This document summarizes research on using distributed generation (DG) to improve the voltage profile in a reconfigured distribution system. It presents results from applying a Voltage Limitation Index (VLI) to determine the optimal location and size of DG on IEEE 33-bus and 69-bus test feeders. For the 33-bus system, DG was found to improve the minimum voltage from 0.9134 p.u. to 0.9401 p.u. when located at bus 18 with a size of 17.1 MW. Feeder reconfiguration alone reduced losses but did not fully address the voltage issue; combining reconfiguration with smaller DG units located using VLI achieved the target voltage while lowering costs.
Coyote multi-objective optimization algorithm for optimal location and sizing...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a new optimization algorithm called the coyote optimization algorithm (COA) to determine the optimal location and sizing of renewable distributed generators (RDGs) in radial distribution systems. The objectives are to minimize power losses, maximize voltage stability index, and reduce total operation cost. The COA is applied to the IEEE 33 bus and IEEE 69 bus test systems. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of using COA to optimally site and size RDGs in distribution networks.
Capacitor Placement and Reconfiguration of Distribution System with hybrid Fu...IOSR Journals
The document describes a hybrid fuzzy-opposition based differential evolution algorithm for capacitor placement and distribution system reconfiguration to minimize transmission losses and costs. The algorithm considers constraints like voltage limits and current limits while optimizing the objective function of total annual cost, which includes energy loss costs and capacitor costs. It was tested on the IEEE 33-bus distribution test system and able to reduce losses and satisfy power flow constraints.
This document presents a methodology for minimizing active power losses in a distribution system through optimal placement and sizing of capacitors and distributed generation (DG). It involves identifying potential nodes for placement using loss sensitivity factors. Capacitor sizing is done by calculating the compensatory reactive power needed at different load levels. DG sizing considers different penetration levels from 10-90% of the total active load injected at potential nodes and different load levels, to determine the level that minimizes losses. The methodology is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink on 12, 15 and 33 bus test systems.
Power losses reduction of power transmission network using optimal location o...IJECEIAES
Due to the growth of demand for electric power, electric power loss reduction takes great attention for the power utility. In this paper, a low-level generation or distributed generation (DG) has been used for transmission power losses reduction. Karbala city transmission network (which is the case study) has been represented by using MATLAB m-file to study the load flow and the power loss for it. The paper proposed the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique in order to find the optimal number and allocation of DG with the objective to decrease power losses as possible. The results show the effect of the optimal allocation of DG on power loss reduction.
This document discusses a method for determining the maximum permissible loading of a power system within voltage stability limits using Thevenin parameters. The method uses locally measurable quantities like bus voltage magnitude and active/reactive load power components. It represents the power system connected to a load bus as a Thevenin equivalent circuit. The maximum loading point is reached when the load impedance equals the Thevenin impedance. The proposed method can estimate maximum loading online without simulations and only requires locally measured data.
Multi-objective whale optimization based minimization of loss, maximization o...IJECEIAES
Huge need in electricity causes placement of Distribution Generation (DG)s like Photovoltaics (PV) systems in distribution side for enhancing the loadability by improving the voltage stability and minimization of loss with minimum cost. Many optimal placements of DG have done in focus of minimum loss and improving voltage profile. This Whale optimization is a new optimization technique framed with mathematics of spiral bubble-net feeding behavior of humpback whales for solving a power system multi-objective problem considering cost of the power tariff and DG. Here main objectives are minimizing loss and cost with maximization of voltage stability index. IEEE 69 power system data is used for solution of the proposed method.
Resource aware wind farm and D-STATCOM optimal sizing and placement in a dist...IJECEIAES
Doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) based wind farms are capable of providing reactive power compensation. Compensation capability enhancement using reactors such as distributed static synchronous compensator (D-STATCOM) while connecting distribution generation (DG) systems to grid is imperative. This paper presents an optimal placement and sizing of offshore wind farms in a coastal distribution system that is emulated on an IEEE 33 bus system. A multi-objective formulation for optimal placement and sizing of the offshore wind farms with both the location and size constraints is developed. Teaching learning algorithm is used to optimize the multi-objective function constraining on the capacity and location of the offshore wind farms. The proposed formulation is a multi-objective problem for placement of the wind generator in the power system with dynamic wind supply to the power system. The random wind speed is generated as the input and the wind farm output generated to perform the optimal sizing and placement in the distributed system. MATLAB based simulation developed is found to be efficient and robust.
Atmosphere Clouds Model Algorithm for Solving Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch...ijeei-iaes
In this paper, a new method, called Atmosphere Clouds Model (ACM) algorithm, used for solving optimal reactive power dispatch problem. ACM stochastic optimization algorithm stimulated from the behavior of cloud in the natural earth. ACM replicate the generation behavior, shift behavior and extend behavior of cloud. The projected (ACM) algorithm has been tested on standard IEEE 30 bus test system and simulation results shows clearly about the superior performance of the proposed algorithm in plummeting the real power loss.
Coyote multi-objective optimization algorithm for optimal location and sizing...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a new optimization algorithm called the coyote optimization algorithm (COA) to determine the optimal location and sizing of renewable distributed generators (RDGs) in radial distribution systems. The objectives are to minimize power losses, maximize voltage stability index, and reduce total operation cost. The COA is applied to the IEEE 33 bus and IEEE 69 bus test systems. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of using COA to optimally site and size RDGs in distribution networks.
Capacitor Placement and Reconfiguration of Distribution System with hybrid Fu...IOSR Journals
The document describes a hybrid fuzzy-opposition based differential evolution algorithm for capacitor placement and distribution system reconfiguration to minimize transmission losses and costs. The algorithm considers constraints like voltage limits and current limits while optimizing the objective function of total annual cost, which includes energy loss costs and capacitor costs. It was tested on the IEEE 33-bus distribution test system and able to reduce losses and satisfy power flow constraints.
