood-feeding nematodes that infect around 900 million people worldwide, principally by the species Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus.
2) A. duodenale is associated with miners due to humid conditions in mines being suitable for egg and larval development. It was known to cause severe anemia in miners.
3) The life cycle involves eggs passing in feces and hatching as larvae that penetrate skin, are carried by blood to lungs, then swallowed and mature as adults in small intestine where they feed on blood, potentially causing iron-deficiency anemia.
After showing this Presentation you will able to differentiate between each type of intestinal parasite in cattle.
In this Presentation we will study the life cycle of each type
And we will able to make control ,prevention and treatment of each type
Echinococcus granulosus is a tapeworm that causes hydatid disease in humans and intermediate hosts like sheep. It has a two-host lifecycle, using dogs as the definitive host and sheep as the primary intermediate host. In humans, the larval cysts most commonly form in the liver and lungs. The adult tapeworm lives in the small intestine of dogs, where it releases eggs that are passed in feces and ingested by intermediate hosts. When the eggs reach the liver, they develop into hydatid cysts.
Balantidium coli is a protozoan parasite that causes the disease balantidiasis in humans. It has two stages - a trophozoite stage where it reproduces and feeds, and an infective cyst stage. Humans typically become infected through ingesting cysts from fecally contaminated food or water. The cysts excyst in the small intestine and trophozoites take up residence in the large intestine, where they can cause symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, and dysentery. Diagnosis is via stool examination or biopsy. Treatment involves antibiotics like tetracycline, metronidazole, or iodoquinol. Prevention focuses on sanitary disposal of human and pig feces to avoid
The document summarizes information about myiasis, a parasitic infestation caused by fly larvae. It discusses the classification of myiasis, including different types based on location (e.g. cutaneous, nasal) and flies involved (e.g. bot flies, blow flies, screw flies). Symptoms vary depending on location but may include skin lesions, irritation, pain and secondary infections. Diagnosis involves identifying fly larvae based on morphology and travel history. Treatment focuses on physically removing larvae and preventing further infestation.
Echinococcus granulosus causes cystic hydatid disease in humans and livestock by forming hydatid cysts in organs. It has a two-host lifecycle between canines and herbivores. In humans, eggs ingested from contaminated dog feces hatch and form cysts usually in the liver or lungs. Cysts grow slowly and can cause symptoms from pressure or rupture. Diagnosis involves imaging, serology, and cyst puncture. Treatment is surgical removal of cysts and chemotherapy to prevent recurrence. Prevention focuses on deworming dogs and properly disposing of infected livestock organs.
Echinococcus granulosus, also called hydatid worm belongs to class Cestoda
It causes cystic echinococcosis in livestock and humans being intermediate hosts and parasitize the small intestines of adult canids
It is a zoonotic disease
Definitive hosts are carnivorous predators like dogs, wolves, foxes and lions. While sheep, goat, cattle, pigs and rodents are intermediate hosts. Birds and arthropods act as mechanical vectors
Wuchereria Bancrofti, the adult worm or parasites and its embryo microfilariae . The studies of microbiology. Its about Introduction, morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment
This document summarizes Taenia saginata, the beef tapeworm. It describes the parasite's taxonomy, life cycle, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. T. saginata has a life cycle involving cattle as the intermediate host and humans as the definitive host. Humans can become infected by consuming undercooked beef containing the parasite's larval cysticerci stage. The adult worms live in the human small intestine where they can cause abdominal symptoms but often no symptoms. Diagnosis involves finding the parasite's eggs or proglottids in a fecal sample. Treatment involves praziquantel or niclosamide. Thorough cooking of beef can prevent infection.
Fleas are small, wingless insects that feed exclusively on the blood of mammals and birds. They belong to the order Siphonaptera. Fleas have mouthparts adapted for piercing skin and sucking blood. The flea life cycle consists of eggs, larvae, pupae, and adult stages. There are several medically important flea species that can be distinguished based on the presence and structure of combs on their heads and thoraxes.
Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic nematode that causes lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) in humans. It is transmitted by mosquitoes and lives in the human lymphatic system. The parasite has a complex life cycle involving microfilariae in human blood that are ingested by mosquitoes during feeding. The mosquito serves as an intermediate host where the microfilariae develop into infective larvae, which are then transmitted to humans during subsequent blood feeding, developing into adult worms in the lymphatics. Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic microfilaremia to lymphedema and elephantiasis of the legs and genitals due to long-term infection and damage.
Phylum Acanthocephala and Filaria WormGifteeJRoumi
This document provides an overview of the phyla Acanthocephala and Filaria worms. It discusses the characteristics, anatomy, life cycles, transmission, pathogenicity and treatment of various types of acanthocephalans and filarial worms. Specific sections cover the morphology, geographical distribution, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and control of parasites such as Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia timori, Onchocerca volvulus, and Mansonella streptocerca.
This document discusses different types of blood-sucking lice that affect humans, including their morphology, life cycles, and public health importance. It covers three main types: body louse, head louse, and pubic louse. Key points include their worldwide distribution, feeding behaviors, egg-laying habits, and roles in transmitting diseases like epidemic typhus. Control methods include insecticidal treatments, combing, boiling clothes/water, and chemical disinfectants. The document also briefly overview Cyclops, a freshwater copepod genus that can act as an intermediate host for diseases like guinea-worm.
The document summarizes key aspects of two classes of parasitic flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes) - cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes). It describes their morphology, life cycles, important orders/species that infect humans as intestinal or extraintestinal parasites, and highlights key distinguishing features of medically relevant tapeworms and flukes. Key tapeworms discussed are Taenia solium, T. saginata, Echinococcus granulosus, E. multilocularis, and Dipylidium caninum. Key flukes discussed are Schistosoma spp., Fasciola hepatica, Clonorchis sinensis, and Par
Clostridium is a genus of gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria. Some Clostridium species are pathogenic and can cause diseases like gas gangrene, tetanus, and botulism by producing toxins. Clostridium perfringens is a species that can cause gas gangrene through tissue destruction mediated by toxins and enzymatic activity. It is identified through culture, Gram staining, and tests like Nagler's reaction that detect lecithinase production. Treatment of gas gangrene involves prompt surgical debridement and antibiotics.
