The document discusses various aspects of social work theory, including:
1. Social work theory can be used to guide observation, description, explanation, prediction, and intervention in social work practice. Understanding theory is important for accountability, avoiding discrimination, and making sense of complexity.
2. There are different types of social work theory, including theories about social work, theories of social work, theories contributing to social work, and theories of social work practice.
3. Teaching social work students about theories helps provide a framework for understanding human behavior and social problems, different approaches to social work practice, and the role and purpose of social work in society. However, some argue that social work is also an intuitive practice informed
This document provides an overview of human development from conception to death. It discusses the key domains of development - physical, cognitive, and psychosocial - and describes typical developments within each domain for different age periods from prenatal to late adulthood. The document also outlines major theories of development, research methods used in developmental psychology, and key concepts like heredity, environment, and culture.
This document discusses the use of theories in social work education and practice. It notes that there are approximately 30 theories taught from other disciplines like psychology, sociology, economics, etc. but there is no consensus on a distinct "social work theory." Theories are grouped into broad categories but are taught discretely rather than as a coherent course. Some argue theories have limited value for the complex realities of social work practice while others believe theories should inform practice. The document examines different perspectives on clinical versus macro-level social work and criticisms that some theories have taken over practice rather than guided it.
The document provides an overview of social casework, including its historical development, principles, stages, components, and techniques. It discusses how social casework evolved from early charitable organizations in the 19th century to become a more professionalized field. The main principles of social casework are described as acceptance, communication, individualization, participation, and confidentiality. The stages are intake, study, assessment, treatment, evaluation, and termination. Key components are the person, problem, place, and process. Techniques used include supportive methods like acceptance and building self-confidence, as well as counseling approaches like advice, motivation, and modeling.
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) was developed by Albert Ellis in the 1950s. It is a form of cognitive behavioral therapy that focuses on resolving emotional and behavioral problems by identifying and disputing irrational and self-defeating beliefs. Ellis believed that people are disturbed not by events themselves but by their beliefs about events. REBT teaches unconditional self-acceptance, frustration tolerance, and flexible thinking to dispute irrational beliefs and reduce disturbances. Ellis developed REBT after becoming dissatisfied with psychoanalysis and drew from philosophy, biology, psychology and sociology in developing the theory.
The document discusses theories of personality, including trait theory, learning theory, psychoanalytic theory, and phenomenological theory. It provides definitions of personality from various psychologists and outlines several influential trait theories such as Eysenck's three dimensions of personality and the Big Five theory. Freud's psychoanalytic concepts of the id, ego and superego are also summarized. The document aims to describe approaches to understanding personality and how characteristics develop.
This document provides an overview of personality theories including trait theory, psychodynamic theory, and defense mechanisms. It summarizes Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory which proposes that personality is determined by unconscious drives and conflicts between the id, ego, and superego. Freud believed people progress through psychosexual stages from birth to adulthood and that fixation at a stage can influence personality traits. The document also outlines common defense mechanisms used to protect the ego such as denial, repression, and rationalization.
This document discusses tools for assessing group interaction, specifically sociograms and sociometry. It provides details on what sociograms and sociometry are, including that sociograms are visual depictions of relationships in a group used to analyze choices and interactions, while sociometry quantitatively measures social relationships. It describes how sociograms and sociometry were developed and can be used to identify influential people in a group and pathways for social acceptance. The document also outlines key applications of sociometric methods like in education, counseling, and organizational development.
The ecological perspective is an approach to social work practice that addresses the complex transactions between people and their environment. A broad frame work that synthesizes ideas from a number of human behavior and social work practice theories, the ecological perspective offers a rich, eclectic social work knowledge and practice base.
This document provides an overview of human development from conception to death. It discusses the key domains of development - physical, cognitive, and psychosocial - and describes typical developments within each domain for different age periods from prenatal to late adulthood. The document also outlines major theories of development, research methods used in developmental psychology, and key concepts like heredity, environment, and culture.
This document discusses the use of theories in social work education and practice. It notes that there are approximately 30 theories taught from other disciplines like psychology, sociology, economics, etc. but there is no consensus on a distinct "social work theory." Theories are grouped into broad categories but are taught discretely rather than as a coherent course. Some argue theories have limited value for the complex realities of social work practice while others believe theories should inform practice. The document examines different perspectives on clinical versus macro-level social work and criticisms that some theories have taken over practice rather than guided it.
The document provides an overview of social casework, including its historical development, principles, stages, components, and techniques. It discusses how social casework evolved from early charitable organizations in the 19th century to become a more professionalized field. The main principles of social casework are described as acceptance, communication, individualization, participation, and confidentiality. The stages are intake, study, assessment, treatment, evaluation, and termination. Key components are the person, problem, place, and process. Techniques used include supportive methods like acceptance and building self-confidence, as well as counseling approaches like advice, motivation, and modeling.
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) was developed by Albert Ellis in the 1950s. It is a form of cognitive behavioral therapy that focuses on resolving emotional and behavioral problems by identifying and disputing irrational and self-defeating beliefs. Ellis believed that people are disturbed not by events themselves but by their beliefs about events. REBT teaches unconditional self-acceptance, frustration tolerance, and flexible thinking to dispute irrational beliefs and reduce disturbances. Ellis developed REBT after becoming dissatisfied with psychoanalysis and drew from philosophy, biology, psychology and sociology in developing the theory.
The document discusses theories of personality, including trait theory, learning theory, psychoanalytic theory, and phenomenological theory. It provides definitions of personality from various psychologists and outlines several influential trait theories such as Eysenck's three dimensions of personality and the Big Five theory. Freud's psychoanalytic concepts of the id, ego and superego are also summarized. The document aims to describe approaches to understanding personality and how characteristics develop.
This document provides an overview of personality theories including trait theory, psychodynamic theory, and defense mechanisms. It summarizes Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory which proposes that personality is determined by unconscious drives and conflicts between the id, ego, and superego. Freud believed people progress through psychosexual stages from birth to adulthood and that fixation at a stage can influence personality traits. The document also outlines common defense mechanisms used to protect the ego such as denial, repression, and rationalization.
This document discusses tools for assessing group interaction, specifically sociograms and sociometry. It provides details on what sociograms and sociometry are, including that sociograms are visual depictions of relationships in a group used to analyze choices and interactions, while sociometry quantitatively measures social relationships. It describes how sociograms and sociometry were developed and can be used to identify influential people in a group and pathways for social acceptance. The document also outlines key applications of sociometric methods like in education, counseling, and organizational development.
The ecological perspective is an approach to social work practice that addresses the complex transactions between people and their environment. A broad frame work that synthesizes ideas from a number of human behavior and social work practice theories, the ecological perspective offers a rich, eclectic social work knowledge and practice base.
This document discusses several key concepts in social perception:
1. Nonverbal communication plays an important role in social perception. Facial expressions, eye contact, body language, posture, and touching can all reveal emotional and mental states. Basic emotions are often expressed through specific facial movements.
2. Attribution refers to how people seek to understand the behaviors of others by inferring underlying traits or motives. Correspondent inference theory holds that behaviors perceived as freely chosen and distinctive are more likely to be attributed to internal traits. Kelley's theory examines how attribution is influenced by consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness.
3. Impression formation is the process by which people combine diverse information to form unified impressions of others. Initial
This document discusses several theories of personality, including trait theories, psychoanalytic theory, and social-cognitive theories. It provides an overview of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, including the id, ego, and superego; defense mechanisms; and stages of personality development. Key figures in trait theory discussed include Jung, Eysenck, Cattell, and the "Big Five" model of personality traits.
Thinking involves manipulating information, concepts, problem solving, and making decisions. It uses cognitive activities to process information, solve problems, and create new ideas. There are different elements, levels, and types of thinking. Thinking develops in stages from sensorimotor to formal operational thinking, with abilities expanding from understanding objects to using systematic logic and considering abstract concepts.
This document discusses two models of health: the socio-medical model and the biomedical model. The socio-medical model believes that social and environmental factors influence health and that addressing these causes can improve health for groups in society. It notes that factors like disability, social class, age, gender, ethnicity and unemployment can impact health. The biomedical model defines health as the absence of disease and sees diseases as having specific causes. It aims to treat illness through surgery or drugs. The document asks questions about the models and links the socio-medical model to Marxist and feminist approaches, seeing it as demonstrating social inequalities, while linking the biomedical model to functionalism.
