This document discusses analytical instruments and their applications. It describes two main types: chromatography and spectroscopy. Chromatography separates mixtures using mobile and stationary phases, and includes gas chromatography, liquid chromatography (including high performance liquid chromatography). Spectroscopy involves analyzing molecular interactions with different types of radiation or energy, and includes UV-visible spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Analytical instruments have wide-ranging applications in industries such as pharmaceuticals, chemicals, foods, and petroleum, as well as research and clinical settings.

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2. INDEX
 What do you mean by Analytical Instruments?
 Types of Analytical Instruments.
 Applications
 Scope/Banefits RALPL

3. WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS ?
Machines used to measure and analyse the structure or
properties of chemicals, biological systems, or materials.
They often work by measuring the way in which the sample
interacts with radiations: X-rays (X ray Diffraction spectrometer),
Infra-red (FTIR) , Ultra-violet (UV/Visible spectrometer), or some
kind of electronic or chemical energy.
Software can be vital in interpreting results and chromatogram.
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4. TYPES OF MODERN ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS.
Based on basic principle of analysis Instruments can be
classified into two parts
1. Chromatography
2. Spectroscopy
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5. CHROMATOGRAPHY
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6. CHROMATOGRAPHY
Chromatography is one of many separation techniques.
The main purpose of chromatography is to separate and quantify the
target compound in the sample matrix or mixture of solvents.
The mixture is dissolved in a fluid called the "mobile phase", which
carries it through a structure holding another material called the
"stationary phase".
The various constituents of the mixture travel at different speeds,
causing them to separate.
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7. LIST OF CHROMATOGRAPHY
Gas Solid/Liquid Chromatography
Gas chromatography (GC)
Gas Liquid chromatography (GLC)
Liquid chromatography
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
Thin layer chromatography (TLC)
High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC)
Ion exchange chromatography
Size exclusion chromatography
Chiral chromatography
EC (Eletrophoresis)
Super-critical Fluid Chromatography
Affinity chromatography
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8. GAS SOLID/LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
GC is a common type of chromatography used in analytical
chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be
vaporized without decomposition.
Typical uses of GC include testing the purity of a particular
substance, or separating the different components of a mixture (the
relative amounts of such components can also be determined).
In some situations, GC may help
in identifying a compound.
In preparative chromatography,
GC can be used to prepare pure
compounds from a mixture.
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9. GLC (GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY)
Schematic diagram of Gas Chromatography RALPL

10. COMPONENT OF GC SYSTEM
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11. SOME COMMON STATIONARY PHASES IN GLC
Sr.No. Stationary phase Common trade
name
Max.
Temp 0C
Common Application
1 Polydimethyl siloxane OV-1, SE-30 350 hydrocarbons., polynuclar
aromatics,drugs,steroids,PCBs
2 Poly(phenylmethyl
dimethyl)siloxane
(10%phenyl)
OV-3,SE-52 300 Fatty acids,methyl
esters,alkaloids,drugs,halogenate
d comps.
3 Poly(phenylmethyl
dimethyl)siloxane
(50%phenyl)
OV-17 250 Drugs,steroids,pesticides,glycols.
4 Poly (trifluoropropyl
dimethyl)siloxane
OV-210 200 Chlorinated aromatics
Nitro aromatic
5 Polyethylene glycol Carbowax
20M
250 Free acids, alcohol,
Ethers, glycols,oils
6 Poly(dicyanoallyl
dimethyl)siloxane
OV-275 240 Polyunsaturated fatty acids,
alcohols
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12. LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC, TLC, RRLC)
Liquid chromatography (LC) is a separation technique in which the
mobile phase is a liquid. Liquid chromatography can be carried out
either in a column or a plane.
Present day liquid chromatography that generally utilizes very small
packing particles and a relatively high pressure is referred to as high
performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).
Normal Phase.
- Polar stationary phase and non-
polar solvent.
Reverse Phase.
- Non-polar stationary phase and a
polar solvent RALPL

13. Solid Support - Backbone for bonded phases.
– Usually particle size of 10µ, 5µ or 3µ C18 silica, alumina or
polymeric particles.
Length: Usually 3, 5, 10, 15 and 25 cm
Guard - Protects the analytical column:
– Particles
– Interferences
– Prolongs the life of the analytical column
Columns
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14. HPLC (HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY)
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15. SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
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16. THE SPECTRUM AND MOLECULAR EFFECTS
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17. LIST OF SPECTROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS
Ultra-violate/visible spectroscopy (UV/Visible)
Raman Spectroscopy
Fluorescence spectroscopy (Fluorimeter)
Infra red spectroscopy (IR)
Mass spectroscopy (MS)
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR)
X Ray Difraction (XRD)
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)
Refraction Spectroscopy (Referactometer)
Near Infra-red Spectroscopy (NIRS) RALPL

