PROSEVA trial - Prone position in severe ARDS.
Why did prone position improve outcome of ARDS while other measures aimed at improving oxygenation such as high PEEP, RM and HFO have failed to do so?
PROSEVA trial - Prone position in severe ARDS.
Why did prone position improve outcome of ARDS while other measures aimed at improving oxygenation such as high PEEP, RM and HFO have failed to do so?
this power point presentation provides main emphasis on the phases of the rehabilitation post op. it will enhance the knowledge about do's and dont's during the rehabilitation phases in brief. U may ask the questions if you have in your mind in the comment section. this ppt includes upper extremity as well as lower extremity exercises and also provides easy understanding with the help of suitable and intresting diagrams
Inhalational Anesthetics; Isoflurane and Sevoflurane.pptxMahmood Hasan Taha
Isoflurane (Furane) 1979, Sevoflurane (Ultane) 1990s
general description ,physical properties and anesthetic properties .
Effects on organ system, contraindications, drug interaction.
Respiration
The term respiration includes 3 separate functions:
Ventilation: -Breathing.
Gas exchange:-Between air and capillaries in the lungs. -Between systemic capillaries and tissues of the body.
02 utilization:- Cellular respiration
Respiratory Organs consist of two zones
- Conducting zone
- Respiration zone
Ventilation: is a mechanical process that moves air in and out of the lungs.
Gas exchange: gas exchanges in the lungs in the end of the bronchioles called alveoli Air filled alveoli account for most of the lung volume.
Lungs: Each is cone-shaped with anterior, lateral and posterior surfaces contacting ribs, Superior tip is apex, just deep to clavicle, and Concave inferior surface resting on diaphragm is the base.
Pleura: Around each lung is a flattened sac of serous membrane called pleura
Inspiration: move air from out to inside.
Expiration: move air from inside to outside
Dr. Al Sears MD explains how modern "cardio-oriented" excercise and fitness advice has got it all wrong.
Rather than long, extended endurance workout at medium to low exertion, he recommends a new approach to cardiopulmonary fitness. He calls it PACE. It stands for Progessively Accelerating Cardio Pulmonary Exertion. It include intervals of high-intensity exertion mixed with recovery intervals.
The purpose is to challenge your heart and lungs and build the strength of those organs. It also triggers an all day fat burn versus cardio which actually trains your body to store fat.
this power point presentation provides main emphasis on the phases of the rehabilitation post op. it will enhance the knowledge about do's and dont's during the rehabilitation phases in brief. U may ask the questions if you have in your mind in the comment section. this ppt includes upper extremity as well as lower extremity exercises and also provides easy understanding with the help of suitable and intresting diagrams
Inhalational Anesthetics; Isoflurane and Sevoflurane.pptxMahmood Hasan Taha
Isoflurane (Furane) 1979, Sevoflurane (Ultane) 1990s
general description ,physical properties and anesthetic properties .
Effects on organ system, contraindications, drug interaction.
Respiration
The term respiration includes 3 separate functions:
Ventilation: -Breathing.
Gas exchange:-Between air and capillaries in the lungs. -Between systemic capillaries and tissues of the body.
02 utilization:- Cellular respiration
Respiratory Organs consist of two zones
- Conducting zone
- Respiration zone
Ventilation: is a mechanical process that moves air in and out of the lungs.
Gas exchange: gas exchanges in the lungs in the end of the bronchioles called alveoli Air filled alveoli account for most of the lung volume.
Lungs: Each is cone-shaped with anterior, lateral and posterior surfaces contacting ribs, Superior tip is apex, just deep to clavicle, and Concave inferior surface resting on diaphragm is the base.
Pleura: Around each lung is a flattened sac of serous membrane called pleura
Inspiration: move air from out to inside.
Expiration: move air from inside to outside
Dr. Al Sears MD explains how modern "cardio-oriented" excercise and fitness advice has got it all wrong.