The document discusses emotions from a psychological perspective. It defines emotions, describes their components including subjective feelings, physiological changes, and expressions. It explains major theories of emotions and how they relate to emotional adjustment and health. The objectives are to help students and professionals better understand emotions, their nature, dynamics and control to help improve emotional well-being.
Sociology is the systematic study of human behavior and social relationships. It examines how societies are formed and change over time through social influences. The sociological perspective and imagination allow us to analyze societies from a broad viewpoint by considering social structures, histories, and human experiences. The founders of sociology in the 19th century, including Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber, established frameworks for understanding social institutions and change through empirical research. They influenced the development of sociology as an academic discipline focused on understanding all aspects of social life scientifically.
This document discusses social psychology and how it relates to human behavior in social contexts. Social psychology seeks to understand how individual behavior is influenced by other people and the social environment. It examines the factors that affect how people behave in social situations and the conditions under which certain behaviors, actions, feelings and thoughts occur. Social psychologists also study how psychological factors shape people's interactions with others. The document provides examples of topics in social psychology like self-concept, social influence, prejudice and discrimination, aggression, and feelings.
The document provides an overview of industrial psychology. It begins by defining psychology as the study of the mind and behavior. It then discusses the Hawthorne experiments conducted in the 1920s, which found that increased productivity in workers was due more to feeling noticed rather than changes in illumination. The document outlines the major subfields of psychology, including basic areas like biological psychology and applied areas like industrial psychology. Industrial psychology focuses on applying psychological principles to problems in business and industry, with the goal of improving worker satisfaction, productivity and relationships. It operates using methods like surveys, observation and clinical procedures to diagnose issues and develop intervention strategies.
Stress is a physiological challenge that, if prolonged, can result in a negative state or improved ability to cope. Stressors can be physical, social, or psychological and are caused by interactions with one's environment or strong emotions. Coping involves constantly evaluating coping strategies, which are learned through experience and require effort. Positive coping strategies include having a positive belief in one's ability to cope, problem-solving skills, social skills, and social support. Problem-focused coping aims to change the situation through redefining the problem, considering alternatives, and choosing the best action, while emotion-focused coping controls emotional responses through avoidance or minimization to decrease distress when nothing can be done.
What is social work & social work fieldsRambabu Ram M
Social work is a helping profession focused on improving society's well-being, especially for vulnerable populations. Social workers consider individuals' struggles in the context of their relationships, environment, and social structures, in order to address challenges. Social work practice is strengths-based, helping people identify their skills and apply them to problems. Social work offers diverse career options in settings like healthcare, schools, non-profits, and government, with roles including direct client services, advocacy, policy work, and management. Demand for social workers is expected to grow substantially in the next decade.
Chapter 1 introducing social psychologyFaizaKhalid50
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology:
- Social psychology attempts to understand how individuals are influenced by others and examines social thinking, influence, and relations.
- Major themes include that we construct our social reality, social intuitions can be powerful but sometimes perilous, and social influences shape our behavior.
- Social behavior has biological roots in evolution and social neuroscience, and social psychology principles apply to everyday life.
The document provides a historical background of industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology. Some key developments include Wilhelm Wundt establishing the first psychology lab in 1879, Bryan and Harter publishing the first paper on applying psychology to work in 1897, and Hugo Munsterberg's 1913 book applying psychology to areas like sales and introducing techniques like the lie detector. Major influences were also the World Wars, which saw I/O psychologists screening and classifying soldiers, and the Hawthorne studies in the 1920s, which explored the impact of workplace factors like lighting on employees. The civil rights movement of the 1960s led to laws banning workplace discrimination.
How to care plan: when, where, how, why, who. Learm how to create person centered care plans that imporve quality of life, satisfy regulators, and make areal difference
According to psychologist Gordon Allport, social psychology is a discipline that uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other human beings" (1985).
Briefly this field has been discussed.
This document provides an overview of topics covered in a social psychology course. It discusses how social factors like the presence of others can influence our thoughts and behaviors. Key concepts covered include conformity, obedience, social influence, prejudice, aggression, altruism, and conflict resolution. Examples are given of classic studies in these areas, like Asch's conformity experiments and Milgram's obedience studies. The roles of attribution theory, social norms, and group processes in social cognition and interaction are also summarized.
Social Skills Training In Students With Autismrmaxwell1
The document discusses social skills training for students with autism. It outlines a 6 step process for developing social skills programs: 1) assess students' skills, 2) decide which skills to target, 3) set specific and measurable goals, 4) choose intervention methods and materials, 5) track student progress, and 6) facilitate generalization of skills. Example goals, curricula, data tracking methods and techniques for generalization are provided. The overall goal is for students to independently function socially as adults.
The document discusses self-concept, which is an individual's subjective sense of self comprising conscious and unconscious thoughts, attitudes, and perceptions that directly affect self-esteem. Nurses care for clients facing health problems threatening self-concept and self-esteem, so must help clients adjust to self-concept alterations and support components of self-concept like identity, body image, and role performance to promote coping. Factors influencing self-concept include competence, reactions of others, relationships, identity, personality, impactful events, and ethnicity/spirituality.
Psych 24 history of personality assessmentMaii Caa
The document discusses various methods used in psychological assessment, including both objective measures like standardized tests and projective tests, as well as clinical interviews. It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of different assessment approaches and how assessments are used to better understand individuals and their behavior. The document also provides examples of specific assessment tools like the MMPI-2, TAT, and astrology.
Industrial/Organizational Psychology applies scientific principles to maximize employee and organizational effectiveness in the workplace. Some key areas I/O psychologists focus on include selection and placement of employees, training and development programs, performance management, organization development, and workplace quality of life. I/O psychologists also study ergonomics and work environment factors like noise, lighting, temperature and their impact on psychological and physical worker conditions. The goal is to design jobs, equipment, and work systems that allow humans to perform effectively while improving worker satisfaction and productivity.
Theories of social work — presentation transcriptHassaan Qazi
Theories are important for social workers for several reasons. Theories can help social workers
understand clients and situations, guide practice through providing frameworks and models, and
explain human behavior and how change can be facilitated. There are different types of theories
relevant to social work, including theories about the profession itself, theories from other disciplines
applied to social work, and practice theories that provide guidance on working with clients. While
some argue that social work is more of an intuitive practice learned through experience, most agree
that theories help social workers work in a more informed, accountable, and professional manner.
This document discusses the importance and uses of theory in social work. It provides definitions of key terms like theories of social work, theories for social work, and orienting theories. Theories help social workers by providing descriptions and explanations of human behavior, the social environment, and how change occurs. They guide observation, description, explanation, intervention, and prediction. While some argue that social work is more of an intuitive practice learned through experience, the document supports the idea that theories teach social workers to see people's resources rather than just problems, making practice more professional and efficient when used along with intuition.
This document discusses several key concepts in social perception:
1. Nonverbal communication plays an important role in social perception. Facial expressions, eye contact, body language, posture, and touching can all reveal emotional and mental states. Basic emotions are often expressed through specific facial movements.
2. Attribution refers to how people seek to understand the behaviors of others by inferring underlying traits or motives. Correspondent inference theory holds that behaviors perceived as freely chosen and distinctive are more likely to be attributed to internal traits. Kelley's theory examines how attribution is influenced by consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness.
3. Impression formation is the process by which people combine diverse information to form unified impressions of others. Initial
This document discusses several theories of personality, including trait theories, psychoanalytic theory, and social-cognitive theories. It provides an overview of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, including the id, ego, and superego; defense mechanisms; and stages of personality development. Key figures in trait theory discussed include Jung, Eysenck, Cattell, and the "Big Five" model of personality traits.
Thinking involves manipulating information, concepts, problem solving, and making decisions. It uses cognitive activities to process information, solve problems, and create new ideas. There are different elements, levels, and types of thinking. Thinking develops in stages from sensorimotor to formal operational thinking, with abilities expanding from understanding objects to using systematic logic and considering abstract concepts.
This document discusses two models of health: the socio-medical model and the biomedical model. The socio-medical model believes that social and environmental factors influence health and that addressing these causes can improve health for groups in society. It notes that factors like disability, social class, age, gender, ethnicity and unemployment can impact health. The biomedical model defines health as the absence of disease and sees diseases as having specific causes. It aims to treat illness through surgery or drugs. The document asks questions about the models and links the socio-medical model to Marxist and feminist approaches, seeing it as demonstrating social inequalities, while linking the biomedical model to functionalism.
