This document discusses mobility in cellular networks. It describes the key components involved in mobility management, including location area updates to track mobile users, and techniques like tunneling and temporary addresses to route packets to mobile nodes as they move. Mobile IP is presented as a common solution that uses home agents, care-of addresses, and tunnels to maintain ongoing connections. However, it has issues like triangular routing and non-optimal paths that more recent solutions aim to address. Dynamic addressing, naming, and transport layer modifications are also discussed as alternative approaches to enabling mobility.
MOBILE INTERNET PROTOCOL AND TRANSPORT LAYER
Overview of Mobile IP – Features of Mobile IP – Key Mechanism in Mobile IP – route Optimization. Overview of TCP/IP – Architecture of TCP/IP- Adaptation of TCP Window – Improvement in TCP Performance.
MOBILE INTERNET PROTOCOL AND TRANSPORT LAYER
Overview of Mobile IP – Features of Mobile IP – Key Mechanism in Mobile IP – route Optimization. Overview of TCP/IP – Architecture of TCP/IP- Adaptation of TCP Window – Improvement in TCP Performance.
UNIT IV MOBILE NETWORK AND TRANSPORT LAYERS
Mobile IP – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol-Mobile Ad Hoc Routing Protocols–Multicast routing-TCP over Wireless Networks – Indirect TCP – Snooping TCP – Mobile TCP – Fast Retransmit / Fast Recovery – Transmission/Timeout Freezing-Selective Retransmission – Transaction Oriented TCP- TCP over 2.5 / 3G wireless Networks
ip routing and troubleshooting algorithmsVo Cong Minh
Types of MANET ROUTING.
Objectives
● Present the basic principles of routing in general
packet-switched networks
● Describe the basic principles of mobile ad hoc
networks (MANETs) and MANET routing protocols
● Describe AODV and OLSR as example MANET
routing protocols
● Discuss issues related to mobile ad hoc networks
and MANET routing protocols
UNIT IV MOBILE NETWORK AND TRANSPORT LAYERS
Mobile IP – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol-Mobile Ad Hoc Routing Protocols–Multicast routing-TCP over Wireless Networks – Indirect TCP – Snooping TCP – Mobile TCP – Fast Retransmit / Fast Recovery – Transmission/Timeout Freezing-Selective Retransmission – Transaction Oriented TCP- TCP over 2.5 / 3G wireless Networks
ip routing and troubleshooting algorithmsVo Cong Minh
Types of MANET ROUTING.
Objectives
● Present the basic principles of routing in general
packet-switched networks
● Describe the basic principles of mobile ad hoc
networks (MANETs) and MANET routing protocols
● Describe AODV and OLSR as example MANET
routing protocols
● Discuss issues related to mobile ad hoc networks
and MANET routing protocols
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This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
2. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 2
Many Mobility Scenario’s
Mobile hosts connecting to networked infrastructure
(focus of this lecture)
- Cell phones connecting to cell towers
- Laptops connecting to access points
Ad hoc networks: a set of mobile nodes
communicating with each other with no additional
networked infrastructure
- Extra challenges: routing and possible mobility
Sensor networks (ad hoc +)
- More resource constrained mobile nodes
Vehicular networks
- Extreme mobility
3. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 3
Routing to Mobile Nodes
Obvious solution: have mobile nodes advertise
route to mobile address/32
- Should work!!!
Why is this bad?
- Consider forwarding tables on backbone routers
• Would have an entry for each mobile host
• Not very scalable
What are some possible solutions?
4. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 4
How to Handle Mobile Nodes?
(Addressing)
Dynamic Host Configuration (DHCP)
- Host gets new IP address in new locations
- Problems
• Host does not have constant name/address how
do others contact host
• What happens to active transport connections?
5. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 5
How to Handle Mobile Nodes?
(Naming)
Naming
- Use DHCP and update name-address mapping
whenever host changes address
- Fixes contact problem but not broken transport
connections
6. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 6
How to Handle Mobile Nodes?
(Transport)
TCP currently uses 4 tuple to describe
connection
- <Src Addr, Src port, Dst addr, Dst port>
Modify TCP to allow peer’s address to be
changed during connection
Security issues
- Can someone easily hijack connection?
Difficult deployment both ends must support
mobility
7. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 7
How to Handle Mobile Nodes?
(Link Layer)
Link layer mobility
- Learning bridges can handle mobility this is how it is
handled at CMU
- Encapsulated PPP (PPTP) Have mobile host act like
he is connected to original LAN
• Works for IP AND other network protocols
8. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 8
How to Handle Mobile Nodes?
(Routing)
Allow mobile node to keep same address and name
How do we deliver IP packets when the endpoint
moves?
- Can’t just have nodes advertise route to their
address
What about packets from the mobile host?
