2. Introduction
• Pulmonary Ventilation is
the movement of air into
and out of the lungs and
the exchange of gases
across the respiratory
membrane
• The ventilation rate is the
number of breaths per
minute
• The pulmonary volume is
the amount of air inhaled
and exhaled with each
breath
3. Clinical Application
• Adequate pulmonary
ventilation is critical
• Reduction in pulmonary
ventilation can cause
increased C02 (hypercapnia)
producing acidosis
• Increased pulmonary
ventilation can lead to a
reduction in C02 (hypocapnia)
producing alkalosis.
• Changes in C02 concentrations
can alter breathing rates
4. Mechanics of Breathing
• Air moves from regions of higher
pressure to regions of lower
pressure.
• The lungs fill with air or deflate
due to changes in air pressure.
• During inspiration the diaphragm
contracts (with external
intercostals) increasing the
volume in thoracic cavity causing
a decrease in pressure in the
lungs which causes air to move
into the lungs.
• When the diaphragm relaxes the
size of thoracic cavity decreases
causing increase in pressure and
therefore causing expiration.
5. Measurement of Relaxed Breathing
Rate
• Calculate your lab partner’s
relaxed breathing rate
• Have partner read lab
exercise while you count
the number of breaths for 2
minutes.
• Divide by 2
• Record your results
• Do this again but have lab
partner do strenuous
exercise for 2 minutes and
then count the number of
breaths.
6. Pulmonary Volumes
• Pulmonary volumes are
the amount of air that
flows into or out of the
lungs during a particular
event.
• Tidal Volume(TV):
amount of air inhaled or
exhaled with each
breath under resting
conditions (300-500ml) *The numbers given for volumes and
capacities are averages and vary
greatly between individuals
7. Pulmonary Volumes
• Inspiratory Reserve Volume
(IRV): Amount of air that
can be forcefully inhaled
after a normal tidal volume
inhalation (3100ml)
• Expiratory reserve volume
(ERV): amount of air that
can be forcefully exhaled
after a normal tidal volume
exhalation (1200ml)
• Residual Volume: Air left in
lungs (1000ml)
8. Capacities
• Lung capacities are
calculated by summation
of volumes
• Vital Capacity (VC):
Maximum amount of air
that can be exhaled after
a maximal inspiration
(4800ml)
• Calculate your volumes
and capacities including
the percent of expected
VC
9. Other Exercises
• Calculate your minute
ventilation
• Do flow and resistance
exercise and be able to
describe the
relationship between
these.
• Listen to your lab
partners respiratory
sounds with the
stethoscope
10. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
• CPR: typically used for
people suffering from a
heart attack (myocardial
infarct), drug overdoses,
drowning or trauma
and obstruction of
airways. Uses chest
compressions of 100
times per minute on the
body of the sternum.
12. Exercise
• Aerobic exercises
increase heart rate and
breathing rates at
moderate levels for
extended periods of time.
• Anaerobic exercises
result in the consumption
of available oxygen faster
than it can be supplied to
the muscle tissue
13. Forced Expiratory Vital Capacity (FEV)
• Indications of health
can be roughly
correlated with the
amount of air expelled
from the lungs in 1
second.
• Expressed as a percent
when compared to a
person’s vital capacity.
• Should be approx 75%
14. Harvard Step Test
• Was developed to
determine a person’s
physical fitness.
• We do not have the steps
recommended in lab
manual but you can go
outside and walk up and
down stairs for 3-5 minutes.
• Subject then rests for 30
seconds
• Then partner takes pulses
every 30 seconds
• Calculate PFI:
15. Body Mass Index
• BMI is a general guide
to fitness
BMI= Weight in
pounds/(height in
inches)2
Or
BMI= Mass(kg)/ Height
(M)2
16. Waist/Hip Ratio
• WHR: According to the
American Heart
Association, people
who carry more weight
in their waist region are
more at risk for health
problems.
• WHR= Circumference of
waist/Circumference of
hips