The document discusses emotions from a psychological perspective. It defines emotions, describes their components including subjective feelings, physiological changes, and expressions. It explains major theories of emotions and how they relate to emotional adjustment and health. The objectives are to help students and professionals better understand emotions, their nature, dynamics and control to help improve emotional well-being.
Sociology is the systematic study of human behavior and social relationships. It examines how societies are formed and change over time through social influences. The sociological perspective and imagination allow us to analyze societies from a broad viewpoint by considering social structures, histories, and human experiences. The founders of sociology in the 19th century, including Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber, established frameworks for understanding social institutions and change through empirical research. They influenced the development of sociology as an academic discipline focused on understanding all aspects of social life scientifically.
This document discusses social psychology and how it relates to human behavior in social contexts. Social psychology seeks to understand how individual behavior is influenced by other people and the social environment. It examines the factors that affect how people behave in social situations and the conditions under which certain behaviors, actions, feelings and thoughts occur. Social psychologists also study how psychological factors shape people's interactions with others. The document provides examples of topics in social psychology like self-concept, social influence, prejudice and discrimination, aggression, and feelings.
The document provides an overview of industrial psychology. It begins by defining psychology as the study of the mind and behavior. It then discusses the Hawthorne experiments conducted in the 1920s, which found that increased productivity in workers was due more to feeling noticed rather than changes in illumination. The document outlines the major subfields of psychology, including basic areas like biological psychology and applied areas like industrial psychology. Industrial psychology focuses on applying psychological principles to problems in business and industry, with the goal of improving worker satisfaction, productivity and relationships. It operates using methods like surveys, observation and clinical procedures to diagnose issues and develop intervention strategies.
Stress is a physiological challenge that, if prolonged, can result in a negative state or improved ability to cope. Stressors can be physical, social, or psychological and are caused by interactions with one's environment or strong emotions. Coping involves constantly evaluating coping strategies, which are learned through experience and require effort. Positive coping strategies include having a positive belief in one's ability to cope, problem-solving skills, social skills, and social support. Problem-focused coping aims to change the situation through redefining the problem, considering alternatives, and choosing the best action, while emotion-focused coping controls emotional responses through avoidance or minimization to decrease distress when nothing can be done.
What is social work & social work fieldsRambabu Ram M
Social work is a helping profession focused on improving society's well-being, especially for vulnerable populations. Social workers consider individuals' struggles in the context of their relationships, environment, and social structures, in order to address challenges. Social work practice is strengths-based, helping people identify their skills and apply them to problems. Social work offers diverse career options in settings like healthcare, schools, non-profits, and government, with roles including direct client services, advocacy, policy work, and management. Demand for social workers is expected to grow substantially in the next decade.
Chapter 1 introducing social psychologyFaizaKhalid50
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology:
- Social psychology attempts to understand how individuals are influenced by others and examines social thinking, influence, and relations.
- Major themes include that we construct our social reality, social intuitions can be powerful but sometimes perilous, and social influences shape our behavior.
- Social behavior has biological roots in evolution and social neuroscience, and social psychology principles apply to everyday life.
The document provides a historical background of industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology. Some key developments include Wilhelm Wundt establishing the first psychology lab in 1879, Bryan and Harter publishing the first paper on applying psychology to work in 1897, and Hugo Munsterberg's 1913 book applying psychology to areas like sales and introducing techniques like the lie detector. Major influences were also the World Wars, which saw I/O psychologists screening and classifying soldiers, and the Hawthorne studies in the 1920s, which explored the impact of workplace factors like lighting on employees. The civil rights movement of the 1960s led to laws banning workplace discrimination.
How to care plan: when, where, how, why, who. Learm how to create person centered care plans that imporve quality of life, satisfy regulators, and make areal difference
According to psychologist Gordon Allport, social psychology is a discipline that uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other human beings" (1985).
Briefly this field has been discussed.
This document provides an overview of topics covered in a social psychology course. It discusses how social factors like the presence of others can influence our thoughts and behaviors. Key concepts covered include conformity, obedience, social influence, prejudice, aggression, altruism, and conflict resolution. Examples are given of classic studies in these areas, like Asch's conformity experiments and Milgram's obedience studies. The roles of attribution theory, social norms, and group processes in social cognition and interaction are also summarized.
Social Skills Training In Students With Autismrmaxwell1
The document discusses social skills training for students with autism. It outlines a 6 step process for developing social skills programs: 1) assess students' skills, 2) decide which skills to target, 3) set specific and measurable goals, 4) choose intervention methods and materials, 5) track student progress, and 6) facilitate generalization of skills. Example goals, curricula, data tracking methods and techniques for generalization are provided. The overall goal is for students to independently function socially as adults.
The document discusses self-concept, which is an individual's subjective sense of self comprising conscious and unconscious thoughts, attitudes, and perceptions that directly affect self-esteem. Nurses care for clients facing health problems threatening self-concept and self-esteem, so must help clients adjust to self-concept alterations and support components of self-concept like identity, body image, and role performance to promote coping. Factors influencing self-concept include competence, reactions of others, relationships, identity, personality, impactful events, and ethnicity/spirituality.
Psych 24 history of personality assessmentMaii Caa
The document discusses various methods used in psychological assessment, including both objective measures like standardized tests and projective tests, as well as clinical interviews. It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of different assessment approaches and how assessments are used to better understand individuals and their behavior. The document also provides examples of specific assessment tools like the MMPI-2, TAT, and astrology.
Industrial/Organizational Psychology applies scientific principles to maximize employee and organizational effectiveness in the workplace. Some key areas I/O psychologists focus on include selection and placement of employees, training and development programs, performance management, organization development, and workplace quality of life. I/O psychologists also study ergonomics and work environment factors like noise, lighting, temperature and their impact on psychological and physical worker conditions. The goal is to design jobs, equipment, and work systems that allow humans to perform effectively while improving worker satisfaction and productivity.
Theories of social work — presentation transcriptHassaan Qazi
Theories are important for social workers for several reasons. Theories can help social workers
understand clients and situations, guide practice through providing frameworks and models, and
explain human behavior and how change can be facilitated. There are different types of theories
relevant to social work, including theories about the profession itself, theories from other disciplines
applied to social work, and practice theories that provide guidance on working with clients. While
some argue that social work is more of an intuitive practice learned through experience, most agree
that theories help social workers work in a more informed, accountable, and professional manner.
This document discusses the importance and uses of theory in social work. It provides definitions of key terms like theories of social work, theories for social work, and orienting theories. Theories help social workers by providing descriptions and explanations of human behavior, the social environment, and how change occurs. They guide observation, description, explanation, intervention, and prediction. While some argue that social work is more of an intuitive practice learned through experience, the document supports the idea that theories teach social workers to see people's resources rather than just problems, making practice more professional and efficient when used along with intuition.
The document discusses generalist social work practice and the different perspectives and discourses within social work. It argues that social work knowledge is socially constructed through three interacting arenas: 1) the political-social-ideological arena which influences policy, 2) the agency-professional arena which determines how social work is implemented, and 3) the client-worker-agency arena where practice is enacted. An effective social work approach requires being eclectic in using ideas from different theories, while practicing critical thinking and reflexivity.
This chapter introduces key concepts about social work theory. It discusses how social work can be viewed as a "contested activity" with different definitions based on varying perspectives. The chapter explores definitions that focus on social work's nature, skills/tasks, and clients' social circumstances. It emphasizes the importance of theories in informing practice and introduces the concept of social constructionism. Critical thinking and reflective practice are presented as ways to thoughtfully consider the theoretical influences on social work.
Develop a 3-5 page outline of concepts you would like to apply to .docxkhenry4
Develop a 3-5 page outline of concepts you would like to apply to your own life and identify relevant scholarly sources that will help you with your application of concepts.
As you may have noticed as you have worked through earlier assessments, Sociology is applicable to our everyday lives. We can oftentimes take a sociological concept and use it to explain something that occurs in our own lives. For example, you have learned about norms and how we tend to follow the norms of a society. You can use that to explain how people behave when they are in an elevator. Most people face forward, look up at the numbers, and don't talk.
Many of your experiences can be analyzed using sociological concepts. For your final assessment, Assessment 6, you will complete a Sociology of Me and apply many of the concepts you have learned about in this course to your own life. For Assessment 5, begin to think about which concepts you would like to apply to your own experience, develop an outline, and identify appropriate resources. In order to complete this assessment, you will need to show your understanding of some additional concepts related to social structure, education, and technology/media.