- Routing not a problem
- What source address on packet? this can
cause problems
Key design considerations
- Scale
- Incremental deployment
9. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 9
Basic Solution to Mobile Routing
Same as other problems in computer science
- Add a level of indirection
Keep some part of the network informed about
current location
- Need technique to route packets through this location
(interception)
Need to forward packets from this location to
mobile host (delivery)
10. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 10
Interception
Somewhere along normal forwarding path
- At source
- Any router along path
- Router to home network
- Machine on home network (masquerading as
mobile host)
Clever tricks to force packet to particular destination
- “Mobile subnet” – assign mobiles a special
address range and have special node advertise
route
11. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 11
Delivery
Need to get packet to mobile’s current location
Tunnels
- Tunnel endpoint = current location
- Tunnel contents = original packets
Source routing
- Loose source route through mobile current location
12. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 12
Mobile IP (RFC 2290)
Interception
- Typically home agent – a host on home network
Delivery
- Typically IP-in-IP tunneling
- Endpoint – either temporary mobile address or
foreign agent
Terminology
- Mobile host (MH), correspondent host (CH), home
agent (HA), foreign agent (FA)
- Care-of-address, home address
13. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 13
Lecture 21: 2006-11-16 13
Mobile IP (MH at Home)
Mobile Host (MH)
Visiting
Location
Home
Internet
Correspondent Host (CH)
Packet
14. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 14
Mobile IP (MH Moving)
Visiting
Location
Home
Internet
Correspondent Host (CH)
Packet
Home Agent (HA) Mobile Host (MH)
I am here
15. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 15
Mobile IP (MH Away – FA)
Visiting
Location
Home
Internet
Correspondent Host (CH)
Packet
Home Agent (HA) Foreign Agent (FA)
Encapsulated
Mobile Host (MH)
16. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 16
Mobile IP (MH Away - Collocated)
Visiting
Location
Home
Internet
Correspondent Host (CH)
Packet
Home Agent (HA) Mobile Host (MH)
Encapsulated
17. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 17
Other Mobile IP Issues
Route optimality
- Resulting paths can be sub-optimal
- Can be improved with route optimization
• Unsolicited binding cache update to sender
Authentication
- Registration messages
- Binding cache updates
Must send updates across network
- Handoffs can be slow
Problems with basic solution
- Triangle routing
- Reverse path check for security
18. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 18
State of Mobile Networks
Getting a new name and address via DHCP is the most
commonly used solution for laptops, as long as
- it is a client machine (what is the difference between a server and
client machine?)
- Single consistent TCP connection during mobility is not important
Cell network is the commonly used solution to support
continuous mobility
- Overview slides attached. For information only. Not required for
exam.
Mobile IP not as widely used
- Why?
Will cover ad hoc networks, sensor networks, vehicular
networks in two weeks
- Check out Professor Srini Seshan’s 15-446 class next semester
19. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 19
GSM Mobility Management
(not required for exam)
Originals by: Rashmi Nigalye, Mouloud Rahmani, Aruna Vegesana, Garima Mittal, Fall 2001
Prof. M. Veeraraghavan, Polytechnic University, New York
• GSM architecture overview
– Network layout
– Protocols
– Addresses & identifiers
• Location management
– Call delivery + location update
• Handover management
20. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 20
GSM network layout
GSM Network
(PLMN)
MSC region
MSC region
MSC region
Location
area
BSC
BSC
Location
area
BTS BTS
PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network
MSC: Mobile Switching Center
BTS: Base Transceiver Station
BSC: Base Station Controller
21. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 21
GSM network layout
BSC
MSC
BSC
BTS
EIR
HLR
AUC
VLR
BTS
BTS
Um
A
Abis
E
B,C
OMC
GMSC
PSTN
ISDN
22. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 22
GSM MAP protocol
GSM MAP similar to IS41 MAP
MAP uses Transactions Capabilities Part (TCAP)
of the SS7 stack
MAP functions:
- Updating of location information in VLRs
- Storing routing information in HLRs
- Updating and supplementing user profiles in HLRs
- Handoff of connections between MSCs
23. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 23
What is a location area (LA)?
A powered-on mobile is informed of an incoming
call by a paging message sent over the PAGCH
channel of a cell
One extreme is to page every cell in the network
for each call - a waste of radio bandwidth
Other extreme is to have a mobile send location
updates at the cell level. Paging cut to 1 cell, but
large number of location updating messages.
Hence, in GSM, cells are grouped into Location
Areas – updates sent only when LA is changed;
paging message sent to all cells in last known LA
24. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 24
Addresses and Identifiers
International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI)
- It is similar to a serial number. It is allocated by equipment
manufacturer, registered by network, and stored in EIR
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
MCC MNC MSIN
MCC: Country Code
MNC: Mobile Network Code
MSIN: Mobile Subscriber Identification Number
When subscribing for service with a network, subscriber receives (IMSI)
and stores it in the SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card.