This document presents a methodology for minimizing active power losses in a distribution system through optimal placement and sizing of capacitors and distributed generation (DG). It involves identifying potential nodes for placement using loss sensitivity factors. Capacitor sizing is done by calculating the compensatory reactive power needed at different load levels. DG sizing considers different penetration levels from 10-90% of the total active load injected at potential nodes and different load levels, to determine the level that minimizes losses. The methodology is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink on 12, 15 and 33 bus test systems.
Power losses reduction of power transmission network using optimal location o...IJECEIAES
Due to the growth of demand for electric power, electric power loss reduction takes great attention for the power utility. In this paper, a low-level generation or distributed generation (DG) has been used for transmission power losses reduction. Karbala city transmission network (which is the case study) has been represented by using MATLAB m-file to study the load flow and the power loss for it. The paper proposed the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique in order to find the optimal number and allocation of DG with the objective to decrease power losses as possible. The results show the effect of the optimal allocation of DG on power loss reduction.
This document discusses a method for determining the maximum permissible loading of a power system within voltage stability limits using Thevenin parameters. The method uses locally measurable quantities like bus voltage magnitude and active/reactive load power components. It represents the power system connected to a load bus as a Thevenin equivalent circuit. The maximum loading point is reached when the load impedance equals the Thevenin impedance. The proposed method can estimate maximum loading online without simulations and only requires locally measured data.
Multi-objective whale optimization based minimization of loss, maximization o...IJECEIAES
Huge need in electricity causes placement of Distribution Generation (DG)s like Photovoltaics (PV) systems in distribution side for enhancing the loadability by improving the voltage stability and minimization of loss with minimum cost. Many optimal placements of DG have done in focus of minimum loss and improving voltage profile. This Whale optimization is a new optimization technique framed with mathematics of spiral bubble-net feeding behavior of humpback whales for solving a power system multi-objective problem considering cost of the power tariff and DG. Here main objectives are minimizing loss and cost with maximization of voltage stability index. IEEE 69 power system data is used for solution of the proposed method.
Resource aware wind farm and D-STATCOM optimal sizing and placement in a dist...IJECEIAES
Doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) based wind farms are capable of providing reactive power compensation. Compensation capability enhancement using reactors such as distributed static synchronous compensator (D-STATCOM) while connecting distribution generation (DG) systems to grid is imperative. This paper presents an optimal placement and sizing of offshore wind farms in a coastal distribution system that is emulated on an IEEE 33 bus system. A multi-objective formulation for optimal placement and sizing of the offshore wind farms with both the location and size constraints is developed. Teaching learning algorithm is used to optimize the multi-objective function constraining on the capacity and location of the offshore wind farms. The proposed formulation is a multi-objective problem for placement of the wind generator in the power system with dynamic wind supply to the power system. The random wind speed is generated as the input and the wind farm output generated to perform the optimal sizing and placement in the distributed system. MATLAB based simulation developed is found to be efficient and robust.
Atmosphere Clouds Model Algorithm for Solving Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch...ijeei-iaes
In this paper, a new method, called Atmosphere Clouds Model (ACM) algorithm, used for solving optimal reactive power dispatch problem. ACM stochastic optimization algorithm stimulated from the behavior of cloud in the natural earth. ACM replicate the generation behavior, shift behavior and extend behavior of cloud. The projected (ACM) algorithm has been tested on standard IEEE 30 bus test system and simulation results shows clearly about the superior performance of the proposed algorithm in plummeting the real power loss.
Optimal Placement of Dynamic Voltage Restorer in Distribution Systems for Vol...IJERA Editor
This paper deals with Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) allocation in radial distribution systems by injecting series voltage. The DVR is used to inject both real and reactive powers into the system for voltage profile improvement and active and reactive power loss minimization. The objective of this paper is to identify the optimal location and series voltage of DVR using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The proposed method is tested on standard IEEE 33-bus system and the results are presented.
Distribution Network Reconfiguration Using Binary Particle Swarm Optimization...journalBEEI
Power losses and voltage drop are existing problems in radial distribution networks. This power losses and voltage drop affect the voltage stability level. Reconfiguring the network is a form of approach to improve the quality of electrical power. The network reconfiguration aims to minimize power losses and voltage drop as well as decreasing the Voltage Stability Index (VSI). In this research, network reconfiguration uses binary particle swarm optimization algorithm and Bus Injection to Branch Current-Branch Current to Bus Voltage (BIBC-BCBV) method to analyze the radial system power flow. This scheme was tested on the 33-bus IEEE radial distribution system 12.66 kV. The simulation results show that before reconfiguration, the active power loss is 202.7126 kW and the VSI is 0.20012. After reconfiguration, the active power loss and VSI decreased to 139.5697 kW and 0.14662, respectively. It has decreased the power loss for 31.3136% significantly while the VSI value is closer to zero.
Power system operation considering detailed modelling of the natural gas supp...IJECEIAES
The energy transition from fossil-fuel generators to renewable energies represents a paramount challenge. This is mainly due to the uncertainty and unpredictability associated with renewable resources. A greater flexibility is requested for power system operation to fulfill demand requirements considering security and economic restrictions. In particular, the use of gas-fired generators has increased to enhance system flexibility in response to the integration of renewable energy sources. This paper provides a comprehensive formulation for modeling a natural gas supply network to provide gas for thermal generators, considering the use of wind power sources for the operation of the electrical system over a 24-hour period. The results indicate the requirements of gas with different wind power level of integration. The model is evaluated on a network of 20 NG nodes and on a 24-bus IEEE RTS system with various operative settings during a 24-hour period.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
• Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
• Information Engineering and Technology,
• Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
• Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
• Material and Chemical Engineering,
• Civil and Architecture Engineering,
• Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
• Environmental Engineering,
• Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
• Marine and Agriculture engineering,
• Aerospace Engineering
11.power loss reduction in radial distribution system by using plant growth s...Alexander Decker
This document describes a method for reducing power losses in radial distribution systems using a plant growth simulation algorithm (PGSA) for capacitor placement and sizing. The PGSA is a random search algorithm inspired by plant growth processes. It models the growth of a plant to determine the optimal locations and sizes of capacitors to minimize active power losses in a distribution system. Loss sensitivity factors are first used to identify candidate nodes for capacitor placement. The PGSA then simulates the growth of branches on a plant to determine the next node for capacitor placement and size, with the goal of minimizing losses. The method is tested on 33-bus and 34-bus test systems and is able to successfully reduce losses and improve voltage profiles.