We have learned how a society's culture can influence people. There are other elements in society, however, that also affect our decisions and behavior. Sociological research has found that in addition to culture, social structure and groups also significantly impact many of our individual choices. Our position in the social structure affects our behaviors, attitudes, and ideas. For example, an important element of social structure are groups. We belong to a variety of different groups. Decades of research have documented the impact of group conformity on the individual. Although people tend to often believe that they act as individuals and aren't impacted by others, research has found this is usually not the case. The Milgram experiment in your Resources is a great example. Milgram (1963) examined conformity and obedience and found that people are highly influenced by authority and the demands of conformity, even to the point that we will inflict pain on another person to obey authority.
Sociologists also study education and how it is impacted by a society's culture and structure. The purpose of education is to provide knowledge (facts, skills, cultural norms) to members of a society. In the United States, education teaches us not just skills, but also how to be effective citizens. Education transmits the dominant culture, ensuring that children understand cultural norms and values. Educational attainment impacts life outcomes—it affects our occupation, earnings, work conditions, and health. Thus, education is related to social inequality. We have a tendency to assume that education is an equalizer in the United States, but this is something that is debated by sociologists. Is education equally available to everyone? Studies suggest it is not. Social class can impa.
The best Careers in Sociology updated 2023 doc 8.docxintel-writers.com
Careers in sociology
offer a wide range of opportunities for individuals interested in studying and understanding human society and social behavior. Here is a discussion on the various career paths within sociology:
Research and Academia: Many sociologists pursue careers in research and academia. They work as professors, researchers, and scholars in universities, colleges, and research institutions. They conduct research, publish academic papers, and contribute to the knowledge and understanding of sociological theories and concepts.
Applied Sociology: Applied sociologists utilize their knowledge and skills to address social issues and provide practical solutions. They work in diverse settings such as government agencies, non-profit organizations, consulting firms, and social service agencies. Applied sociologists may focus on areas like community development, social policy, program evaluation, or social advocacy.
Social Services and Human Resources: Sociologists can find rewarding careers in social services and human resources sectors. They work in roles such as social workers, counselors, program managers, or human resource specialists. Sociological knowledge helps them understand the dynamics of social problems, develop intervention strategies, and create inclusive and equitable workplaces.
Market Research and Data Analysis: Sociologists with expertise in research methods and data analysis can find opportunities in market research firms and organizations. They conduct consumer research, analyze data, and provide insights into consumer behavior, social trends, and market dynamics. Their sociological perspective helps in understanding the social factors that shape consumer choices and preferences.
Policy Analysis and Advocacy: Sociologists can contribute to policy development and advocacy work. They analyze social issues, evaluate policy effectiveness, and make recommendations for social change. Sociologists working in this field often collaborate with government agencies, think tanks, advocacy groups, and public policy organizations.
Human Behavior and the Social Environment I
Human Behavior and the
Social Environment I
SUSAN TYLER
U N I V E R S I T Y O F A R K A N S A S L I B R A R I E S
F AY E T T E V I L L E , A R
Human Behavior and the Social Environment I by Susan Tyler is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License,
except where otherwise noted.
All content CC BY-NC-SA unless otherwise noted.
Contents
Introduction 1
Attributions 6
Part I. The Person in Environment
Chapter 1: How We Use Our Expectations 25
Part II. The Biopsychosocial Dimension
Chapter 2: Lifespan Theories 79
Part III. The Sociocultural Dimension
Chapter 3: Theoretical Perspectives 105
Chapter 4: The Elements of Culture 120
Part IV. The Social Change Dimension
Chapter 5: Social Categorization & Stereotyping 161
Chapter 6: In-group Favoritism & Prejudice 191
Chapter 7: Reducing Discrimination 210
Chapter 8: Racial & Ethnic Inequality 233
Part V. Pre-Pregnancy & Prenatal Development
Chapter 9: Heredity, Prenatal Development, &
Birth
Heredity 280
Prenatal Development 291
Birth 320
279
Part VI. Development in Infancy & Toddlerhood
Chapter 10: Physical Development in Infancy &
Toddlerhood
347
Chapter 11: Cognitive Development in Infancy &
Toddlerhood
387
Chapter 12: Psychosocial Development in Infancy
& Toddlerhood
Infant Emotions 429
Forming Attachments 433
425
Part VII. Development in Early Childhood
Chapter 13: Physical Development in Early
Childhood
465
Chapter 14: Cognitive Development in Early
Childhood
502
Chapter 15: Psychosocial Development in Early
Childhood
551
Part VIII. Development in Middle Childhood
Chapter 16: Physical Development in Middle
Childhood
603
Chapter 17: Cognitive Development in Middle
Childhood
630
Chapter 18: Psychosocial Development in Middle
Childhood
690
Part IX. Development in Adolescence
Chapter 19: Physical Development in Adolescence 733
Chapter 20: Cognitive Development in
Adolescence
763
Chapter 21: Psychosocial Development in
Adolescence
786
Part X. Development in Early Adulthood
Chapter 22: Physical Development in Early
Adulthood
815
Chapter 23: Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
861
Chapter 24: Psychosocial Development in Early
Adulthood
897
Part XI. Development in Middle Adulthood
Chapter 25: Physical Development in Middle
Adulthood
959
Chapter 26: Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
1023
Chapter 27: Psychosocial Development in Middle
Adulthood
1064
Part XII. Development in Late Adulthood
Chapter 28: Physical Development in Late
Adulthood
1135
Chapter 29: Cognitive Development in Late
Adulthood
1197
Chapter 30: Psychosocial Development in Late
Adulthood
1245
Additional Resources 1299
Adopt this book! 1302
Why do people do the things they do?
That’s what we are here to find out – Human Behavior and the
Social Environment (HBSE) – How do they connect? How does it
shape us? Why do we thi ...
Social work aims to promote social change, solve problems in human relationships, and empower individuals. It focuses on the interaction between people and their environments using theories of human behavior. Key concepts in social work include social change, problem-solving, considering the person within their environment, and empowerment. Social workers address social problems, crises, and everyday issues using these concepts.
The document summarizes different theories about the relationship between social work theory and practice. It outlines three main theories about the nature of society: consensus theory, which sees society as sharing common norms and values; conflict theory, which views society as stratified along lines of inequality; and social action theory, which sees society as constructed through individual meaning-making. These theories lead to different views of the role of social work in addressing social problems.
This document discusses the integrated social work model. It is a person-centered approach that takes into account a client's physical, emotional, community, and spiritual well-being by viewing them as part of interconnected systems. The model provides a framework for social workers to work with clients and bring about change through various systems like the client system, target system, and action system. The integrated approach aims to avoid dichotomous views and recognize connections between elements like individual and collective approaches.
Develop a 3-5 page outline of concepts you would like to apply t.docxkhenry4
Develop a 3-5 page outline of concepts you would like to apply to your own life and identify relevant scholarly sources that will help you with your application of concepts.
As you may have noticed as you have worked through earlier assessments, Sociology is applicable to our everyday lives. We can oftentimes take a sociological concept and use it to explain something that occurs in our own lives. For example, you have learned about norms and how we tend to follow the norms of a society. You can use that to explain how people behave when they are in an elevator. Most people face forward, look up at the numbers, and don't talk.
Many of your experiences can be analyzed using sociological concepts. For your final assessment, Assessment 6, you will complete a Sociology of Me and apply many of the concepts you have learned about in this course to your own life. For Assessment 5, begin to think about which concepts you would like to apply to your own experience, develop an outline, and identify appropriate resources. In order to complete this assessment, you will need to show your understanding of some additional concepts related to social structure, education, and technology/media.
We have learned how a society's culture can influence people. There are other elements in society, however, that also affect our decisions and behavior. Sociological research has found that in addition to culture, social structure and groups also significantly impact many of our individual choices. Our position in the social structure affects our behaviors, attitudes, and ideas. For example, an important element of social structure are groups. We belong to a variety of different groups. Decades of research have documented the impact of group conformity on the individual. Although people tend to often believe that they act as individuals and aren't impacted by others, research has found this is usually not the case. The Milgram experiment in your Resources is a great example. Milgram (1963) examined conformity and obedience and found that people are highly influenced by authority and the demands of conformity, even to the point that we will inflict pain on another person to obey authority.