This document provides information on basic identification methods for human parasitology. It discusses various parasite identification techniques including microscopic examination of wet mounts, concentration methods for stool samples, and examination of other specimens like sputum, biopsies, and blood. The document outlines procedures for collecting and preparing stool, sputum, and blood samples for examination and describes examining samples microscopically to identify parasites, eggs, larvae, trophozoites or cysts of organisms like hookworm, tapeworm, whipworm, pinworm, Entamoeba, and Giardia. It also discusses concentrating techniques, normal values, artifacts, and use of the QBC method for diagnosing parasites in blood samples.
Trichuris trichuria, also known as the whipworm, is a soil-transmitted helminth that inhabits the large intestine. The male worm is 30-45mm while the female is 35-50mm. The female lays 3,000-10,000 eggs per day that are passed in feces. Under favorable conditions, the eggs embryonate in 2-3 weeks and can cause infection if swallowed. Heavy infections can cause symptoms like bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, and anemia. Diagnosis is via stool examination and treatment is with mebendazole or albendazole.
- Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic roundworm that causes lymphatic filariasis. It lives in the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes of humans.
- The parasite has a two-host lifecycle, with humans as the definitive host and various mosquito species as the intermediate host. Microfilariae ingested by a mosquito develop into infective larvae that can be transmitted to another human.
- In humans, adult worms cause lymphangitis and lymphadenitis, leading to symptoms like lymph edema, hydrocele, and elephantiasis. Occult filariasis involves high eosinophilia without microfilaremia. Diagnosis involves microfilariae detection in blood
Loa loa, commonly known as the eye worm, is a parasitic filarial nematode transmitted by deer flies and mango flies. It causes loiasis or Calabar swelling in humans in parts of Africa and India. The adult worms live in subcutaneous tissues under the skin and can sometimes be seen moving under the eye or skin, giving it the name "eye worm". Microfilariae produced by the adult female worms can be found in blood, urine and other tissues. The life cycle involves transmission between humans and flies. Diagnosis is by finding microfilariae in blood samples and treatment involves diethylcarbamazine or ivermectin.
1) Hookworms are blood-feeding nematodes that infect around 900 million people worldwide, principally by the species Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus.
2) A. duodenale is associated with miners due to humid conditions in mines being suitable for egg and larval development. It was known to cause severe anemia in miners.
3) The life cycle involves eggs passing in feces and hatching as larvae that penetrate skin, are carried by blood to lungs, then swallowed and mature as adults in small intestine where they feed on blood, potentially causing iron-deficiency anemia.
After showing this Presentation you will able to differentiate between each type of intestinal parasite in cattle.
In this Presentation we will study the life cycle of each type
And we will able to make control ,prevention and treatment of each type
Echinococcus granulosus is a tapeworm that causes hydatid disease in humans and intermediate hosts like sheep. It has a two-host lifecycle, using dogs as the definitive host and sheep as the primary intermediate host. In humans, the larval cysts most commonly form in the liver and lungs. The adult tapeworm lives in the small intestine of dogs, where it releases eggs that are passed in feces and ingested by intermediate hosts. When the eggs reach the liver, they develop into hydatid cysts.
Balantidium coli is a protozoan parasite that causes the disease balantidiasis in humans. It has two stages - a trophozoite stage where it reproduces and feeds, and an infective cyst stage. Humans typically become infected through ingesting cysts from fecally contaminated food or water. The cysts excyst in the small intestine and trophozoites take up residence in the large intestine, where they can cause symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, and dysentery. Diagnosis is via stool examination or biopsy. Treatment involves antibiotics like tetracycline, metronidazole, or iodoquinol. Prevention focuses on sanitary disposal of human and pig feces to avoid
The document summarizes information about myiasis, a parasitic infestation caused by fly larvae. It discusses the classification of myiasis, including different types based on location (e.g. cutaneous, nasal) and flies involved (e.g. bot flies, blow flies, screw flies). Symptoms vary depending on location but may include skin lesions, irritation, pain and secondary infections. Diagnosis involves identifying fly larvae based on morphology and travel history. Treatment focuses on physically removing larvae and preventing further infestation.
Echinococcus granulosus causes cystic hydatid disease in humans and livestock by forming hydatid cysts in organs. It has a two-host lifecycle between canines and herbivores. In humans, eggs ingested from contaminated dog feces hatch and form cysts usually in the liver or lungs. Cysts grow slowly and can cause symptoms from pressure or rupture. Diagnosis involves imaging, serology, and cyst puncture. Treatment is surgical removal of cysts and chemotherapy to prevent recurrence. Prevention focuses on deworming dogs and properly disposing of infected livestock organs.
Echinococcus granulosus, also called hydatid worm belongs to class Cestoda
It causes cystic echinococcosis in livestock and humans being intermediate hosts and parasitize the small intestines of adult canids
It is a zoonotic disease
Definitive hosts are carnivorous predators like dogs, wolves, foxes and lions. While sheep, goat, cattle, pigs and rodents are intermediate hosts. Birds and arthropods act as mechanical vectors
Wuchereria Bancrofti, the adult worm or parasites and its embryo microfilariae . The studies of microbiology. Its about Introduction, morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment
This document summarizes Taenia saginata, the beef tapeworm. It describes the parasite's taxonomy, life cycle, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. T. saginata has a life cycle involving cattle as the intermediate host and humans as the definitive host. Humans can become infected by consuming undercooked beef containing the parasite's larval cysticerci stage. The adult worms live in the human small intestine where they can cause abdominal symptoms but often no symptoms. Diagnosis involves finding the parasite's eggs or proglottids in a fecal sample. Treatment involves praziquantel or niclosamide. Thorough cooking of beef can prevent infection.
Fleas are small, wingless insects that feed exclusively on the blood of mammals and birds. They belong to the order Siphonaptera. Fleas have mouthparts adapted for piercing skin and sucking blood. The flea life cycle consists of eggs, larvae, pupae, and adult stages. There are several medically important flea species that can be distinguished based on the presence and structure of combs on their heads and thoraxes.
Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic nematode that causes lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) in humans. It is transmitted by mosquitoes and lives in the human lymphatic system. The parasite has a complex life cycle involving microfilariae in human blood that are ingested by mosquitoes during feeding. The mosquito serves as an intermediate host where the microfilariae develop into infective larvae, which are then transmitted to humans during subsequent blood feeding, developing into adult worms in the lymphatics. Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic microfilaremia to lymphedema and elephantiasis of the legs and genitals due to long-term infection and damage.
Phylum Acanthocephala and Filaria WormGifteeJRoumi
This document provides an overview of the phyla Acanthocephala and Filaria worms. It discusses the characteristics, anatomy, life cycles, transmission, pathogenicity and treatment of various types of acanthocephalans and filarial worms. Specific sections cover the morphology, geographical distribution, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and control of parasites such as Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia timori, Onchocerca volvulus, and Mansonella streptocerca.
Wuchereria bancrofti causes lymphatic filariasis in humans. It resides in the lymph nodes and vessels. Mosquitoes transmit the infective larvae which develop into adults over a year. The adult female releases microfilariae that show nocturnal periodicity in blood. This allows transmission to mosquitoes whose bites can lead to lymphadenitis, lymphangitis and elephantiasis over time due to lymphatic damage and blockage. Diagnosis involves blood smears to detect microfilariae. Treatment is diethylcarbamazine for 12 days.
This document discusses tissue/somatic nematodes that infect humans, focusing on filarial nematodes. It describes the key characteristics of filarial nematodes including their two-host life cycle using an intermediate insect host and definitive human host. The most important filarial species that infect humans are described according to their location in the body (lymphatic, subcutaneous, serous cavities). Details are provided on the morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of the most prevalent lymphatic filarial nematodes - Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. Their diagnosis and management are also summarized.
This document discusses lymphatic filariasis, caused by parasitic roundworms transmitted by mosquitoes. It provides details on the life cycle and morphology of the parasites. Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic microfilaremia to acute adenolymphangitis and chronic manifestations like lymphedema and elephantiasis. Pathogenesis involves blockage of lymph vessels by adult worms and inflammatory responses. Diagnosis is via blood smears to detect microfilariae and treatment aims to eliminate parasites and control symptoms.
This document summarizes several filarial worm species that infect various animal hosts. It describes the definitive and intermediate hosts, geographic distribution, morphology, life cycle stages, sites of infection, pathogenesis and clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and public health significance for each species. The species discussed include Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm), Dipetalonema reconditum, Onchocerca volvulus, Wuchereria bancrofti, and Setaria spp.
Filarial worms are thread-like nematodes that infect approximately 250 million people worldwide through mosquito transmission. They inhabit different areas of the body and can cause diseases like elephantiasis. The female worms release microfilariae that circulate in the blood and are ingested by mosquitoes, where they develop into infective larvae that can infect other humans, completing the life cycle. Common filarial worms include Wuchereria bancrofti, which resides in the lymphatic system and causes elephantiasis, Brugia malayi which is similar but transmitted by different mosquitoes, Onchocerca volvulus which causes river blindness and resides in subcutaneous nodules, and Loa lo
Lymphatic filariasis is caused by infection with filarial nematodes transmitted by mosquitoes. It affects over 120 million people globally. The parasites Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugia timori develop through larvae stages in mosquitoes before infecting humans via mosquito bites. The adult worms live in the lymphatic vessels and cause lymphangitis and lymph node obstruction, leading to lymphedema and elephantiasis. Microfilariae are periodic in the blood and can be diagnosed via blood smears. There is no treatment for established disease but prevention focuses on mass drug administration.
The document discusses filarial nematodes which are roundworms that can cause filariasis in humans. It describes the main filarial species that infect humans including Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, Loa loa, Onchocerca volvulus, and others. It covers their life cycles, vectors, sites of infection in the body, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. The distribution of different filarial species is worldwide for W. bancrofti and includes parts of Asia, Africa and the Pacific for others.
This document discusses hemoflagellates, which are parasites that inhabit human tissues and blood with the aid of vectors. It summarizes characteristics of key genera, including Leishmania and Trypanosoma species. Leishmania tropica is described as the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis, with a life cycle involving the sandfly vector and transmission through its bite. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense causes Gambian sleeping sickness and is transmitted by tsetse flies, with the parasite found in blood and lymph nodes in the febrile stage and cerebrospinal fluid in the sleeping sickness stage. Diagnosis and treatment options are also briefly mentioned.
Loiasis, also known as African eye worm, is caused by the parasitic worm Loa loa which is transmitted through repeated bites from deerflies. Infection can cause Calabar swellings, eye worms, and other complications. The life cycle involves microfilariae being deposited in human skin during bites and developing into adults that release more microfilariae, which are then ingested by deerflies. Diagnosis involves finding microfilariae in blood samples or adult worms in tissue. Diethylcarbamazine treatment kills micro- and macrofilariae while prevention focuses on insect repellent, protective clothing, and mass drug administration.
Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic roundworm that causes lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis). It has a complex life cycle involving microfilariae that infect humans and develop into adult worms in the lymphatic system. Mosquitoes transmit the infective larval stage between humans. Clinical symptoms include swollen limbs and skin thickening. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of blood for microfilariae or serological tests. Treatment consists of anti-filarial drugs like diethylcarbomazine and ivermectin. Prevention focuses on mass drug administration, vector control, health education, and improved sanitation.
This document discusses intestinal and tissue-dwelling nematodes, including Onchocerca volvulus which causes river blindness. It provides details on the parasite morphology, life cycle, geographical distribution and clinical features of Onchocerca volvulus. Laboratory diagnosis involves skin snips or biopsies to identify larvae. Treatment includes ivermectin or doxycycline. Prevention focuses on vector control through insecticide spraying of black fly breeding sites and mass ivermectin distribution.
1. Lymphatic filariasis is caused by parasitic roundworms Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi, which are transmitted by mosquitoes.
2. India accounts for 38% of the global burden of lymphatic filariasis, with over 473 million people living in endemic areas and 31 million microfilaria carriers.