Rather than long, extended endurance workout at medium to low exertion, he recommends a new approach to cardiopulmonary fitness. He calls it PACE. It stands for Progessively Accelerating Cardio Pulmonary Exertion. It include intervals of high-intensity exertion mixed with recovery intervals.
The purpose is to challenge your heart and lungs and build the strength of those organs. It also triggers an all day fat burn versus cardio which actually trains your body to store fat.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
A Study of Heart Rate Recovery Following Exercise in Healthy Young Adult MaleIOSR Journals
Abstract: Exercise has positive chronotropic effect on heart rate and on cessation heart rate returns to preexercise
level. A delay in heart rate recovery (HRR) (≤12beats in first minute) is considered abnormal and
reflects autonomic dysfunction.The present study was taken up to find out the presence of abnormal HRR in
normal subjects (Male) and to establish HRR as an independent autonomic marker. For the study 106 healthy
young adults (male) were subjected to exercise by Bicycle ergometer till targeted Heart Rate (85%Maximum
Heart Rate(MHR)) was achieved. HRR at the end of 1 minutefollowingcessation of exercise were tabulated. In
our study 23(21.7%) subjects showed Abnormal HRR indicating HRR could be an independent autonomic
marker. Keyword-HRR, MHR
Apply knowledge regarding: patho-physiology, disease process, clinical manifestations, specific diagnostic and therapeutic interventions (diagnostic tests and examinations) of Raised Intracranial pressure.
Assess, relate and apply the scientific process of nursing, provision and facilitation of nursing care.
Evaluate, analyse and solve problems in familiar and unfamiliar context in the Comprehensive Health Care system.
Understand the relationship between social, cultural and economic factors that may impact significantly on the health status of clients / patients and groups.
Gen Z and the marketplaces - let's translate their needsLaura Szabó
The product workshop focused on exploring the requirements of Generation Z in relation to marketplace dynamics. We delved into their specific needs, examined the specifics in their shopping preferences, and analyzed their preferred methods for accessing information and making purchases within a marketplace. Through the study of real-life cases , we tried to gain valuable insights into enhancing the marketplace experience for Generation Z.
The workshop was held on the DMA Conference in Vienna June 2024.
Instagram has become one of the most popular social media platforms, allowing people to share photos, videos, and stories with their followers. Sometimes, though, you might want to view someone's story without them knowing.
APNIC Foundation, presented by Ellisha Heppner at the PNG DNS Forum 2024APNIC
Ellisha Heppner, Grant Management Lead, presented an update on APNIC Foundation to the PNG DNS Forum held from 6 to 10 May, 2024 in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
Understanding User Behavior with Google Analytics.pdfSEO Article Boost
Unlocking the full potential of Google Analytics is crucial for understanding and optimizing your website’s performance. This guide dives deep into the essential aspects of Google Analytics, from analyzing traffic sources to understanding user demographics and tracking user engagement.
Traffic Sources Analysis:
Discover where your website traffic originates. By examining the Acquisition section, you can identify whether visitors come from organic search, paid campaigns, direct visits, social media, or referral links. This knowledge helps in refining marketing strategies and optimizing resource allocation.
User Demographics Insights:
Gain a comprehensive view of your audience by exploring demographic data in the Audience section. Understand age, gender, and interests to tailor your marketing strategies effectively. Leverage this information to create personalized content and improve user engagement and conversion rates.
Tracking User Engagement:
Learn how to measure user interaction with your site through key metrics like bounce rate, average session duration, and pages per session. Enhance user experience by analyzing engagement metrics and implementing strategies to keep visitors engaged.
Conversion Rate Optimization:
Understand the importance of conversion rates and how to track them using Google Analytics. Set up Goals, analyze conversion funnels, segment your audience, and employ A/B testing to optimize your website for higher conversions. Utilize ecommerce tracking and multi-channel funnels for a detailed view of your sales performance and marketing channel contributions.