Sociologists also study education and how it is impacted by a society's culture and structure. The purpose of education is to provide knowledge (facts, skills, cultural norms) to members of a society. In the United States, education teaches us not just skills, but also how to be effective citizens. Education transmits the dominant culture, ensuring that children understand cultural norms and values. Educational attainment impacts life outcomes—it affects our occupation, earnings, work conditions, and health. Thus, education is related to social inequality. We have a tendency to assume that education is an equalizer in the United States, but this is something that is debated by sociologists. Is education equally available to everyone? Studies suggest it is not. Social class can impa.
This document provides an overview of several common social work theories and how they are applied in practice. It discusses theories such as conflict theory, social learning theory, systems theory, transpersonal theory, psycho-social development theory, family life cycle theory, empowerment theory, rational choice theory, and the top 5 social work practice models of cognitive behavioral therapy, crisis intervention, narrative therapy, solution-focused therapy, and task-centered practice. The document aims to explain the key concepts behind these theories and models and how social workers use them to understand clients and address social problems.
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Applied social sciences apply research from fields like psychology and sociology to communities, organizations, and individuals. This includes careers in areas like counseling, corrections, education, law enforcement, and healthcare. Understanding applied social sciences provides knowledge of society
The document outlines the key concepts of social work including definitions of social work, roles and functions of social workers, approaches and goals in social work practice, and characteristics that make social work a profession. It also discusses social work intervention at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels and covers topics such as theories, ethics, communication skills, and public assistance.
1) The document provides instructions for an assignment where the student must outline concepts from their sociology course that apply to their own life and identify relevant scholarly sources to support the analysis.
2) The outline should include sections on culture and socialization, social structure and groups, education, their professional field of nursing, and technology and media.
3) For each section, the student must briefly explain the relevance of sociological concepts and identify at least one scholarly source to support the analysis from a sociological perspective.
Discussion Individual vs. Structural-Cultural TheoriesTheorwiddowsonerica
Discussion: Individual vs. Structural-Cultural Theories
Theories
help frame more than presenting problems—they also frame social problems, and both types of problems can be linked in relation to client issues. For example, many scholars and social workers have attempted to understand the social problem of poverty. Turner and Lehning (2007) classified various psychological theories to explain poverty under two headings: (1) individual-related theories or (2) structural/cultural-related theories. In other words, think of these two headings as lenses in viewing poverty. In this Discussion, you apply lenses through which to understand a client's problem in relation to social problems.
To prepare:
Read this article listed in the Learning Resources: Turner, K., & Lehning, A. J. (2007). Psychological
theories
of poverty.
Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 16
(1/2), 57–72. doi:10.1300/J137v16n01-05
Select a
theory
under the individual-related
theories
and a theory under the structural/cultural-related theories.
Complete the handout “Comparing Individual-Related and Structural/Cultural-Related
Theories
” to help you craft your response. (
Note:
You do
not
need to upload the handout to the Discussion forum. The handout is intended to assist you in writing your Discussion post.)
By Day 3
Post:
Describe how a social worker would conceptualize a presenting problem of poverty from the two
theories
you selected.
Explain how this conceptualization differs from an individual-related versus a structural/cultural-related theoretical lens.
Compare how the two theoretical lenses differ in terms of how the social worker would approach the client and the problem and how the social worker would intervene.
By Day 5
Respond
to at least two colleagues:
Evaluate one identified strength and one identified limitation your colleague may encounter when employing an individual-related
theory
and a structural/cultural-related theory to formulating interventions for poverty.
Assignment: Application of Systems Theory to a Case Study
In this course, you will be asked to select one case study and to use it throughout the entire course. By doing this, you will have the opportunity to see how
theories
guide your view of a client and the client’s presenting problem. Although the case may be the same, each time you use a different
theory
, your perspective of the problem changes, which then changes how you go about asking the assessment questions and how you intervene.
The first theoretical approach you will use to apply to a case study is systems
theory
. In other words, your theoretical orientation—your lens—will be systems theory as you analyze a social work case study.
Different
theories
can be used to take a systems approach. For example, Bertalanffy’s General Systems
Theory
considers how a
system
is made of smaller
subsystems
that
influence each other
and seek
homeostasis
, whereas Brofennerbrenner’s Eco ...
This course is designed to provide the student with the practical knowledge in the concepts of community, societal structure and the importance of meaningful occupation. Emphasis is laid on WHO model of Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR) and how the therapist could work with other Medical and Dental Team (MDT) members to sustain this community rehabilitation model.
The aim of this course is to make therapy services accessible, acceptable, and affordable in the community setting.
Chapter 13 Introduction to Applied Social Psychologyqulbabbas4
- Applied social psychology aims to understand social issues and develop intervention strategies to address problems. It applies theories, methods, and principles of social psychology.
- The key functions of theory in applied social psychology are to organize observations and findings, direct research focus, and guide the development of interventions.
- Effective interventions are developed through intervention mapping, which involves identifying problems, developing solutions, setting goals, implementation, and evaluation. Process and outcome evaluations provide feedback on intervention effectiveness.
The document discusses six major theoretical perspectives in psychology: evolutionary, cognitive, psychodynamic, behavioral, sociocultural, and humanistic. It explains key aspects of each perspective, such as what they focus on and their views on topics like natural selection, how the mind processes information, the effects of unconscious desires on behavior, the impact of external factors like punishment and reward, social influences, and individual free will. The document also mentions that psychologists may use an eclectic approach combining multiple perspectives to study human behavior.
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2. Social Work is a practical job. It is about protecting people and changing their lives, not
about giving theoretical explanations of why they got into difficulties …
Social work is about social change at the individual as well as at community level.
Change is complex, diversified and risk prone. To understand it, social worker need
knowledge. imagination, comprehension & creativity….in short, a radical shift in
understanding “Knowledge as process” as opposed to “Knowledge as product” is
needed.
But our understanding of social work (especially with the faculty and students of social
work colleges in non metropolitan cities of India and students with low level mastery of
English language) is frozen with the simple definition of social work ...it is the art and
science of helping the people to help themselves.
Compilation and interpretation of social work definition accessible to the students (PD
Mishra 1994) conveys a meaning that social work is a “helping” “assisting” „enabling”
activity, which in turn suggests social work is seen as a benign and uncontentious
activity, willingly accepted. This understanding fails to reflect the major transformations
social work discipline has undergone as well as its global outlook. There is nothing
wrong in simplifying a concept, but if it ignores the complexities associated with the
concept, that will end our further seeking.
Whatever may be a definition of social work, it is normally based on certain perspectives
and understanding of that perspective / theory will help us to appreciate that definition.
It is this clarity that normally make one to commit in his/ her professional
responsibilities.
3. Definition of
social work
generally convey
What is the need
of social work or
Why Social work?
How social work
is carried out?
To whom social
work is going to
serve? or
characteristics of
its cliens
To answer these
questions one need to
know why people are
suffering. What is our
responsibilities towards
fellow human beings?
How we gain knowledge
about the human
problems? What makes
us perceive the human
problems in a particular
way?Why we subscribe
to certain methods of
solving problems? ….
Social workers need to
answer these questions
before addressing others
problems. Theories &
perspectives of social
work may provide some
answers to these
questions
4. Why Social Work?
Life means to face the demands of day to day life and realize the self. By life tasks we mean the
responses people make as they face the demands made upon them in various life situations, such
is growing up in a family, entering school or work, raising a family, earning their daily bread,
working in the industry, problems relating to job or earning, facing illness, accidents and death.
People are dependent on social systems to realize their aspirations and to cope with their life tasks.
In order to realize their life tasks people have to interact with three kinds of resource systems in
the social environment
1. Informal or natural resource system consists of family, friends, neighbors, co workers, etc
2. Formal resource system consists of membership in organizations, trade union organizations or
other socio cultural organizations
3. Social resource system such as schools, hospitals, housing societies, police, banks etc
Why people are unable to obtain the resources, services or opportunities in the resource systems,
they need to cope with their life tasks and realize their aspirations?
1. A needed resource or service may be scarce or may not exist or may not provide appropriate
help to people who need it.