3. The life cycle of W. bancrofti involves microfilariae infecting humans and being taken up by mosquitoes during blood feeding, where they develop over 10-14 days before infecting another human.
discussion about nematode,
their form, general characteristics, life cycle, discussion about their host.
diseases caused by nematodes
and discussion about different class of nematodes.
lab of medical and health sciences by Abd Al Salam Najmsalamkrbooly
The three main blood flukes (Schistosoma species) that infect humans are S. mansoni, S. hematobium, and S. japonicum. They reside in the blood vessels of the definitive host and have separate sexes. The lifecycle involves an intermediate snail host that varies by species. Cercariae emerge from snails and can penetrate human skin, migrating through tissues and eventually residing in veins, where they pair and produce eggs. Eggs cause pathology and are excreted, potentially continuing the lifecycle if they reach water. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in stool, urine, or tissues depending on the infecting species.
Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic roundworm that causes lymphatic filariasis. It lives in the lymphatic system of humans and is transmitted by mosquitoes. The adult female worms live in the lymphatic vessels and release microfilariae that circulate in the bloodstream, typically at night. The microfilariae can be ingested by mosquitoes during a blood meal, undergo development, and be transmitted to a new human host, completing the life cycle. Infection can lead to lymphedema, elephantiasis, and hydrocele. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of blood for microfilariae. Treatment includes diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin
Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic roundworm that causes lymphatic filariasis. It lives in the lymphatic system of humans and is transmitted by mosquitoes. The adult female worms release microfilariae that circulate in the bloodstream and can be detected via blood smears between 8 PM and 4 AM. Infection leads to swelling of the limbs and genitals known as elephantiasis. Diagnosis involves blood smears to detect microfilariae while treatment consists of medications like diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin, and albendazole. Prevention focuses on mosquito control and public education.
this is power point presentation for ophthalmic assistant student regarding basic knowledge for ocular parasites like, LOA LOA, RIVER BLINDNESS , ONCHOCERCIASIS , TOXOPLASMOSIS & TOXOCARIASIS etc. which consist basic test , epidemiology, lab investigation, culture & management .
what is loa loa.
loa loa is eradicated mostly from from Asian country like India, Nepal, China etc. , the presentation is for 2nd year O.A students & EHW. which shows basic....knowledge
Similar to 4.3._BLOOD_AND_TISSUE_NEMATODES.ppt (20)
Clinical chemistry involves analyzing bodily fluids like blood and urine to diagnose and treat diseases. It originated in the late 19th century with simple chemistry tests of blood and urine components. Modern clinical chemistry laboratories are highly automated to handle high workloads and closely monitor testing and quality control. Key tests analyze serum, which is blood plasma without clots, and plasma, which is blood without clots. A large medical laboratory may perform up to 700 different tests across areas like general chemistry, endocrinology, toxicology, and urine and fluid analysis to detect various diseases.
Porphyrins are large ring molecules consisting of four pyrrole rings linked together. They are commonly found in heme and chlorophyll molecules. A porphyrin molecule is made through the linking of pyrrole rings, which are smaller five-membered carbon-nitrogen rings. Heme is an important type of porphyrin that contains an iron atom in the center of its tetrapyrrole ring structure. This iron atom held by the porphyrin ring gives blood its red color and is essential to its oxygen transport function.
Enzymes are protein catalysts that accelerate biochemical reactions without being consumed. They are classified into seven main classes according to their catalytic mechanisms. Factors like temperature, pH, enzyme and substrate concentrations can affect an enzyme's activity. Enzymes play important roles in digestion, cellular respiration, DNA replication, and industrial processes like manufacturing and medicine. They speed up reactions but do not change the equilibrium.
Lipids are organic compounds formed from fatty acids and alcohols. They are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Lipids serve important functions like energy storage, cell signaling, and transporting fat-soluble vitamins. They are classified into simple lipids like triglycerides and waxes, compound lipids containing additional substances like phospholipids and glycolipids, and derived lipids formed by hydrolysis of other lipids. Some clinical implications of lipids include obesity, atherosclerosis, and phynoderma.
Friedrich Miescher discovered nucleic acids in 1871. There are two main types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. DNA stores genetic material and is located in the nucleus. It replicates and transcribes into RNA. RNA has several types including mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA. mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides, which contain a phosphate group, a pentose sugar (ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA), and a nitrogenous base. The bases are either purines (adenine and guanine) or pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, and uracil). RNA is more susceptible than
The document discusses blood flukes (schistosomes), which are parasitic worms that reside in blood vessels. It outlines five species of medical importance: S. mansoni, S. hematobium, S. japonicum, S. intercalatum, and S. mekongi. Each species has a distinct geographical distribution, life cycle involving an intermediate snail host, and causes a specific type of schistosomiasis. Laboratory diagnosis methods include finding eggs in stool or urine samples via concentration techniques or serological detection of antigens/antibodies. Chronic schistosomiasis can lead to serious complications depending on the infecting species, such as portal hypertension from S. mansoni infection.
Microbes have many beneficial uses including extracting copper from ore, synthesizing drugs and enzymes, and bioremediating pollutants like oil spills. They are also involved in important ecological processes such as photosynthesis and nutrient recycling. Modern biotechnology exploits microbes' ability to act as biochemical factories to produce foods and chemicals through genetic engineering techniques such as recombinant DNA. Emerging infectious diseases are on the rise due to factors like evolution, transportation, ecological changes, and antimicrobial resistance. The human body hosts many types of beneficial normal flora microbes while pathogens cause infection and disease.