This paper presents the implementation of multiple distributed generations planning in distribution system using computational intelligence technique. A pre-developed computational intelligence optimization technique named as Embedded Meta EP-Firefly Algorithm (EMEFA) was utilized to determine distribution loss and penetration level for the purpose of distributed generation (DG) installation. In this study, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was used in order to solve the complexity of the multiple DG concepts. EMEFA-ANN was developed to optimize the weight of the ANN to minimize the mean squared error. The proposed method was validated on IEEE 69 Bus distribution system with several load variations scenario. The case study was conducted based on the multiple unit of DG in distribution system by considering the DGs are modeled as type I which is capable of injecting real power. Results obtained from the study could be utilized by the utility and energy commission for loss reduction scheme in distribution system.
Optimal Power Flow with Reactive Power Compensation for Cost And Loss Minimiz...ijeei-iaes
One of the concerns of power system planners is the problem of optimum cost of generation as well as loss minimization on the grid system. This issue can be addressed in a number of ways; one of such ways is the use of reactive power support (shunt capacitor compensation). This paper used the method of shunt capacitor placement for cost and transmission loss minimization on Nigerian power grid system which is a 24-bus, 330kV network interconnecting four thermal generating stations (Sapele, Delta, Afam and Egbin) and three hydro stations to various load points. Simulation in MATLAB was performed on the Nigerian 330kV transmission grid system. The technique employed was based on the optimal power flow formulations using Newton-Raphson iterative method for the load flow analysis of the grid system. The results show that when shunt capacitor was employed as the inequality constraints on the power system, there is a reduction in the total cost of generation accompanied with reduction in the total system losses with a significant improvement in the system voltage profile
NOVEL PSO STRATEGY FOR TRANSMISSION CONGESTION MANAGEMENTelelijjournal
In post deregulated era of power system load characteristics become more erratic. Unplanned transactions
of electrical power through transmission lines of particular path may occur due to low cost offered by
generating companies. As a consequence those lines driven close to their operating limits and becomes
congested as the lines are originally designed for traditional vertically integrated structure of power
system. This congestion in transmission lines is unpredictable with deterministic load flow strategy.
Rescheduling active and reactive power output of generators is the promising way to manage congestion.
In this paper Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) with varying inertia weight strategy, with two variants
e1-PSO and e-2 PSO is applied for optimal solution of active and reactive power rescheduling for
managing congestion. The generators sensitivity technique is opted for identifying participating generators
for managing congestion. Proposed algorithm is tested on IEEE 30 bus system. Comparison is made
between results obtained from proposed techniques to that of results reported in previous literature.
Hybrid bypass technique to mitigate leakage current in the grid-tied inverterIJECEIAES
The extensive use of fossil fuel is destroying the balance of nature that could lead to many problems in the forthcoming era. Renewable energy resources are a ray of hope to avoid possible destruction. Smart grid and distributed power generation systems are now mainly built with the help of renewable energy resources. The integration of renewable energy production system with the smart grid and distributed power generation is facing many challenges that include addressing the issue of isolation and power quality. This paper presents a new approach to address the aforementioned issues by proposing a hybrid bypass technique concept to improve the overall performance of the grid-tied inverter in solar power generation. The topology with the proposed technique is presented using traditional H5, oH5 and H6 inverter. Comparison of topologies with literature is carried out to check the feasibility of the method proposed. It is found that the leakage current of all the proposed inverters is 9 mA and total harmonic distortion is almost about 2%. The proposed topology has good efficiency, common mode and differential mode characteristics.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The optimal solution for unit commitment problem using binary hybrid grey wol...IJECEIAES
The aim of this work is to solve the unit commitment (UC) problem in power systems by calculating minimum production cost for the power generation and finding the best distribution of the generation among the units (units scheduling) using binary grey wolf optimizer based on particle swarm optimization (BGWOPSO) algorithm. The minimum production cost calculating is based on using the quadratic programming method and represents the global solution that must be arriving by the BGWOPSO algorithm then appearing units status (on or off). The suggested method was applied on “39 bus IEEE test systems”, the simulation results show the effectiveness of the suggested method over other algorithms in terms of minimizing of production cost and suggesting excellent scheduling of units.
Multi Area Economic Dispatch Using Secant Method and Tie Line MatrixIJAPEJOURNAL
In this paper, Secant method and tie line matrix are proposed to solve multi area economic dispatch (MAED) problem with tie line loss. Generator limits of all generators in each area are calculated at given area power demands plus export (or import) using secant method and the generator limits of all generators are modified as modified generator limits. Central economic dispatch (CED) problem is used to determine the output powers of all generators and finally power flows in all tie lines are determined from tie line matrix. Here, Secant method is applied to solve the CED problem. A modified tie line matrix is used to find power flow in each tie line and then tie line loss is calculated from the power flow in each tie line. The proposed approach has been tested on two-area (two generators in each area) system and four-area (four generators in each area) system. It is observed from various cases that the proposed approach provides optimally best solution in terms of cost with tie line loss with less computational burden.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Optimal Allocation of Capacitor Bank in Radial Distribution System using Anal...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a novel analytical technique is proposed for optimal allocation of shunt capacitor bank in radial distribution system. An objective function is formulated to determine the optimal size, number and location of capacitor bank for real & reactive power loss reduction, voltage profile enhancement and annual cost saving. A new constant, Power Voltage Sensitivity Constant (PVSC), has been proposed here. The value of PVSC constant decides the candidate bus location and size. The achievability of the proposed method has been demonstrated on IEEE-69 bus and real distribution system of Jamawaramgarh, Jaipur city. The obtained results are compared with latest optimization techniques to show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed technique.