2. People may not know the existence of a resource system or may be hesitant to turn it for help
for several reasons like distance, corruption, delay or poor quality etc
3. The polices and procedures of the resource system may inhibit / prevent it access (eg. eligibility
criteria, gender, etc)
4. Several resource system may be working at cross purposes
The purpose of social work is to enable the people to use the social resources to meet their life
tasks
5. What do we mean by helping people to help themselves?
1. Increased understanding of oneself or a situation.
2. Being able to make a decision
3. Being able to confirm a decision.
4. Being able to get a support for a decision.
5. Being able to change a situation
6. Adjusting to a situation that is not going to change
7. Being able to examine options and choosing one
8. Being able to discharge feelings
Compare self help with empowerment
Empowerment includes the following, or similar, capabilities:-
The ability to make decisions about personal/collective circumstances
The ability to access information and resources for decision-making
Ability to consider a range of options from which to choose (not just yes/no, either/or.)
Ability to exercise assertiveness in collective decision making
Having positive-thinking about the ability to make change
Ability to learn and access skills for improving personal/collective circumstance.
Ability to inform others’perceptions though exchange, education and engagement.
Involving in the growth process and changes that is never ending and self-initiated
Increasing one's positive self-image and overcoming stigma
Increasing one's ability in discreet thinking to sort out right and wrong
6.
7. Theory
is
an
“attempt
to
retrospectively
explain
and
to
prospectively
predict”
What is theory?
It is important first to be clear what the term theory means in an
academic sense. Cottrell provides a useful general definition:
A theory is a set of ideas that helps to explain why something
happens or happened in a particular way, and to predict likely
outcomes in the future. Theories are based on evidence and
reasoning, but have not yet been conclusively proved.
Thompson‟s definition includes similar ideas:
An attempt to explain…a framework for understanding…a set
of ideas linked together to help us make sense of a particular
issue.
Writing about social work theory, Beckett makes a connection with
practice:
…a set of ideas or principles used to guide practice which are
sufficiently coherent that they could if necessary be made
explicit in a form which was open to challenge.
8. It will be useful if we understand the different types of theories taught and the
logic as why are these theories imparted to the students.
It may be logical to group these theories in broader categories
e.g.
Theories of evolution,
Theories of personality (development) & learning theories,
Theories of social organization and social change, theories of
social stratification,
Theories of individual and group behavior,
Theories of deviance, crime and correction,
Theories of economic growth and development, theories of group
dynamics and leadership,
Theories of social work (clinical practice) etc.
9. Curriculum Development Centre in Social Work Education,
University Grants Commission, India recognized three elements of
social work curriculum
1. Values of the profession
2. Skills and methods that are developed for the professional task
3. Major theories and concepts
Objectives of teaching theories
1. Refinement of practice
2.Provision of changing theoretical inputs to the social work
knowledge base
3. Building up of new theories from the practice data
The centre has recommended to include many different theories
discretely and dispersaly but failed to do a wise selectivity of
appropriate theories to be taught rationally and coherently and
imparting knowledge of these theories compactly as an independent
course that are taught in other disciplines eg. Sociological Theories,
Modern Economic Theories, Contemporary Political Theories,
Psychological Theories
10. Thompson explains that there are different levels of theories.
These are:
Grand, macro-level or global theories
(sometimes known as meta-narratives), such as Marxism or
Psychoanalysis, which claim to be able to explain everything in
society, or all human behavior;
Middle-range theories which focus on a limited range of issues
– for instance, labeling theory, which from a social integrationist
perspective aims to explain deviance;
Micro theories developed to explain very small-scale situations
– for instance, relationships between staff and patients on a
hospital ward.
11. The term theory is loosely used in social work
profession. The use of social work theories in
professional literature is rather ambiguous.
Concepts, frames of reference, practice
models and philosophical propositions have
been termed as theories.
12. How theories help social workers?
Social workers might use theory to understand and
explain three main aspects of social work
1.The task and purpose of social work – the role
of social work in society;
2.Practice theories: sometimes called social
work approaches or methods – how to go about
doing social work;
3.The world of service users, including the
internal (psychological) world and the external
(social) world
13. In social work, the term ‘theory’covers three different
possibilities:
Provable explanations why something happens (Explanatory
Theory)
Organized description of activity in a structured form
(Models)
Ways of conceptualizing the world or a particular subject
(Perspective)
14. Conceptual Frameworks
Theories OF Social Work Theories FOR Social Work
Orienting Theories Practice Frameworks
Practice Perspectives Practice Theories Practice Models
Theories of social work
Focus on the profession and explain its purpose, domain, and character within the society.
They describe what the profession is all about and why it functions as it does.
Theories for social work
Focus on clients and helping activities. They explain human behaviours, the social environment,
how change occurs and how change can be facilitated by the social worker in order to benefit
15. Orienting Theories
Orienting theories describe and
explain behaviour and how and
why certain problems develop.
They provide important
background knowledge and are
usually borrowed from other
disciplines such as biology,
psychology, sociology,
economics, cultural
anthropology, and the like.
Examples
include the various theories
related to human development,
personality, family systems,
socialization,
organizational functioning, and
political power, as well as
theories related to specific
types of problems
such as poverty, family
violence, mental illness, teen
pregnancy, crime and racial
discrimination.
Practice Perspective
This is a particular way of
viewing and thinking about
practice. It is a conceptual lens
through which one views social
functioning and it offers very
broad guidance on what may be
important considerations in a
practice situation. Like a camera
lens, a perspective serves to
focus on or magnify a particular
feature. Two perspectives, the
general systems perspective and
the ecosystems perspective, are
commonly used in assessing
relationships between people
and their environment.
Practice Theory
It offers both an explanation of
certain behaviours or situations
and guidance on how they can
be changed. A practice theory
serves as a road map for
bringing about a certain type of
change. Most practice theories
are rooted in one or more
orienting theories. An example
is psychosocial therapy, which is
based primarily on
psychodynamic theory and ego
psychology. Another is
behaviour therapy, which is
derived from the psychology of
learning
Practice Model
Practice Model is a set of concepts and principles used to guide
intervention activities. The term model is also used when referring to
a conceptual framework that is borrowed from one field and applied
in another, for example, the medical model (study, diagnose, treat)
and the legal model (an approach to social action and client advocacy,
involving competition and conflict among adversaries).
Practice Frameworks
16. Framework for Social Work Practice
Social work draws from many frameworks for practice, but some of these frameworks have had
more influence on the profession of social work than others. The three influential frameworks are
The Ecosystem Perspective
This perspective focuses on the interplay between the person and his or her environment. To
understand the functioning of the individual, we must understand his or her environmental context:
Individuals exist within families
Families exist within communities and neighborhoods
Individuals, families, and neighborhoods exist in a political, economic, and cultural environment
The environment impacts the actions, beliefs, and choices of the individual
The Strengths Perspective
This perspective is built on the assumption that every individual, family, group and community has
strengths and focusing on these strengths leads to growth and overcoming difficulties.
Under this perspective, clients are generally the best experts about what types of helping strategies
will be effective or ineffective.
The Cultural Competence Perspective
This perspective is the understanding and approval of cultural distinctions, taking into account the
beliefs, values, activities, and customs of distinctive population groups.
Many cultures have prescribed ways of talking about health and the human body and these factors
impact a person's reaction and acceptance of health services.
These perspectives are consistent with a Family-Centered or Client-Centered approach, which is
central to the standards of best practice with persons with disabilities and consistent with social
17. How might theory be of use to social workers?
Social work, like all professions, uses theory to guide practice.
Observation: theory provides guidance on what a social worker
might need to look out for when meeting people who use services or
carers and their families.
Description: theory provides a generally understood and shared
language in which these observations can be organized and recorded.
Explanation: theory can suggest how different observations
might be linked in a framework that explains them.
Prediction: theory can indicate what might happen in the future.
Intervention: theory can provide ideas about what might bring
about a change in the situation.
18. The importance of theory
Theory is important, in social work and social work
education for a number of reasons because it:
Theory is the mark of a profession;
Theory can ensure accountability;
Theory can help avoid discrimination;
Theory provides a way of making sense of complexity
and uncertainty
19. A clear theoretical
perspective guides
and influences
social work
practice in five key
areas
Observation: it tells us what to see, what to look out for
Description: it provides a conceptual vocabulary and
framework within which observations can be arranged
and organized.
Explanation: it suggests how different observations
might be linked and connected; it offers possible causal
relationships between one event and another
Prediction: it indicates what might happen next
Intervention: it suggests things to do to bring about
change
Why should Social Workers be concerned about theory?