The document is an introduction to entomology presented by Chris Ebling, a Texas Master Naturalist. It discusses various topics related to the study of insects including why insects are important to study, insect classification, morphology, lifecycles, orders, and collecting/preserving insects. The document provides information on insect attitudes, ecosystem services, impacts on forests/human history, disease vectors, and summaries of common insect orders such as beetles, butterflies and moths, ants/bees/wasps, flies, true bugs, dragonflies and damselflies.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
1. Blood and Tissue nematodes
Outline
– General features
– Classification
– Geographical distribution Morphology, differential characteristics, life
Cycles, Laboratory diagnosis, prevention and control of:
• Wuchereria bancrofti
• Brugia malayi/timori
• Loa loa
• Onchocerca volvulus
• Trichinella spiralis
• Dracunculus medinensis
2. Learning objective
At the end of this unit the student will be able to:
– Explain the general features of blood and tissue nematodes
– Classify tissue nematodes
– Explain the Geographical distribution, Morphology, differential
characteristics, life Cycles, prevention and control methods of
blood and tissue nematodes
– Collect blood samples in appropriate timing
– Collect skin snip for the diagnosis of O. volvulus
– Detect and identify microfilaria of blood and tissue nematodes
3. 2.1.3 Blood and tissue nematodes
2.1.3.1. General features:
• Adults which live in the tissues of human
(lymphatic system, subcutaneous tissues or
muscle)
• Long thread - like worms
• Requires two host to complete their life cycle.
• Females are viviparous, larvae hatch in the
uterus
• The female produce first stage larvae (L1)
4. The immature L1 stage larva is called Microfilariae
Small , slender, motile forms
L1 require blood sucking insects (IH) to develop to
infective form (L3)
No reproduction in the vector, rather development
6. Three families/ groups
1. FAMILY FILARIDAE( Filarial worm)
- Common/pathogenic filaria
• Wuchereria bancrofti
• Brugia malayi
• Brugia timori
• Loa loa
• Onchocerca ovolvulus
– Less/non-pathogenic Filaria
• Mansonella perstance
• Mansonella streptocerca
• Mansonella ozardi
7. 2. FAMILY TRICHINELOIDAE
• Trichinella sps
3. FAMILY DRACUNCULIDAE( guinea worm)
• Dracunculus medinensis
Animal tissue nematode rarely infect human
• Dirofilaria sps
• Angiostrongylus cantonensis
• Gnathostoma spinigerem
8. General features:
Filariae live as adults in various human tissues
Agents of LF reside in lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes
O. Volvulus, Loa loa, M. Ozzardi and M. Streptocerca in
subcuraneous tissues
M. Streptocerca besides reside in the dermis
M. Perstans resides in body cavities and surrounding tissues
8
2.1.3.3. FAMILY FILARIDAE ( Filarial worm)
9. Three of these are responsible for most of the morbidity:
W. bancrofti and B. malayi cause lymphatic filariasis, and
O. volvulus causes onchocerciasis (river blindness).
Animal reservoirs play no role of significance in most
places, except in sub-periodic B. malayi.
9
Cont ….
10. Diagnosis based on Mf findings:
• Morphologic features:
– Size
– Presence or absence of “ sheath”
– Appearance i.e. curvature, Kinks, coiling etc
– Arrangement of the column of nuclei in the body
– Presence of nuclei at the very tip of the tail
• Other features:
– Periodicity
– Source of specimen
11. • Factor to be considered when collecting blood
–Collect blood at the correct time
–Concentration technique recommended
–In chronic infection Mf is rarely found in blood
–In LF Mf are higher in capillary blood than
venous blood
–Mf are higher in capillary blood from the ear lob
12. FAMILY FILARIDAE( Filarial worm)
Morphology
• Adult
– The adults are long thread like
worms.
– Measure 2 cm – 120 cm (4 – 10 µ
wide)
– Live in body cavities, lymphatic,
and subcutaneous tissues
– Release embryos (microfilaria)
which live in blood or dermis (skin)
– all require an insect or crustaean
vector as intermediate host
13. • Microfilaria
– The immature first stage larva of filarial worms
– Are motile and live in blood or dermis
– Measure, 150-350 µ long
– Transparent and colorless with rounded or pointed
tail in unstained smear
– Internal structure can be visualized by the use of
fixed stained preparation
– Can be sheathed or unsheathed
14. Periodicity:-
• Microfilaria of pathogenic filarial
worms that found in the blood (m.f of
filarial worms that causes lymphatic
filariasis and Loasis) show periodicity
15. Periodicity:-
– Mf are found in the blood in greater number in a
certain hours of a day or a night
– Corresponds to peak biting times of their insect
vector
• Nocturnal periodicity -mf is high in blood during night
hrs
• Diurnal periodicity-mf is high in blood during day hrs
• Nocturnal or diurnal subperiodicity;- mf can found in
blood 24 hrs with slight increase in number during day
or night hrs
16. 16
Filarial worms
(Synonym)
Periodicity Main Vector
(IH)
Reservoir
O. volvulus
(River blindness)
Non Periodic Black fly (Simulium) Human
W. ancrofti (LF) Periodic (N)
22 – 04hr
(24hr)
Culex, Anopheles Human
Sub Periodic
20 – 22 (21hr)
14 – 18 (16hr)
Aedes Human
B. Malayi (LF) Periodic (N)
22 – 04hr
(24hr)
Anopheles Human
Sub Periodic
20 – 22 (21hr)
Mansonia Human, Monkey, Cat –
Zoonotic
B. Timori (LF) Periodic (N) Anopheles Human
L. Loa (Eye worm) Periodic (D) Deer fly Man, Monkeys
M. streptocerca Non Periodic Midge (Culicoides)
M. perstans Sub Periodic Midge (Culicoides)
M. ozzardi Non periodic Midge (Culicoides)
19. Lymphatic Filariasis
• Disease caused by filarial worms living in the human
lymphatic system
• Causative agents
• Wuchereria bancrofti
• Brugia malayi
• Burigia timori
• These worms lodge in the lymphatic system
• They live for four to six years, producing millions
of minute larvae that circulate in the blood”
20. Lymphatic Filariasis
• Large numbers are present in the lymphatics
of the:
Lower extremities (inguinal and obturator groups),
Upper extremities (axillary lymph nodes), and,
Male genitalia (epididymis, spermatic cord, testicle) -
particular for W. bancrofti
21. Social consequences
It is one of the most debilitating and disfiguring
diseases of the world
1. Disfigurement of the limbs and genitals leads
to:
– Stigma
– Anxiety
– Ostracization
– Psychological trauma
– Sexual disability
22. Social consequences…..
2. The disease impeds
– Mobility
– Travel
– Educational opportiity
– Employment opportunity
– Marriage prospect
23. Epidemiology of Lymphatic Filariasis
• Endemic in 83 countries
• 1.2 billion at risk
• > 120 million people infected
• > 25 million men suffer from genital disease,
• > 15 million people suffer from lymphoedema
or elephantiasis of the leg
• ~ 2/3 of infected people live in India and
Africa
• Others live in parts of Asia, the Pacific, & in
Central and South America.