The HLR can be identified by a VLR/MSC from the IMSI.
25. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 25
Addresses and Identifiers
Mobile Subscriber ISDN (MSISDN)
- The “real telephone number”: assigned to the SIM
- The SIM can have several MSISDN numbers for selection of
different services like voice, data, fax
CC NDC SN
NDC: National Destination Code (NDC identifies operator);
SN: Subscriber Number; CC: Country Code;
Digits following NDC identifies the HLR
26. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 26
Addresses and Identifiers
Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)
- It is temporary location dependent ISDN number
- It is assigned by local VLR to each MS in its area.
CC NDC SN
27. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 27
Addresses and identifiers
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)
- It is an alias of the IMSI and is used in its place for
privacy.
- It is used to avoid sending IMSI on the radio path.
- It is an temporary identity that is allocated to an MS by
the VLR at inter-VLR registration, and can be changed
by the VLR
- TMSI is stored in MS SIM card and in VLR.
28. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 28
TMSI, IMSI, MSRN and MSISDN
Unlike MSISDN, IMSI is not known to the GSM user. The
CC of MSISDN translates to an MCC of IMSI as follows,
e.g, Denmark CC: 45 MCC: 238
TMSI is used instead of IMSI during location update to
protect privacy. As user moves, TMSI is used to send
location update. Thus a third party snooping on the wireless
link cannot track a user as he/she moves.
MSRN is the routing number that identifies the current
location of the called MS.
- MSRN is temporary network identity assigned to a
mobile subscriber.
- MSRN identifies the serving MSC/VLR.
- MSRN is used for call delivery (calls incoming to an
MS).
MSISDN is the dialed number to reach a GSM user
29. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 29
Addresses and Identifiers
Location Area ID (LAI)
- CC: Country Code, MNC:Mobile Network Code, LAC:
Location Area Code
- LAI is broadcast regularly by Base Station on BCCH
- Each cell is identified uniquely as belonging to an LA by its
LAI
CC MNC LAC
30. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 30
Location management
Set of procedures to:
- track a mobile user
- find the mobile user to deliver it calls
Current location of MS maintained by 2-level
hierarchical strategy with HLRs and VLRs.
31. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 31
Ways to obtain MSRN
1. Obtaining at location update – MSRN for the MS is
assigned at the time of each location update, and is
stored in the HLR. This way the HLR is in a position
to immediately supply the routing info (MSRN)
needed to switch a call through to the local MSC.
2. Obtaining on a per call basis – This case requires
that the HLR has at least an identification for the
currently responsible VLR. When routing info is
requested from the HLR, it first has to obtain the
MSRN from the VLR. This MSRN is assigned on a
per call basis, i.e. each call involves a new MSRN
assignment
32. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 32
Routing information: case when MSRN
is selected per call by VLR/MSC
If MSRN is allocated to each subscriber visiting at an MSC, then the
number of MSRNs required is large. If instead, an MSRN is allocated
only when a call is to be established, then the number of MSRNs is
roughly equal to number of circuits at MSC – a much smaller number –
hence MSRNs typically allocated per call by VLR/MSC
MSISDN
GMSC
HLR
MSC/VLR
MSISDNIMSI, VLR number
MSRN
33. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 33
Call routing to a mobile station:
case when HLR returns MSRN
GMSC
BSC
BSC
EIR
HLR
AUC
VLR
MSC
BTS
BTS
BTS
LA 1
LA 2
ISDN
1
MS
1
MSISDN
6
TMSI
4
MSRN
3
MSRN
2
MSISDN
7
TMSI
7
TMSI
7
TMSI
8
TMSI
5
MSRN
MSC
35. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 35
Find operation in GSM
ISDN switch recognizes from the MSISDN that the call
subscriber is a mobile subscriber. Therefore, forward
the call to the GMSC of the home PLMN (Public Land
Mobile Network)
GMSC requests the current routing address (MSRN)
from the HLR using MAP
By way of MSRN the call is forwarded to the local MSC
Local MSC determines the TMSI of the MS (by
querying VLR) and initiates the paging procedure in the
relevant LA
After MS responds to the page the connection can be
switched through.
36. Hui Zhang, Fall 2012 36
36
Abbreviations
ISC: International switching center
OMC: Operations and maintenance center
GMSC: Gateway switching center
MSC: Mobile switching center
VLR: Visitor location register
HLR: Home Location register
EIR: Equipment Identification register
AUC: Authentication center
BSC: Base station controller
BTS: Base transceiver station
MS: Mobile subscriber
TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
IMSI: International Mobile Subscriber Identity