18. UV/VISIBLE SPECTROMETER
Basic Principle:
Example:   * transitions responsible for ethylene UV absorption at
~170 nm
h 170nm photon
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19. Quartz cuvettes
Sample in solution at 0.01 mg to 1.0
mg/100 mL.
D2 lamp-UV
Tungsten lamp-Vis
How Does UV spectrometer work?
Two photomultiplier
inputs, differential
voltage drives amplifier.
UV (Detector)
Single wavelength (filter)
Variable wavelength
(monochromator)
Multiple wavelengths (PDA)
Fluorescence
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20. INFRA-RED (IR) AND
FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRA-RED (FTIR)
Covalent bonds vibrate at only certain allowable frequencies.
Molecular Vibrations
Basic Principle:
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21. DIFFERENT VIBRATIONAL MODE
=>
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22. OVERVIEW OF FTIR WORKING
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23. AN ALKANE IR SPECTRUM
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24. AAS (ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETER
FLAME PHOTOMETER
Hollow Cathode Tube :
Hollow cathode made of the
material needed is
vaporized and emits
radiation of the
characteristic wavelength.
w
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25. MASS SPECTROMETER
Analytical method to measure the molecular or atomic
weight of samples
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26. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
GC/LC System Ionization Mass Analyzer
Detector/
Data
Collection
•Very important!
•Many columns
•Many solvents
•Gas
• Impact
• ESI
• APCI
• APPI
•Single Quadrupole
•Triple Quadrupole
•Ion-Trap
•TOF
•ICPMS
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27. OVERVIEW OF MODERN
MASS SPECTROMETER
Sample
Introduction by
ion source
Gold plated, heated,
quartz, hyperbolic
quadrupole
New ramped-iris
detector
High pressure
hexa-pole
collision cell with
helium quench
gas
Split Flow
Turbo
Four precisely parallel
rods with a direct current
(DC) voltage and a
superimposed radio-
frequency (RF) potential.
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28. ICP-MS (INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY)
FOR TRACE METALS ANALYSIS
Low flow
sample
introduction
system
HMI gas inlet
(7700x)
High
temperature
27 MHz plasma
Cell gas
inlet
Off-axis
lens Octopole
Frequency-matching
RF generator
High-performance
vacuum system
Fast simultaneous
dual mode
detector (9 orders
dynamic range)
3rd generation Octopole
Reaction System (ORS3)
High-frequency
hyperbolic
quadrupole
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29. GC-MS/MS PESTICIDES CHROMATOGRAM
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30. Applications of Analytical Instruments
• Food Industries : Pesticides residues, fatty acids , cholesterol, etc.
• Pharmaceutical industries : pharmaceutical ingredients, API, Formulation etc.
• Analytical laboratories: Pesticides Residues, Titration, Micro organism, etc.
• Cosmetic Industries : Fragrances, cosmetics, etc.
• Research and Development : To identify new molecule, validation, etc.
• Water, Beverages, Soft Drink, Liquor Industries: Metal traces, Toxins, etc.
• Petroleum Industries : Solvents purity, other impurities, etc.
• Coal, ore and Mine : Metal traces, erosion control, etc.
• Steel industries : Metal traces, etc.
• Environment and Safety : Pollution of toxic gases, pesticides contamination, etc.
• Clinical Research Organization (CRO) : Phramacokinetic and phrmacodynamic studies
• Biotechnology : DNA Sequence, etc.
• Plastic, Rubber, Lubricants and Paints Industries : Heavy metal traces, Toxic substance, etc.
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31. BENEFITS/SCOPE
Work in any industry, National research laboratory (NRL), other
Laboratory, CRO or R&D center.
Apply for R & D Chemist, Quality control chemist, laboratory
chemist or research fellow in any field like API, Chemical,
Pharmaceutical, Steel, Food, Rubber, Petroleum, Plastic, Liquor
or Beverage Industries.
Helpful to do project in PhD and Master Degree.
Also Helpful in purification and synthesis of active compounds by
column chromatography.
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32. ANY QUESTIONS ?
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33. THANK YOU !
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