25. Distributin
• Wuchereria bancrofti
• affects an estimated 119 million individuals and
disfigures 40 million.
• Wide distribution (Africa, SE Asia, Indonesia, South
Pacific Islands)
• Brugia malayi
• Limited distribution (China, India, SE Asia, Indonesia,
Philippines)
• Brugia timori
• Leser sunda, island of Indonesia
26. Wuchereria bancrofti
Disease: Bancroftian filariasis, Wuchereriasis, elephantiasis
Distribution: tropical and subtropical countries
Morphology:
1. Adult:
– Thready
– Cylinderical oesophagus
– Creamy white in color
– Male:
• About 4cm in lentth
• Curved posterior end
• 2 unequal spicules and has anal papillae
26
27. Wuchereria bancrofti
• Female:
• About 8 cm in length
• 2 sets of genitalia
• Vulva opens close to the posterior end
• Viviparous
2. Micrfilaria:
– 250 x 8
– Body forms graceful curves
– Body has a column of nuclei separated by free areas
– Rounded anterior and tapered tail ends free of nuclei
– Loose sheath (stretched vitelline membrane) closely fits the
body but projects beyond the head and tail ends.
27
32. • Infective larvae deposited onto human
skin during the mosquito's blood meal
• Enter through the mosquito bite
puncture wound or local abrasions.
• In humans:
– Parasites passes to the lymphatic
system
– Undergo further molts
– Become adult male and female
worms
33. • Adult female worms produce thousands of
sheathed microfilariae per day
• Mf can be found in blood 9 months after infection
(W.bancrofti) and 3 months (Burigia species)
• Normally found in peripheral circulation in evening.
34. • Microfilariae ingested during blood meal from
infected person
• Penetrate the mosquito stomach wall
• Enter the body cavity (hemocoel)
• Migrate to the insect's flight muscles for growth.
• After 2 molts, the L3 migrate through the head,
• Reach the proboscis of the mosquito.
35. Clinical manifestation.
• Depends on:
–Site occupied by adult
–Number of worms,
–Length of infection and
–Immune response of the host
36. Clinical manifestation.
1. Many infections are asymptomatic
2. Circulating Mf probably do not cause pathology
3. The main pathological lesions are:
a) Inflammatory manifestations – due to toxic products of
living or dead adult worms
37. Clinical manifestation.
– There may be:
• Recurrent attacks of lymphangitis
– Funiculits
– Epididymitis
– Orchitis, etc...
• Lymphadenitis
• Swelling and redness of affected parts
• Fever, chills, headache, vomiting and malais
38. b) Obstructive manifestations –
• Fibrosis following the inflammatory process
• Coiled worms inside lymphatics.
• This may result in:
Dilatation
Rupture of distended lymphatics
In the urinary passage – chyluria
In the pleura – chylothorax
In the peritoneal cavity – chylous ascitis
In the testis – chylocoele
39. Elephantiasis:
Hard and thick, rough and fissured skin
Frequently legs & genitalia (scrotum, penis and vulva)
Less often arms and breasts.
40.
41. Clinical ......
4. Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia
• Pulmonary symptoms: cough, dyspnoea, "asthmatic syndrome".
• Chest X-rays: patchy infiltrates
• Splenomegaly
• High ESR & marked eosinophilia
• No microfilariae in the peripheral blood.
• Serological tests strongly positive
• Responds very well to therapy with DEC
41
42. Diagnosis of W. bancrofti
1. BF (taken at night)
Thin and thick smears
Concentration methods
• Lyzed capillary blood technique
• Tube centrifugation lyzed blood technique
• Microhematocrite tube technique
• Membrane filtration technique
• Counting chamber technique
DEC provocation test
42
43. Diagnosis of W. bancrofti
Mf in:
Aspirates of hydrocele
Lymph gland fluid
Chylous urine
2. Intradermal test (antigen from Dirofilaria immitis)
3. Serological tests as IHA, IFA
4. Antigen detection: ICT filariasis test
43
47. Adult female worm of W. bancrofti
47
Adult male worm of W. bancrofti
48. Differential diagnosis
• Podoconiosis (syn. lymphatic siderosilicosis or
lymphoconiosis):
– Very slow onset of oedema
– Lymphoedema
– Elephantiasis (mostly limited to below the knee)
• Caused by immune response to certain minerals.
• No hydrocoele, eosinophilia, nocturnal microfilaraemia
48
49. Treatment of W. bancrofti
Diethyl carbamazine (DEC)
General measures:
Rest, antibiotics, antihistamines, and bandaging
Surgical measures for elephantiasis
49
50. Prevention and control of W. bancrofti
Control of mosquitoes
Avoid mosquito bite
Treat patients
Health education
Global LF elimination program strategy:
Mass drug administration
Care for chronic cases
50
52. Loiasis
• Caused by filarial worms living in subcutaneous tissue
• Causative agents
• Loa loa (Eye worm)
• Distributed in Rain Forest areas of West Africa
and equatorial Sudan.
53. Loa loa (Eye worm)
Habitat:
Adults live in:
Connective tissues under the skin
Mesentry
Parietal peritoneum
Subconjunctival tissue of the eye or thin skinned areas
Microfilaria in peripheral blood of man during day time
Infective larvae in the gut, mouth parts and muscles of
chrysops
53
54. Loa loa (Eye worm)
Morphology
Adult – cylinderical and transparent
Microfilariae
Has several curves and kinks
Sheath which stains best with haematoxylin
Body nuclei are not distinct and more dense
Nuclei extend to the end of the tail which is rounded
54
58. Life Cycle
• Adult worms continuously migrate through tissue at
a rate of about 1 cm per minute.