Custom Reports and Dashboards:
Create custom reports and dashboards to visualize and interpret data relevant to your business goals. Use advanced filters, segments, and visualization options to gain deeper insights. Incorporate custom dimensions and metrics for tailored data analysis. Integrate external data sources to enrich your analytics and make well-informed decisions.
This guide is designed to help you harness the power of Google Analytics for making data-driven decisions that enhance website performance and achieve your digital marketing objectives. Whether you are looking to improve SEO, refine your social media strategy, or boost conversion rates, understanding and utilizing Google Analytics is essential for your success.
3. What is Intrathoracic Pressure Regulation?
Intrathoracic Pressure
Regulation (IPR) is a therapy
that enhances negative
pressure in the chest and has
been shown in studies to
effectively improve circulation
of blood to the brain and other
vital organs.1
5. Intrathoracic Pressure
The body continually
regulates the circulation of
blood by using positive and
negative pressures inside
the thoracic cavity to
maintain equilibrium.
6. Positive vs. Negative Pressure
PUSHES air away
Inhibits blood return
Principle behind CPAP therapy
The thoracic cavity is like a bellows…
Creates a vacuum
PULLS fluid and air in
Principle behind IPR therapy
Negative Pressure
Positive Pressure
7. Normal Physiology
Conversely when you inhale
(inspiration), you create a slight
negative pressure, which…
Pulls air into lungs
Returns blood to the chest
Lowers ICP
When you exhale (exhalation),
you create a slight positive
pressure, which…
Forces air out
Inhibits blood return to the
heart
Increases intracranial
pressure (ICP)
8. Moreno et al. Respiratory regulation of splanchnic and systemic venous return. Am J Physiol 1967;213:455-465.
Effect of Intrathoracic Pressure on Blood Flow
Intrathoracic Pressure (cmH2O)
Blood Flow, Abdominal Vena Cava (l/min-1)
Respiration and
circulation are closely
linked. Dating back to
1967, we have known
there is an inverse
relationship between
intrathoracic pressure
and blood flow.
As intrathoracic
pressure decreases...
blood flow increases.
9. 2 Seconds per Division
5
-10
0 mmHg
55 mmHg
75
35
-5 cmH2O
5
-15
55 mmHg
75
35
Aortic
Pressure
Intracranial
Pressure
Intrathoracic
Pressure
Cerebral
Perfusion
Pressure
Pressures with No Intervention
Intrathoracic Pressure and ICP Linked
Convertino et al. Resp Care 2011;56:846-857.
Animal Model with
40% Bleed - No Intervention
11. Normal Physiology - Compensation
The body regulates pressures as
part of its normal compensatory
response.
Under stress, such as when
exercising, one breathes harder,
faster, deeper; this…
• Enhances negative
pressure in the thoracic
cavity
• Lowers intracranial
pressure (ICP) to improve
blood flow to the brain
12. However, sometimes a body is
unable to adequately
compensate.
Example: Shock
1. Heart rate increases in an effort
to maintain sufficient blood flow
2. Intrathoracic pressure is
modulated in an effort to increase
perfusion
3. Eventually, body is unable to
adequately compensate and
blood pressure drops
Result: Insufficient perfusion to
protect the brain and other vital
organs.
Body in Trouble
14. Positive Pressure
Results:
1. Drives fluid out of the lungs
2. Decreases preload
3. Decreases cardiac output
4. Decreases blood pressure
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
and positive pressure ventilation (PPV)
are common and well accepted therapies
for pulmonary edema.
15. IPR = Negative Pressure
IPR leverages negative intrathoracic pressure to
enhance perfusion; studies1 have shown that it...
Enhances negative intrathoracic pressure2
(i.e. increases the vacuum in the chest), which...
① Draws more blood back to the heart3,7
(i.e. increases preload), which leads to increased
cardiac output and blood pressure
and
① Decreases intracranial pressure (ICP)4,5,6
which makes it easier to get blood into and out of
the brain (i.e. increases cerebral perfusion)
18. IPR Therapy is simply using the “other
side of pressure,” enhancing negative
pressure to improve perfusion.