20. What do we mean by theory in social work?
Payne (1991: 52) helps us by distinguishing four types of theory
1. Theories about social work explain the nature and role of social work in
society
2. Theories of social work describe which activities constitute social work, set
aims for social work activities and explain why those activities are relevant
and effective in meeting the aims
3. Theories contributing to social work are the psychological, sociological and
other theories which explain or describe personal and social behaviour
and are used to make theories of social work systematic, related to general
social science explanations and to give supporting evidence for the social
work theory’s prescriptions
4. Theories of social work practice and method prescribe in detail how the
other theories so far outlined may be applied in the interaction between
workers and clients
21. Is social work a teachable practice? Or does it come from
experience and creativity?
Some argue that Social work is less technical, more creative and
intuitive. Both client and social worker are important when dealing
with issues as the client is the expert of his own personal life. The
ideal theory for social work would therefore be one that encourages
deep thinking and questioning, one that respects the inherent dignity
of the client and complexity of social problems... not one that
categorizes
People believe that science can furnish means, but not ends.
Methods but not goals. So, Social workers must achieve something
other than technical proficiency, i.e. Understanding the human
condition, not science.
Social workers use contextual knowledge. Synthesis of knowledge
from many sources, including personal experience. Common sense
and wisdom on the job
22. Social Work Theories
Behavioral
Theories
B.F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
Cognitive
Theories
Alfred Adler
Jean Piaget
Crisis Theory
Kathleen Ell
B. Gilliland & R.
James
L.G. & H. J. Parad
Ecological System Theory
Urie Bronfenbrenner Empowerment Theory
E. Cox & L. Gutierrez
J. Lee, E. Canada,
P
. Chatterjee& S.P
. Robbins
FamilyLif e Cycle
Theory
Family Systems Strategic
Therapy
(Model)
Humanistic (Existential/
Transpersonal)
Abraham Maslow,
Carl Rogers
Carl Jung
Object Relations Theory
Margaret Mahlen, Otto
Kernberg
Psychodynamic Theory
Sigmund Freud, Eric Erickson
Social-Cultural Theory
Lev Vygotsky:
Thomas Scheff:
1
2
3 4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Solution Focused Therapy
(Model)
12
Structural Family Therapy
Murray Bowen, Virginia Satir
13
23. Knowledge about
Different
Theories regard to
Different
Social Work Fields
Research
Methodology
Raising Awareness
about Life Long Learning
(Professional /Personal
Development)
Skills to Work
with Clients
Learning about
Different Theoretical
Approaches
Recognition &
Analyze of
Social
Processes
Knowledge from
other Disciplines
Professional
Values
Knowledge &
Understanding of Legal &
administration
Procedures & Social Care
Institutions Functioning
24. Social Work Practice
Encounters pressing need
Needs personally left
Requires immediate action
Focuses on interpersonal practice
Social Policy as theory
Seeks cultural Change
Requires social action
Calla for long term strategy
Stress on strategic planning/analysis
25. Why do we need theories in social work?
The use of theories makes Social
Workers feel more safe & competent
in their practice, reduces feelings of
helplessness & fear of unknown
For social workers theory is important
because it teaches social workers how to
perceive people through their resources, not
to classify them according to their
problems...it’s a shift from control to help.
In order to see the beauty of one theory,
it’s important to learn about many
theories. This is how we can prevent
making an ideology out of one theory
The more social workers use theories,
less they use intuition, and it makes
social work practice more professional
and efficient
Theory, together with intuition is a way to develop
personal style of professional practice...without
theory, just with intuition, social workers would feel
like a puppet on strings.
26. Major Theories – Used in Social Work Practice
Primary Perspectives
Current Social Work Practice Models
In brief, social work practice models are like recipes. They are step-by-step guides
for client sessions. Perspectives represent what aspects of the session are
emphasized or highlighted in a session (i.e. questions asked or time spent).
Theories are overall explanations of the person-in-environment configuration.
Theories help explain why the problem is occurring and where the most efficient
intervention should take place.
Systems
Theory
Psychodynamic
Theory
Social Learning
Theory
Conflict Theory
Strengths Feminist Eco-Systems
Problem
Solving
Task-
Centered
Solution
Focused
Narrative Cognitive
Behavioral
Crisis
27. Types of theory
Theories
explaining what
social work is
Formal written accounts
defining the nature and
purposes of welfare (e.g.
upon by practitioners for
defining personal pathology,
liberal reform, Marxist,
feminist)
Moral, political, cultural
values drawn upon by
practitioners for defining
‘functions’ of social work
Theories
explaining how
to do social
work
Formal written theories of
practice (e.g. casework,
family therapy, group work);
applied deductively; general
ideas may be applied to
particular situations
Theories inductively
derived from particular
situations; can be tested to
see if they apply to
particular situations; also
unwritten practice theories
constructed from
experience
Theories
explaining the
client world
Formal written social
science theories and
empirical data (e.g. on
personality, (e.g. the
marriage, the family, race,
class, gender)
Practitioners’ use of
experience and general
cultural meanings (e.g. the
family as an institution,
normal behavior, good
parenting)
28. Theory
A general statement about the real world whose essential truth can be supported
by evidence obtained through the scientific method. – Must explain in a provable
way why something happens. Ex: Learning theory explains behavior on the basis of
what organisms have learned from the environment.
Model
Is a blueprint for action. It describes what happens in practice in a general way.
Ex: The behavioral model (based on learning theory) gives specific guidelines to for
how to effect change. If a parent complains that his child is having difficulty staying
in his own bed at night and the parent has been allowing the child to sleep in
his/her bed( thereby reinforcing the child‟s difficulty) the practitioner would help the
parent to extinguish the behavior by removing the reinforcement.
Perspective
A way of perceiving the world flows from a value position. Note: The perspective
will influence choice of theory and model. Note: Payne (1997) argues that social
work theory succeeds best when it contains all three elements of perspective,
theory and model.
Example: Men who batter their partners
Theory: Social learning theory – men learn their violent behavior in their family of origin,
and from a culture that rewards anger and violence in men; cognitive theory – what men
say to themselves in situations of stress increases their anger and their propensity to be
violent. Model: Cognitive-behavioral Perspective: Feminist
29. Levels of
Practice
Major Purposes, Outcomes, or Processes
Associated with Levels of Social Work Practice
Individual &
Group
Empowerment
Through "self help," "mutual aid," and "conscientization" strategies individuals and
groups learn how to perceive and act upon the contradictions that exist in the social,
political, and economic structures intrinsic to all societies.
Conflict
Resolution
Efforts directed at reducing: (1) grievances between persons or groups; or, (2)
asymmetric power relationships between members of more powerful and less
powerful groups.
Institution-
Building
Refers both to the process of "humanizing" existing social institutions and that of
establishing new institutions that respond more effectively to new or emerg-ing
social needs.
Community-
Building
Through increased participation and "social animation" of the populace, the process
through which community's realize the fullness of their social, political, and
economic potential; the process through which communities respond more equitably
to the social and material needs of their populations.
Nation-
Building
The process of working toward the integration of a nation's social, political,
economic, and cultural institutions at all levels of political organization.
Region-
Building
The process of working toward the integration of a geo-political region's social,
political, economic, and cultural institutions at all levels of social organization.
World-Building The process of working toward the establishment of a new system of interna-tional
relationships guided by the quest for world peace, increased social jus-tice, the
universal satisfaction of basic human needs, and for the protection of the planet's
fragile eco-system.
Levels & Definitions of Social Economic Development Practice in Social Work
30. While considering a theory or theories, social workers also understand its limitations too:
Limitations
of
Theories Recognise that no single theory can explain everything:
When a person engages in an action (or inaction) the reason
for their behaviour can be rooted in a range of causes or
motives.
Related to the first point, recognise that some theoretical
approaches just don't work with some people. Applying Brief
Solution Focused Therapy can be really effective with some
people. For other people, it leaves them cold.
Always apply the value base to theory - much of the theory
used in social care practice and social work is drawn from
outside of the profession. Theory may have its roots in
education, psychology or management. As such, it may not
incorporate social work values and you should take
responsibility for applying these
Never be intimidated by theory. You use it every day.
31. Why do we need to apply social work theory to practice?
It is clear then, that
theory is important in
practice - both for work
with service users and
for social work to be
more valued in society.
Whilst individual social work
theories have different
purposes, using all kinds of
theory in our work offers us,
as social workers, some
important things. 1
2
Theories can help us to
make sense of a situation.