• Found in back, chest, axilla, groin, penis, scalp and
eyes.
59. Clinical manifastation
• Loiasis is often asymptomatic.
• Calabar swellings (episodic angioedema)
– Itchy, red, and nonpitting swollen areas in the skin
– 2-10 cm in diameter, Often painful/may be painless
– In any portion of the skin/wrists & ankles most frequent
60. Clinical manifastation
• Adult worms also migrate in sub-conjunctival
tissues.
• They can cause inflammation and irritation but
not blindness
61. Laboratory diagnosis
• Mf in stained BF taken during the daytime
• Occasionally the Mf can be found in joint fluid
• Differentiation from mansonella required
(hematoxylin staining)
61
62.
63. Loa loa:
Sheathed,
Relatively dense nuclear column
Tail tapers and is frequently coiled, and
Nuclei extend to the end of the tail.
Mansonella perstans:
Smaller than L. loa
No sheath
Blunt tail with nuclei extending to the end of the tail
63
67. ONCHOCERCIASIS
• Commonly known as river blindness
• The world’s second leading infectious cause of blindness
• WHO estimates the global prevalence is 17.7 million, of whom about
270,000 are blind
68. DISTRUBUTION MAP
Tropical Africa between
the 15° north and the 13°
south
Foci are present in Southern
Arabia, Yemen and in S. & C.
America
69. • Occurs most widely along the
courses of fast running rivers in the
forests and Savannah areas of
west and central Africa
• Also occurs in the Yemen, Arab
Republic, Central and South America
70. Onchocerca volvulus
• Habitat:
– Adult:
• Subcutaneous nodules and in the skin
• Adults can live ~ 8 – 10 years in nodules
– Microfilariae:
• Skin, eye and other organs of the body
– Infective larvae in:
• Gut, mouth parts and muscles of black fly
70
71. Onchocerca volvulus
Morphology
• Microfilariae:
–220 to 360 µm by 5 to 9 µm
–No sheath
–Head end is slightly enlarged
–Anterior nuclei are positioned side by side
–No nuclei in the end of the tail
–Tail is long and pointed
71
74. Life cycle
• During a blood meal, infected blackfly introduces L3
(infective stage) larvae onto the skin of the human
• L3 penetrate into the bite wound
• In subcutaneous tissues the larvae develop into
adult filariae
• Adult commonly reside in nodules in subcutaneous
connective tissues
74
75. Life cycle
• The female worms produce Mf for ~ 9 years
• Mf have a life span ~ 2 years
• Mf found:
– Typically in the skin and in the lymphatics of connective
tissues
– Occasionally in peripheral blood, urine and sputum
75
76. • A black fly ingests the Mf during a blood meal
• Mf migrate from the blackfly's midgut through the
hemocoel to the thoracic muscles
• Mf develop into L1 larvae and then to L3
• L3 migrate to the blackfly's proboscis
• Infection occurs when the fly takes a blood meal
76
79. Clinical feature
• Chronic onchocerciasis:
– Elephant or lizard skin Hanging groin
– Leopard skin River blindness
79
80. Clinical feature
• Onchocercomata:
– Upper part of the body
(American onchocerchiasis)
– Pelvic region (African form)
• Nodules surrounded by concentric
bands of fibrous tissue
80
81. Laboratory diagnosis
• Mf in skin snips
• Mf in urine, blood & most body fluids (in heavy
infection)
– Wet mount preparation Staining
81
Skin biopsy Skin fragment
83. • Mf must be differentiated from Mf of M.
Streptocerca and M. Ozzardi.
– Mf of O. Volvulus are longer and do not have nuclei
to the end of the tail
83
89. Trichinella spiralis
A tissue nematode caused by Trichinella spiralis
Zoonotic disease
Disease in humans: Trichinosis, Trichiniasis,
Trichinelliasis, Trichinellosis
Distribution: Temperate regions where pork is
eaten
1. T. Spiralis spiralis – found in temperate regions
2. T. Spiralis nativa – found in the Arctic
3. T. Spiralis nelsoni – found in Africa and S. Europe
89
90. Trichinella spiralis
Habitat:
Adults in the small intestine of man and animals
specially pigs and rats (reservoir hosts)
Larvae : encysted in muscles
90
91. Trichinella spiralis
Morphology;
1. Adults:
• Attenuated anterior end
• Cellular oesophagus
• Anus or cloaca terminal
Male: 1.5 mm in length
• Posterior end curved ventrally
• 2 caudal papillae
• One set of genitalia
91
92. Morph ....
Female: 3.5 mm in length
Posterior end bluntly rounded
One set of genitalia
Vulva opens at the junction of the anterior 5th with the rest
of the body
Larviparous (viviparous)
92
93. Morph ....
2. Encycted larva: in cyst wall formed by tissue reaction
Larva (1mm) coiled inside the cyst (0.5 x 0.2 mm)
Larva grows from 0.1 to 1mm (~ 2 weeks to become
infective)
Lies along the longitudinal axis of muscle fibres
Cyst usually become calcified
93
96. Life cycle
The same host (animal/man) act as DH & IH
After fertilization, males die and are expelled.
Females penetrate deeply in the mucosa and lay
Female lays ~ 1500 larvae in its life span (~ 2 months)
96
97. • Larvae to the circulation
• Passes through pulmonary filter
• Distributed all over the body (esp. diaphragm, tongue,
eye, deltoid, pectoralis, intercostals, etc)
Larvae coil and encyst in the long axis of muscles
Pigs become infected by eating infected flesh from other
pigs or ingestion of infected dead pigs and rats
Rats are infected by eating flesh of dead pigs or rats and
by canibalism 97
98. Life cycle
Larvae liberated from the cysts in small intestine
and mature to adults
Larvae start to be deposited by the female
98
101. Encystment of larvae
Manifestations
depend up on organs
affected.