Studies1 show that IPR Therapy:
Enhances negative intrathoracic
pressure2
Increases preload3
Increases cardiac output3
Increases blood pressure7
Lowers ICP4,5
Results in more forward cerebral blood
flow, better perfusion of the brain.6
Impact of IPR
ResQGARD ITD ResQPOD ITD
20. Impedance Threshold Devices (ITDs) Deliver IPR
ResQGARD ITD
ResQPOD ITD
Studies Show1 How it Works
Enhances circulation in
patients undergoing CPR
during cardiac arrest
(profound shock)
Prevents the influx of air
during chest wall recoil to
enhance negative
intrathoracic pressure
Enhances circulation in
spontaneously breathing
patients with low blood
pressure (shock)
Creates a slight amount of
therapeutic resistance
during inhalation to
enhance negative
intrathoracic pressure
22. 2 Seconds per Division
Aortic
Pressure
Intracranial
Pressure
Intrathoracic
Pressure
Cerebral
Perfusion
Pressure
No IPR
5
-10
0 mmHg
55 mmHg
75
35
-5 cm H2O
5
-15
55 mmHg
75
35
With IPR
Impact of IPR on Pressures
Convertino et al. Resp Care 2011;56:846-857.
Animal Model with 40% Bleed
23. Time (secs)
Mean
CBF
Velocity
(cm/sec)
IPR On
IPR Off
400
300
200
100
0
30
40
50
60
70
80
Cooke et al. Human autonomic and cerebrovascular responses to inspiratory impedance. J Trauma 2006;60:1275-1283.
Cerebral Blood Flow
ON / OFF Effect of IPR
25. References
1. The generally cleared indication for the ResQPOD and ResQGARD ITDs available for sale in the
United States is for a temporary increase in blood circulation during emergency care, hospital, clinical,
and home use. Research is ongoing in the United States (US) to evaluate the longer-term benefits of
the ResQPOD and ResQGARD for other specific indications. The studies listed here are not intended
to imply specific outcomes-based claims not yet cleared by the US FDA.
2. Lurie KG, Zielinski T, McNite S, Aufderheid T, Voelckel W. Use of an inspiratory impedance valve
improves neurologically intact survival in a porcine model of ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 2002;
105(1):124-129.
3. Lurie, KG, Voelckel WG, Zielinski T, et al. Improving standard cardiolpulmonary resuscitation with an
inspiratory impedance threshold valve in a porcine model of cardiac arrest. Anesth Analg 2001;93:649-
55.
4. Aufderheide TP, Alexander C, Lick C, et al. from laboratory science to 6 emergency medical services
systems: new understanding of the physiology of cardiopulmonary resuscitation increases survival rates
after cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 2008;36(11):S397-S404.
5. Alexander C, Yannopoulos D, Aufderheide T, et al. Dual mechanism of blood flow augmentation to the
brain using an impedance threshold device in a pediatric model of cardiac arrest. Circulation 2007;
116(16):II-433.
6. Lurie KG, Mulligan KA, McNite S, Detloff B, Lindstrom P, Lindner KH. Optimizing standard
cardiopulmonary resuscitation with an inspiratory impedance threshold valve. Chest 1998;113(4):1084-
1090.
7. Pirrallo RG, Aufderheide TP, Provo TA, Lurie KG. Effect of an inspiratory impedance threshold device
on hemodynamics during conventional manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation
2005;66:13-20.
Editor's Notes
As part of normal physiology our body regulates pressures in the chest all the time to keep the body in equilibrium.
By regulating pressures inside the chest our body regulates the interactions that occur between three critical body systems: the respiratory, circulatory and nervous systems.
The body uses POSTIVE and NEGATIVE pressures to influence air and fluid movement within the body every minute of every day.