A new simplified approach for optimum allocation of a distributed generationIAEME Publication
The document describes a new methodology for optimal placement and sizing of distributed generation (DG) units in distribution networks. It involves:
1) Calculating the Tail End Nodes Voltage Deviation Index (TENVDI) by placing DG at each node to determine the optimal location with the minimum TENVDI.
2) Determining the optimal size of DG placed at the optimal location by varying the DG size and finding the size that results in minimum complex power losses.
3) The methodology is tested on IEEE 33-bus and 69-bus test systems in MATLAB. The results show reductions in losses and improvements in voltage profiles with optimal DG placement and sizing.
This paper presents the design and analysis of a relatively new wireless power transfer technique using capacitive coupling, named Capacitive power transfer (CPT). In general, CPT system has been introduced as an attractive alternative to the former inductive coupling method. This is because CPT uses lesser number of components, simpler topology, enhanced EMI performance and better strength to surrounding metallic elements. In this work, aluminium sheet is used as a capacitive coupling at transmitter and receiver side. Moreover, a Class-E resonant inverter together with π1a impedance matching network has been proposed because of its ability to perform the dc-to-ac inversion well. It helps the CPT system to achieve maximum power transfer. The CPT system is designed and simulated by using MATLAB/Simulink software. The validity of the proposed concept is then verified by conducting a laboratory experimental of CPT system. The proposed system able to generate a 9.5W output power through a combined interface capacitance of 2.44nF, at an operating frequency of 1MHz, with 95.10% efficiency. The proposed CPT system with impedance matching network also allows load variation in the range of 20% from its nominal value while maintaining the efficiency over 90%.
Multi Objective Directed Bee Colony Optimization for Economic Load Dispatch W...IJECEIAES
Earlier economic emission dispatch methods for optimizing emission level comprising carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and sulpher dioxide in thermal generation, made use of soft computing techniques like fuzzy,neural network,evolutionary programming,differential evolution and particle swarm optimization etc..The above methods incurred comparatively more transmission loss.So looking into the nonlinear load behavior of unbalanced systems following differential load pattern prevalent in tropical countries like India,Pakistan and Bangladesh etc.,the erratic variation of enhanced power demand is of immense importance which is included in this paper vide multi objective directed bee colony optimization with enhanced power demand to optimize transmission losses to a desired level.In the current dissertation making use of multi objective directed bee colony optimization with enhanced power demand technique the emission level versus cost of generation has been displayed vide figure-3 & figure-4 and this result has been compared with other dispatch methods using valve point loading(VPL) and multi objective directed bee colony optimization with & without transmission loss.
Multi-Objective Aspects of Distribution Network Volt-VAr OptimizationPower System Operation
This document discusses multi-objective optimization approaches for distribution network volt-var optimization (VVO). It presents two common multi-objective optimization techniques: the e-constraint method and weighted-sum method. The e-constraint method optimizes one objective function while setting the other objectives as constraints. The weighted-sum method assigns weighting coefficients to each objective and minimizes their sum. The document demonstrates these methods on a test distribution feeder with controllable capacitor banks and a solar farm, seeking to optimize both active and reactive power.
Loss allocation in distribution networks with distributed generators undergoi...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a branch exchange based heuristic network reconfiguration method is proposed for obtaining an optimal network in a deregulated power system. A unique bus identification scheme is employed which makes the load flow and loss calculation faster due to its reduced search time under varying network topological environment. The proposed power loss allocation technique eliminates the effect of cross-term analytically from the loss formulation without any assumptions and approximations. The effectiveness of the proposed reconfiguration and loss allocation methods are investigated by comparing the results obtained by the present approach with that of the existing “Quadratic method” using a 33-bus radial distribution system with/without DGs.
This dissertation examines the optimal placement and sizing of multiple distributed generation (DG) units in a distribution system considering different load models using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The author develops a multi-objective function to optimize that includes parameters like active and reactive power losses, voltage profile, line loading, short circuit level, and grid intake. PSO is used as the optimization technique to determine the best DG unit sizes and locations. The approach is tested on the IEEE 38-bus test system and results show the effectiveness of using PSO for optimal DG placement and sizing while considering different load models.
Multi-Level Ant Colony Algorithm for Optimal Placement of Capacitors on a dis...rannaluru
This document describes a multi-level ant colony algorithm for optimally placing capacitors in distribution systems. The algorithm uses two separate pheromone tables to make a two-stage decision on capacitor placement - first selecting optimal bus locations, then selecting capacitor ratings. Test results on a 30-bus system show the algorithm finds lower cost solutions than previous methods, requiring fewer capacitors.
Optimal Placement of Dynamic Voltage Restorer in Distribution Systems for Vol...IJERA Editor
This paper deals with Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) allocation in radial distribution systems by injecting series voltage. The DVR is used to inject both real and reactive powers into the system for voltage profile improvement and active and reactive power loss minimization. The objective of this paper is to identify the optimal location and series voltage of DVR using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The proposed method is tested on standard IEEE 33-bus system and the results are presented.