> 50 – 100 larvae/gm
of muscle are
symptomatic
< 10 larvae are often
asymptomatic
101
102. Clinical signs & syptoms
The main findings are:
o Oedema chiefly orbital
o Muscle pain and tenderness
o Headache, fever, rash, dyspnoea, general weakness
o Death occurs in severe cases from exhaustion,
heart failure (myocarditis), pneumonia, etc.
102
104. Laboratory diagnosis
1. Immunodiagnosis:
a) Intradermal test (Bachman test)
b) Serological tests:
• Bentonite flocculation (BF)
• Latex agglutination (LA)
• Counter – current electrophoresis (CEP)
• Complement fixation test (CFT)
• IFA and IHA
104
105. Diagnosis .....
2. Muscle biopsy:
• Direct examination
• After digestion in a pepsin hydrochloric acid medium
3. Eosinophilic leucocytosis in the acute stage
105
108. Prevention & control
Thorough cooking of pork
770c or freezing at – 150c for 20 days
– 180c for 24 hours
Proper breeding of pigs
Sterilizing garbage
Antirat campaign
Inspection of pork in slaughter houses
Trichinoscope.
108
109. Treatment
Non specific symptomatic treatment:
Sedatives
Cortisone and ACTH
Supportive treatment:
Rest, fluids, smooth diet and vitamins
Thiabendazole
Mebendazole
109
113. Epidemiology
• Most common in areas of limited water
supply where individuals acquire water
by physically entering water sources.
–“Walk-in well”
–Water holes in parts of Africa
116. Morphology
I. Adult :thread like,
cylinderical oesophagus
II. Male: About 3 cm in
length
Posterior end coiled
2 unequal spicules
I. Female: About 30 to 100
cm in length
Swollen anterior end
Hooked posterior end
Inconspicuous
vulva near anterior
end
116
117. D. medinensis
2. Larva (or embryo):
600 x 20
Rhabditiform oesophagus
Anterior end rounded
Tapering and long tail (1/3
body)
117
118. Life Cycle of Dracunculus medinensis
• A blister is formed from the female worm's
production of embryos released beneath the skin,
and due to a burning pain that comes with this, the
victims often immerses their legs in water for relief.
• With the sudden drop in temperature that follows,
the blisters usually rupture, releasing the worms.
• These worms may release thousands of infective
juveniles at this time, which enter the water.
119. Before
After
The cephalic end of the
fertilized female
pressing on the skin,
produces a papule that
becomes a blister and
then ruptures forming
an ulcer
120. Life Cycle of Dracunculus medinensis
Infective larvae
In water, larvae Must be eaten by Copepod
(Crustacean), the IH,
121. Life Cycle of Dracunculus medinensis
• Once within the
copepod, the infective
juvenile larvae moves
into the hemocoel
where they develop
into 3rd stage juveniles.
• These get consumed
when humans drink
water with infected
copepods.
122. Life cycle of D. medinensis
Man is infected on drinking water containing cyclops
In the small intestine, the cyclops is digested , larvae
liberated and penetrate through the duodenal wall and
migrate to the subcutaneous tissues probably via
lymphatics.
• At this point the females are fertilized by the males, and
the males die. The females then migrate to the skin, reach
sexual maturity, and produce juveniles.
They tend to go to parts most likely to come in contact
with water as the lower extremities (positive
hygrotropism and geotropism)
Several months (9 or more) elapse between infection and
appearance of the gravid female at the skin surface
122
123. Life cycle of D. medinensis
Male dies after copulation
The cephalic end of the fertilized female pressing on the
skin, produces a papule that becomes a blister and then
ruptures forming an ulcer
When the ulcer contacts water, a loop of the uterus
prolapses through a rupture in the anterior end of the
worm and larvae are discharged.
. They penetrate its intestine and settle in the body cavity
to become infective in about 3 weeks
123
126. Pathogencity of D. medinensis
Early manifestatiosn are produced when the female worm
approaches the skin. It liberates a toxic substance that results
in local erythema, tenderness and pain.
This is followed by formation of a blister that turns into a
cesicle and ultimately ulcerates
There may be local or systemic symptoms as urticaria,
pruritus, pain, dyspnoea, nausea and vomiting, which subside
with rupture of the blister
The ulcer may be secondarily infected producing cellulitis and
induration
Eosinophilia 126
132. Diagnosis of D. medinensis
Laboratory tests to investigate dracunculiasis are
limited because the larvae are normally washed
into water
A diagnosis is usually made when the blister has
ruptured and the anterior end of the female
worm can be seen
132
133. Diagnosis of D. medinensis
If required, laboratory confirmation of the
diagnosis can be made as follows:
1. Place a few drops of water on the ulcer to encourage
discharge of the larvae
1. After a few minutes collect the water in a plastic bulb
pipette or pasteur pipette
3. Transfer the water to a slide and examine
microscopically using 10x objective – motile larvae will
be observed
133
135. Prevention & Treatment
• People with an open Guinea worm wound should not enter ponds or
wells used for drinking water.
• Water can be boiled, filtered through tightly woven nylon cloth, or
treated with a larvae-killing chemical.
• No medication is available to end or prevent infection.
– The only treatment is to remove the worm over many weeks by winding it
around a small stick and pulling it out a tiny bit at a time.
– Sometimes the worm can be pulled out completely within a few days, but
the process usually takes weeks or months.
– The worm can be surgically removed before the wound begins to swell.
– Antihistamines and antibiotics can reduce swelling and ease removal of
the worm.
Editor's Notes
Intradermal test (Bachman test): antigen prepared from larvae, diluted 1:10000 give an immediate reaction within 30 minutes. It becomes positive about two weeks after infection and remains for several years.
Little value in the diagnosis of acute trichinosis (positive reaction after years) & cross – reaction with other nematodes
Serological tests: become positive 3 – 4 weeks after infection:
Bentonite flocculation (BF), Latex agglutination (LA), Counter – current electrophoresis (CEP), Complement fixation test (CFT), IFA and IHA
done 3 – 4 weeks after infection.
A piece of muscle near the tendon (e.g deltoid) compressed between two slides is examined:
Directly or
After digestion in a pepsin hydrochloric acid medium (larvae concentrated by centrifugation).
NB: wear protective rubber gloves and use forceps to handle the tissue.