Using theory, we can
generate ideas about
what is going on, why
things are as they are etc.
For example the
information obtained as
part of an assessment can
seem like a jumble of
information - applying
theory can help "make
sense" of the information.
In work with individuals,
making use of the theories
which may relate to their
specific situation will give us
more direction in our work
with them. 4
Using theory can give an explanation about why an action
resulted in a particular consequence. This can help us
review and possibly change our practice in an attempt to
make the consequences more effective. 5
6
Using theory can help to
justify actions and
explain practice to
service users, carers
and society in general.
The aim is that this will
lead to social work
becoming more widely
accountable and
ultimately more
respected. 3
32. MODELS
OF
SOCIAL
WORK
PRACTICE The vast majority of Social Workers function within one of four basic models of practice: the Personal Social Services
Model (PSSM); the Social Welfare Model (SWM), the Social Development Model (SDM), and the New World Order
Model (NWOM).
The Personal Social Services Model
The Personal Social Services Model (PSSM) of social development practice seeks to extend to people everywhere a range of basic social
services that are needed to either restore or enhance their capacity for social functioning. The model's primary goals are: 1) to provide
remedial and preventive services to individuals, families, and groups whose optimal social functioning is either temporarily impaired or inter-
rupted; and 2) to extend social protection to population groups that are threatened by exploitation or degradation. The PSSM also seeks to
ensure increased sensitivity and responsiveness on the part of human service providers to the special service needs of culturally diverse
population groups.
The Social Welfare Model
The Social Welfare Model (SWM) of social work (development) practice is rooted in comparative social policy and comparative social
research. The goals associated with the SWM include: 1) self help; 2) mutual aid; 3) humanitarianism; and 4) the establishment of effective,
preferably universal, systems of formal social provision. The SWM also views developmental social welfare practice as part of the worldwide
movement that seek to promote social security and social justice for people everywhere
The Social Development Model
The Social Development Model (SDM) has its origins in community organization and community development practice and does, therefore,
promote the fullest possible participation of people in determining both the means and goals of social development. In doing so, the model
seeks to provide a framework for understanding the underlying causes of human degradation, powerlessness, and social inequality every-
where in the world. The ultimate goal of the SDM, however, is to guide collective action toward the elimination of all forms of violence and
social oppression.
The New World Order Model
The New World Order Model (NWOM) of social development practice is closely associated with the writings of "visionary" economists, political
scientists, legal scholars, and environmentalists (Brandt Commission, 1981). Major components of the NWOM are reflected in the
fundamental social, political, and economic reforms in the existing international "order" that are being sought by the United Nations (UN,
1990; UN/ESCAP, 1992b), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP, 1997), World Bank 1997) and other leading international
development assistance organizations. Elements of the NWOM also have been described by social work theoreticians.
The NWOM asserts that the most serious problems confronting humanity are rooted in the fundamental inequalities that exist in the present
world "order," i.e., in the system of international social, political, and economic institutions that govern relationships between nations and,
within nations, between groups of people. In promoting its social change objectives, the NWOM calls for the creation of a "new world order"
based on: 1) recognition of and respect for the unity of life on earth; 2) the minimization of violence; 3) the satisfaction of basic human
needs; 4) the primacy of human dignity; 5) the retention of diversity and pluralism; and 6) the need for universal participation in the process
of attaining worldwide social transformation..
33. Theory of
Human Behavior
Focus of Theory Main Concepts Regarding Human Behavior
SYSTEMS THEORY
Includes:
Ecological Systems
[Systems Perspective]
Includes:
Family Systems
[Systems Perspective]
How persons
interact with their
environment.
How the family
system affects the
individual and
family functioning
across the life-
span
*Persons are in continual transaction with their environment
*Systems are interrelated parts or subsystems constituting an ordered whole
*Each subsystem impacts all other parts and whole system
*Systems can have closed or open boundaries
*Systems tend toward equilibrium
*Individual functioning shapes family functioning and family systems can
create pathology within the individual
*Boundaries, roles, communication, family structure influence family
functioning
BEHAVIORISM &
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
Includes:
Cognitive theory,
Behavioral theory,
Social Learning theory [Social
Behavioral perspective]
H
de
f
t
t
ow individuals
velop cognitive
unctioning and learn
hrough acting on
heir environment
*Imitation & reaction to stimulation shape behavioral learning
*Knowledge is constructed through children physically and
mentally acting on objects
*Intelligence is an evolutionary, biological adaptation to
environment
*Cognitive structures enable adaptation & organization
PSYCHODYNAMIC
THEORY
Includes:
Classical psychodynamic theory,
Ego-psychology, Object-relations
theory,
Self-psychology
[Psychodynamic Perspective]
How inner
energies and
external forces
interact to impact
emotional
development
*Unconscious and conscious mental activity motivate human
behavior
*Ego functions mediate between individual and environment
*Ego defense mechanisms protect individuals from becoming
overwhelmed by unacceptable impulses and threats
*Internalized experiences shape personality development and
functioning
*Healing occurs through attention to transferences and the
treatment relationship
34. PSYCHOSOCIAL How internal & external *Human development occurs in defined & qualitatively different stages that
DEVELOPMENTAL forces shape life are sequential & may be universal
THEORY development, generally *Individual stages of development include specific tasks to be completed &
[Developmental by life stages crises to be managed
Perspective] *Time & social context shape & individualize the meaning of life stages
TRANSPERSONAL How the spiritual and *Focuses on meaning, connection, and purpose
THEORY religious aspects of human *Some people achieve developmental level beyond the personal (ego-
[Developmental existence can be based) level into transpersonal (beyond self or ego) levels of
Perspective; built upon understood consciousness and functioning.
Humanistic Perspective] How spiritual *There is an inherent tendency to express innate potentials for love,
development builds upon creativity, and spirituality
and goes beyond bio- *There is a difference between psychopathological phenomena and
psychosocial development spiritual growth experiences
SOCIAL EXCHANGE How persons *Antecedents, consequences, personal expectations, and interpretation shape and
THEORY minimize costs maintain behavior in the present
[Rational Choice and maximize *Self-interest determines social exchange
Perspective] rewards through *Unequal resources determine power inequities and reciprocity is essential
social exchange *Six propositions:
--Success proposition --Stimulus proposition --Value proposition --Deprivation-
satiation -- proposition --Aggression-approval proposition --Rationality proposition
SOCIAL How socio cultural *All experience is subjective and human beings recreate themselves through an
CONSTRUCTIONISM and historical on-going, never static process
[Social Constructionist contexts shape *Knowledge is created through an interplay of multiple social and historical
Perspective] individuals and the forces
creation of *Social interaction is grounded in language, customs, cultural and historical
knowledge contexts
How individuals *All phenomenon, including the sciences, must be approached with doubt in
create themselves order to understand how people construct reality
*Humans are self-interpreting beings
Theory of
Human Behavior
Focus of Theory Main Concepts Regarding Human Behavior
35. Theory of
Human Behavior
Focus of Theory Main Concepts Regarding Human Behavior
SYMBOLIC
INTERACTIONISM
[Social
Constructionist
Perspective]
How the “self”
influenced and
by social proce
and the capacit
symbolize
is
shaped
sses
y to
*Human action is caused by complex interaction between and within
individuals
*Dynamic social activities take place among persons and we act according to
how we define our situation
*We act in the present, not the past
*Individuals are actors on the stage and take on roles, interacting with the
environment
CONFLICT
THEORY
[Conflict
Perspective]
How power
structures & power
disparities impact
people‟s lives
*All societies perpetuate some forms of oppression & injustice and structural inequity
*Power is unequally divided & some groups dominate others
*Social order is based on manipulation and control by dominant groups
*Social change is driven by conflict, with periods of change interrupting periods of
stability
*Life is characterized by conflict not consensus
CONTINGENCY
THEORY
[Systems
Perspective]
How individuals &
groups gain power,
access to resources,
& control over their
lives, often through
collective action
*Groups are open, dynamic systems with both change and conflict present
*Groups are stratified, with different and unequal levels of power and control
*High discrimination and low privilege equals low opportunity
*Oppression occurs when upward mobility is systematically denied
*The social context must be critiqued and deconstructed
*Assumptions for analyzing organizations:
--there is no best way to manage organizations
--there must be a match between the environment and internal resources
--the design of the organization must fit with the environment