Distribution Network Reconfiguration Using Binary Particle Swarm Optimization...journalBEEI
Power losses and voltage drop are existing problems in radial distribution networks. This power losses and voltage drop affect the voltage stability level. Reconfiguring the network is a form of approach to improve the quality of electrical power. The network reconfiguration aims to minimize power losses and voltage drop as well as decreasing the Voltage Stability Index (VSI). In this research, network reconfiguration uses binary particle swarm optimization algorithm and Bus Injection to Branch Current-Branch Current to Bus Voltage (BIBC-BCBV) method to analyze the radial system power flow. This scheme was tested on the 33-bus IEEE radial distribution system 12.66 kV. The simulation results show that before reconfiguration, the active power loss is 202.7126 kW and the VSI is 0.20012. After reconfiguration, the active power loss and VSI decreased to 139.5697 kW and 0.14662, respectively. It has decreased the power loss for 31.3136% significantly while the VSI value is closer to zero.
Power system operation considering detailed modelling of the natural gas supp...IJECEIAES
The energy transition from fossil-fuel generators to renewable energies represents a paramount challenge. This is mainly due to the uncertainty and unpredictability associated with renewable resources. A greater flexibility is requested for power system operation to fulfill demand requirements considering security and economic restrictions. In particular, the use of gas-fired generators has increased to enhance system flexibility in response to the integration of renewable energy sources. This paper provides a comprehensive formulation for modeling a natural gas supply network to provide gas for thermal generators, considering the use of wind power sources for the operation of the electrical system over a 24-hour period. The results indicate the requirements of gas with different wind power level of integration. The model is evaluated on a network of 20 NG nodes and on a 24-bus IEEE RTS system with various operative settings during a 24-hour period.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
• Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
• Information Engineering and Technology,
• Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
• Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
• Material and Chemical Engineering,
• Civil and Architecture Engineering,
• Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
• Environmental Engineering,
• Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
• Marine and Agriculture engineering,
• Aerospace Engineering
11.power loss reduction in radial distribution system by using plant growth s...Alexander Decker
This document describes a method for reducing power losses in radial distribution systems using a plant growth simulation algorithm (PGSA) for capacitor placement and sizing. The PGSA is a random search algorithm inspired by plant growth processes. It models the growth of a plant to determine the optimal locations and sizes of capacitors to minimize active power losses in a distribution system. Loss sensitivity factors are first used to identify candidate nodes for capacitor placement. The PGSA then simulates the growth of branches on a plant to determine the next node for capacitor placement and size, with the goal of minimizing losses. The method is tested on 33-bus and 34-bus test systems and is able to successfully reduce losses and improve voltage profiles.
This paper presents the implementation of multiple distributed generations planning in distribution system using computational intelligence technique. A pre-developed computational intelligence optimization technique named as Embedded Meta EP-Firefly Algorithm (EMEFA) was utilized to determine distribution loss and penetration level for the purpose of distributed generation (DG) installation. In this study, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was used in order to solve the complexity of the multiple DG concepts. EMEFA-ANN was developed to optimize the weight of the ANN to minimize the mean squared error. The proposed method was validated on IEEE 69 Bus distribution system with several load variations scenario. The case study was conducted based on the multiple unit of DG in distribution system by considering the DGs are modeled as type I which is capable of injecting real power. Results obtained from the study could be utilized by the utility and energy commission for loss reduction scheme in distribution system.
Optimal Power Flow with Reactive Power Compensation for Cost And Loss Minimiz...ijeei-iaes
One of the concerns of power system planners is the problem of optimum cost of generation as well as loss minimization on the grid system. This issue can be addressed in a number of ways; one of such ways is the use of reactive power support (shunt capacitor compensation). This paper used the method of shunt capacitor placement for cost and transmission loss minimization on Nigerian power grid system which is a 24-bus, 330kV network interconnecting four thermal generating stations (Sapele, Delta, Afam and Egbin) and three hydro stations to various load points. Simulation in MATLAB was performed on the Nigerian 330kV transmission grid system. The technique employed was based on the optimal power flow formulations using Newton-Raphson iterative method for the load flow analysis of the grid system. The results show that when shunt capacitor was employed as the inequality constraints on the power system, there is a reduction in the total cost of generation accompanied with reduction in the total system losses with a significant improvement in the system voltage profile
NOVEL PSO STRATEGY FOR TRANSMISSION CONGESTION MANAGEMENTelelijjournal
In post deregulated era of power system load characteristics become more erratic. Unplanned transactions
of electrical power through transmission lines of particular path may occur due to low cost offered by
generating companies. As a consequence those lines driven close to their operating limits and becomes
congested as the lines are originally designed for traditional vertically integrated structure of power
system. This congestion in transmission lines is unpredictable with deterministic load flow strategy.
Rescheduling active and reactive power output of generators is the promising way to manage congestion.
In this paper Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) with varying inertia weight strategy, with two variants
e1-PSO and e-2 PSO is applied for optimal solution of active and reactive power rescheduling for
managing congestion. The generators sensitivity technique is opted for identifying participating generators
for managing congestion. Proposed algorithm is tested on IEEE 30 bus system. Comparison is made
between results obtained from proposed techniques to that of results reported in previous literature.
Hybrid bypass technique to mitigate leakage current in the grid-tied inverterIJECEIAES
The extensive use of fossil fuel is destroying the balance of nature that could lead to many problems in the forthcoming era. Renewable energy resources are a ray of hope to avoid possible destruction. Smart grid and distributed power generation systems are now mainly built with the help of renewable energy resources. The integration of renewable energy production system with the smart grid and distributed power generation is facing many challenges that include addressing the issue of isolation and power quality. This paper presents a new approach to address the aforementioned issues by proposing a hybrid bypass technique concept to improve the overall performance of the grid-tied inverter in solar power generation. The topology with the proposed technique is presented using traditional H5, oH5 and H6 inverter. Comparison of topologies with literature is carried out to check the feasibility of the method proposed. It is found that the leakage current of all the proposed inverters is 9 mA and total harmonic distortion is almost about 2%. The proposed topology has good efficiency, common mode and differential mode characteristics.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The optimal solution for unit commitment problem using binary hybrid grey wol...IJECEIAES
The aim of this work is to solve the unit commitment (UC) problem in power systems by calculating minimum production cost for the power generation and finding the best distribution of the generation among the units (units scheduling) using binary grey wolf optimizer based on particle swarm optimization (BGWOPSO) algorithm. The minimum production cost calculating is based on using the quadratic programming method and represents the global solution that must be arriving by the BGWOPSO algorithm then appearing units status (on or off). The suggested method was applied on “39 bus IEEE test systems”, the simulation results show the effectiveness of the suggested method over other algorithms in terms of minimizing of production cost and suggesting excellent scheduling of units.