Let’s begin with an example of the BODY AT REST.
As we exhale, our diaphragm moves up and the chest wall moves in. This creates a slight positive pressure inside the chest that forces air out of the lungs and blood away from the chest. It also increases ICP.
When we inhale, the opposite occurs; our diaphragm moves down and the chest wall moves out. This creates a slight vacuum (negative pressure) inside the chest that draws air into the lungs and lowers ICP. This positive pressure also makes it harder to return blood to the chest.
This physiology is not new. This study, published in 1967, shows the relationship between intrathoracic pressure and blood flow through the abdominal vena cava. You can see that when you enhance the negative pressure (vacuum) in the chest during inspiration, the result is a rise in blood flow; and as the intrathoracic pressure then rises, blood flow is diminished.
Data from Convertino’s study show the relationship between intrathoracic pressure, intracranial pressure and aortic and cerebral perfusion pressures.
The body regulates intrathoracic pressure as part of normal physiology to compensate when it becomes stressed.
For example, when we exert ourselves through strenuous exercise, there are increased metabolic demands. The body helps itself by increasing the heart rate, and enhancing the positive and negative pressures by breathing harder and deeper.
These compensatory moves increase tidal volume and cardiac output, and lower ICP during inspiration, making it easier to get blood to the brain.
The body makes similar adjustments to compensate when it is going into shock.
When the compensatory mechanisms fail, as in the case of shock, the blood pressure begins to fall.
Regulating Intrathoracic pressure to treat patients is not new. With positive pressure ventilation we are able to drive fluids out of the lungs and decrease preload, cardiac output and blood pressure.
What happens if we regulate negative Intrathoracic pressure?
Intrathoracic Pressure Regulation, or IPR, enhances negative Intrathoracic pressure to treat patients in states of low blood flow. Contrary to CPAP, enhancing the vacuum in the chest helps to increase preload, cardiac output and blood pressure.
In addition, IPR lowers intracranial pressure by influencing the fluid filled sinuses that run along the spinal column that allow us to transmit pressure in the chest to the head.
Think about it…have you ever had a bear hug by someone and felt the increased pressure in our head? That’s an example of chest pressure being transmitted to the head.
Now let’s talk about how IPR Therapy can help the body when it’s in trouble.
IPR Therapy enhances negative intrathoracic pressure, resulting in enhanced blood flow.
ITDs help to further enhance the vacuum in the chest.
For the circulatory system, this vacuum increases preload and thus cardiac output.
For the nervous system, this vacuum lowers ICP, making it easier to get blood into and out the head, thus improving cerebral blood flow.
The net result is improved perfusion to vital organs.
Intrathoracic Pressure Regulation (or IPR) Therapy is delivered today via impedance threshold devices or ITDs. These devices enhance negative intrathoracic pressure to help patients in states of low blood flow like shock and sudden cardiac arrest.
Studies show that IPR Therapy increases preload, cardiac output and blood pressure; decreases ICP and allows for more forward blood flow to the brain.
Today, IPR is delivered through ITDs.
In patients undergoing CPR, an ITD can be applied to the ventilation circuit breathing circuit. It selectively prevents air from being drawn in during chest wall recoil and wiping out the vacuum.
For patients in shock, an ITD can be applied with a facemask to create slight resistance to breathing and in turn enhances negative intrathoracic pressure.
So how do we know IPR works?
This animal study by Convertino et al shows the correlation between negative intrathoracic pressure, intracranial pressure, aortic pressure and cerebral blood flow. When negative Intrathoracic pressure is enhanced, aortic pressure increases, ICP is lowered, and cerebral perfusion is enhanced.
This study does a nice job of showing the effect that IPR has on cerebral blood flow. Here you see that cerebral blood flow velocity rises as soon as IPR is applied, and then decreases when it is removed.
Now let’s look at how IPR works in shock and cardiac arrest and assess the clinical data that support it in those applications.