Multi Area Economic Dispatch Using Secant Method and Tie Line MatrixIJAPEJOURNAL
In this paper, Secant method and tie line matrix are proposed to solve multi area economic dispatch (MAED) problem with tie line loss. Generator limits of all generators in each area are calculated at given area power demands plus export (or import) using secant method and the generator limits of all generators are modified as modified generator limits. Central economic dispatch (CED) problem is used to determine the output powers of all generators and finally power flows in all tie lines are determined from tie line matrix. Here, Secant method is applied to solve the CED problem. A modified tie line matrix is used to find power flow in each tie line and then tie line loss is calculated from the power flow in each tie line. The proposed approach has been tested on two-area (two generators in each area) system and four-area (four generators in each area) system. It is observed from various cases that the proposed approach provides optimally best solution in terms of cost with tie line loss with less computational burden.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Optimal Allocation of Capacitor Bank in Radial Distribution System using Anal...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a novel analytical technique is proposed for optimal allocation of shunt capacitor bank in radial distribution system. An objective function is formulated to determine the optimal size, number and location of capacitor bank for real & reactive power loss reduction, voltage profile enhancement and annual cost saving. A new constant, Power Voltage Sensitivity Constant (PVSC), has been proposed here. The value of PVSC constant decides the candidate bus location and size. The achievability of the proposed method has been demonstrated on IEEE-69 bus and real distribution system of Jamawaramgarh, Jaipur city. The obtained results are compared with latest optimization techniques to show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed technique.
A new simplified approach for optimum allocation of a distributed generationIAEME Publication
The document describes a new methodology for optimal placement and sizing of distributed generation (DG) units in distribution networks. It involves:
1) Calculating the Tail End Nodes Voltage Deviation Index (TENVDI) by placing DG at each node to determine the optimal location with the minimum TENVDI.
2) Determining the optimal size of DG placed at the optimal location by varying the DG size and finding the size that results in minimum complex power losses.
3) The methodology is tested on IEEE 33-bus and 69-bus test systems in MATLAB. The results show reductions in losses and improvements in voltage profiles with optimal DG placement and sizing.
This paper presents the design and analysis of a relatively new wireless power transfer technique using capacitive coupling, named Capacitive power transfer (CPT). In general, CPT system has been introduced as an attractive alternative to the former inductive coupling method. This is because CPT uses lesser number of components, simpler topology, enhanced EMI performance and better strength to surrounding metallic elements. In this work, aluminium sheet is used as a capacitive coupling at transmitter and receiver side. Moreover, a Class-E resonant inverter together with π1a impedance matching network has been proposed because of its ability to perform the dc-to-ac inversion well. It helps the CPT system to achieve maximum power transfer. The CPT system is designed and simulated by using MATLAB/Simulink software. The validity of the proposed concept is then verified by conducting a laboratory experimental of CPT system. The proposed system able to generate a 9.5W output power through a combined interface capacitance of 2.44nF, at an operating frequency of 1MHz, with 95.10% efficiency. The proposed CPT system with impedance matching network also allows load variation in the range of 20% from its nominal value while maintaining the efficiency over 90%.
Multi Objective Directed Bee Colony Optimization for Economic Load Dispatch W...IJECEIAES
Earlier economic emission dispatch methods for optimizing emission level comprising carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and sulpher dioxide in thermal generation, made use of soft computing techniques like fuzzy,neural network,evolutionary programming,differential evolution and particle swarm optimization etc..The above methods incurred comparatively more transmission loss.So looking into the nonlinear load behavior of unbalanced systems following differential load pattern prevalent in tropical countries like India,Pakistan and Bangladesh etc.,the erratic variation of enhanced power demand is of immense importance which is included in this paper vide multi objective directed bee colony optimization with enhanced power demand to optimize transmission losses to a desired level.In the current dissertation making use of multi objective directed bee colony optimization with enhanced power demand technique the emission level versus cost of generation has been displayed vide figure-3 & figure-4 and this result has been compared with other dispatch methods using valve point loading(VPL) and multi objective directed bee colony optimization with & without transmission loss.
Multi-Objective Aspects of Distribution Network Volt-VAr OptimizationPower System Operation
This document discusses multi-objective optimization approaches for distribution network volt-var optimization (VVO). It presents two common multi-objective optimization techniques: the e-constraint method and weighted-sum method. The e-constraint method optimizes one objective function while setting the other objectives as constraints. The weighted-sum method assigns weighting coefficients to each objective and minimizes their sum. The document demonstrates these methods on a test distribution feeder with controllable capacitor banks and a solar farm, seeking to optimize both active and reactive power.
Loss allocation in distribution networks with distributed generators undergoi...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a branch exchange based heuristic network reconfiguration method is proposed for obtaining an optimal network in a deregulated power system. A unique bus identification scheme is employed which makes the load flow and loss calculation faster due to its reduced search time under varying network topological environment. The proposed power loss allocation technique eliminates the effect of cross-term analytically from the loss formulation without any assumptions and approximations. The effectiveness of the proposed reconfiguration and loss allocation methods are investigated by comparing the results obtained by the present approach with that of the existing “Quadratic method” using a 33-bus radial distribution system with/without DGs.
This dissertation examines the optimal placement and sizing of multiple distributed generation (DG) units in a distribution system considering different load models using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The author develops a multi-objective function to optimize that includes parameters like active and reactive power losses, voltage profile, line loading, short circuit level, and grid intake. PSO is used as the optimization technique to determine the best DG unit sizes and locations. The approach is tested on the IEEE 38-bus test system and results show the effectiveness of using PSO for optimal DG placement and sizing while considering different load models.
Multi-Level Ant Colony Algorithm for Optimal Placement of Capacitors on a dis...rannaluru
This document describes a multi-level ant colony algorithm for optimally placing capacitors in distribution systems. The algorithm uses two separate pheromone tables to make a two-stage decision on capacitor placement - first selecting optimal bus locations, then selecting capacitor ratings. Test results on a 30-bus system show the algorithm finds lower cost solutions than previous methods, requiring fewer capacitors.
Loss Reduction by Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation on a Radial feederIDES Editor
Due to the increasing interest on renewable sources
in recent times, the studies on integration of distributed
generation to the power grid have rapidly increased. In order
to minimize line losses of power systems, it is crucially
important to define the location of local generation to be placed.
Proper location of DGs in power systems is important for
obtaining their maximum potential benefits. This paper
presents analytical approaches to determine the optimal
location to place a DG on radial systems to minimize the power
loss of the system. Simulation results are given to verify the
proposed analytical approaches.
Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation on Radial Distribution System for...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
The document summarizes a presentation on optimal placement and sizing of multiple distributed generators on an electrical grid using a particle swarm optimization algorithm. It introduces distributed generation technologies and their advantages. It describes the particle swarm optimization methodology and equations. It discusses using MATLAB and the PSAT toolbox to simulate placement of distributed generators on the IEEE 38 bus test system with different load models. The conclusions discuss benefits of distributed generation in making the grid more decentralized and resilient.
seminar report on optimal placement and optimal sizing of DGkhemraj298
The document discusses distributed generation and voltage stability in power distribution systems. It introduces distributed generation as small-scale power generation located near customers. Benefits include improved reliability, power quality, and economic benefits. Challenges include higher costs and integrating variable generation. Voltage stability ensures acceptable voltage levels across the distribution system. As systems operate closer to capacity, voltage stability becomes important to prevent blackouts from voltage collapse. The document examines static and dynamic voltage stability and factors influencing stability.
This document describes a study that uses a multi-objective particle swarm optimization approach to optimally allocate renewable distributed generators in a 28-bus radial distribution network. The objectives are to maximize benefit-to-cost ratio, enhance voltage stability, and improve network security while satisfying power and voltage constraints. Load models incorporating voltage-dependent behavior are considered. MOPSO is applied to determine the optimal location, type, and size of renewable distributed generators.
Optimal Placement of DG for Loss Reduction and Voltage Sag Mitigation in Radi...IDES Editor
This paper presents the need to operate the power
system economically and with optimum levels of voltages has
further led to an increase in interest in Distributed
Generation. In order to reduce the power losses and to improve
the voltage in the distribution system, distributed generators
(DGs) are connected to load bus. To reduce the total power
losses in the system, the most important process is to identify
the proper location for fixing and sizing of DGs. It presents a
new methodology using a new population based meta heuristic
approach namely Artificial Bee Colony algorithm(ABC) for
the placement of Distributed Generators(DG) in the radial
distribution systems to reduce the real power losses and to
improve the voltage profile, voltage sag mitigation. The power
loss reduction is important factor for utility companies because
it is directly proportional to the company benefits in a
competitive electricity market, while reaching the better power
quality standards is too important as it has vital effect on
customer orientation. In this paper an ABC algorithm is
developed to gain these goals all together. In order to evaluate
sag mitigation capability of the proposed algorithm, voltage
in voltage sensitive buses is investigated. An existing 20KV
network has been chosen as test network and results are
compared with the proposed method in the radial distribution
system.
This document presents a voltage stability-based approach for distributed generation (DG) placement in distribution networks. It discusses tools for voltage stability analysis including P-V curves, V-Q curves, modal analysis, and continuous power flow methods. The proposed DG placement algorithm uses modal analysis to identify critical modes and buses, and continuous power flow to determine the most voltage sensitive bus. DGs are then placed at candidate buses to maximize loading and improve voltage stability metrics like voltage security margin, loss reduction, and voltage profile. The method is demonstrated on the 33-bus test system, showing improvements in these indices with DG placement.
The document discusses techniques for optimal placement of distributed generation (DG) in distribution networks based on voltage stability. It presents modal analysis and continuous power flow methods to evaluate voltage stability and determine the best DG locations. As a case study, these techniques are applied to a 33-bus radial distribution network with 40% DG penetration to minimize losses and improve voltage profiles. Additionally, a reactive power ranking method provides a priority list of DG sites to compensate for reactive power shortages. The techniques ensure DG placement enhances voltage security margin while addressing both long-term and short-term reactive power issues.
The document describes a dissertation submitted for a Master of Technology degree. It investigates the optimal placement and sizing of multiple distributed generation units in distribution systems using different load models. A particle swarm optimization technique is used to determine the optimal locations and sizes of distributed generation resources while considering various technical factors. The proposed algorithm is tested on a 38-bus radial distribution system. The dissertation aims to address optimal distributed generation planning with different load modeling approaches.
“An Assessment of Voltage Stability based on Line Voltage Stability Indices a...iosrjce
The issue of voltage instability is becoming a matter of concern throughout the world. It is of
absolute importance to maintain the stability of the power system or it would lead to a condition of total
collapse of the system and ultimately blackout of the whole network. This paper analyses the performance of
line voltage stability indices, Fast Voltage Stability index (FVSI), Line index (LQP), Reactive Power Index
(VQI) and line Stability Index (LMN). These indices are used to identify the most critical line and bus of the
system. Under a condition of single line outage a TCSC is installed at the most critical line and its effect has
been observed. An IEEE 14 bus system is used for simulation purpose.
In this paper a load flow based method using MATLAB Software is used to determine the optimum location and optimum size of DG in a 43-bus distribution system for voltage profile improvement and loss reduction. This paper proposes analytical expressions for finding optimal size of three types of distributed generation (DG) units. DG units are sized to achieve the highest loss reduction in distribution networks. Single DG installation case was studied and compared to a case without DG, and 43-bus distribution system is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The proposed analytical expressions are based on an improvement to the method that was limited to DG type, which is capable of injecting real power only, DG capable of injecting reactive power only and DG capable of injecting both real and reactive power can also be identified with their optimal size and location using the proposed method. This paper has been analysed with varying DG size and complexity and validated using analytical method for Summer case and Winter case in 43-bus distribution system in Myanmar.
Keywords- analytical method,distributed generation,power loss reduction,voltage profile improvement.
An analytical approach for optimal placement of combined dg and capacitor in ...IAEME Publication
The document presents an analytical approach for optimal placement of combined distributed generation (DG) and capacitor units in a distribution system to minimize power losses and improve voltage profile. It proposes indices to measure power loss reduction and voltage deviation reduction. The methodology determines the optimal DG location for maximum loss reduction, and then the optimal capacitor location for maximum voltage improvement. This methodology is tested on the IEEE 33-bus system with different DG and capacitor combination scenarios. Simulation results show the methodology effectively reduces both power losses and voltage deviation.
ASSESSMENT OF INTRICATE DG PLANNING WITH PRACTICAL LOAD MODELS BY USING PSO ecij
This paper presents the optimal sizing and placement of DG by assuming practical load models. The particle swarm optimization technique is used to minimize the multi-objective fitness function (MOFF). This MOFF has considered the performance indices such as a voltage difference index, active power loss index and reactive power loss index. Most of the studies have considered the constant load for distribution system planning which may mislead the exact assessment of the system performance. Thus the voltage dependency of load models is found in a highly demanding issue in updating researches. Keeping in view the urgent need of precise and flawless distribution system planning the effect of different load models on the total load, voltage profile, active and reactive power loss has been evaluated and presented in this paper. The efficacy of the proposed method has been executed by implementing it on the 33-bus radial test system.
Optimal Generation Scheduling of Power System for Maximum Renewable Energy...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes an optimal generation scheduling method for a power system integrated with renewable energy sources (RES) based distributed generations (DG) and energy storage systems (ESS) considering maximum harvesting of RES outputs and minimum power system operating losses. The main contribution aims at economically employing RES in a power system. In particular, maximum harvesting of renewable energy is achieved by the mean of ESS management. In addition, minimum power system operating losses can be obtained by properly scheduling operating of ESS and controllable generations. Particle Swam Optimization (PSO) algorithm is applied to search for a near global optimal solutions. The optimization problem is formulated and evaluated taking into account power system operating constraints. The different operation scenarios have been used to investigate the effective of the proposed method via DIgSILENT PowerFactory software. The proposed method is examined with IEEE standard 14-bus and 30-bus test systems.
Optimum Location of DG Units Considering Operation ConditionsEditor IJCATR
The optimal sizing and placement of Distributed Generation units (DG) are becoming very attractive to researchers these days. In this paper a two stage approach has been used for allocation and sizing of DGs in distribution system with time varying load model. The strategic placement of DGs can help in reducing energy losses and improving voltage profile. The proposed work discusses time varying loads that can be useful for selecting the location and optimizing DG operation. The method has the potential to be used for integrating the available DGs by identifying the best locations in a power system. The proposed method has been demonstrated on 9-bus test system.
Optimal distributed generation in green building assessment towards line loss...journalBEEI
This paper presents an optimization approach for criteria setting of Renewable Distributed Generation (DG) in the Green Building Rating System (GBRS). In this study, the total line loss reduction is analyzed and set as the main objective function in the optimization process which then a reassessment of existing criteria setting for renewable energy (RE) is proposed towards lower loss outcome. Solar photovoltaic (PV)-type DG unit (PV-DG) is identified as the type of DG used in this paper. The proposed PV-DG optimization will improve the sustainable energy performance of the green building by total line losses reduction within accepted lower losses region using Artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm. The distribution network uses bus and line data setup from selected one of each three levels of Malaysian public hospital. MATLAB simulation result shows that the PV-DG expanding capacity towards optimal scale and location provides a better outcome in minimizing total line losses within an appropriate voltage profile as compared to the current setting of PV-DG imposed in selected GBRS. Thus, reassessment of RE parameter setting and the proposed five rankings with new PV-DG setting for public hospital provides technical justification and give the best option to the green building developer for more
effective RE integration.
Cost Aware Expansion Planning with Renewable DGs using Particle Swarm Optimiz...IJERA Editor
This Paper is an attempt to develop the expansion-planning algorithm using meta heuristics algorithms. Expansion Planning is always needed as the power demand is increasing every now and then. Thus for a better expansion planning the meta heuristic methods are needed. The cost efficient Expansion planning is desired in the proposed work. Recently distributed generation is widely researched to implement in future energy needs as it is pollution free and capability of installing it in rural places. In this paper, optimal distributed generation expansion planning with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) for identifying the location, size and type of distributed generator for future demand is predicted with lowest cost as the constraints. Here the objective function is to minimize the total cost including installation and operating cost of the renewable DGs. MATLAB based `simulation using M-file program is used for the implementation and Indian distribution system is used for testing the results.
Optimal Siting of Distributed Generators in a Distribution Network using Arti...IJECEIAES
Distributed generation (DG) sources are being installed in distribution networks worldwide due to their numerous advantages over the conventional sources which include operational and economical benefits. Random placement of DG sources in a distribution network will result in adverse effects such as increased power loss, loss of voltage stability and reliability, increase in operational costs, power quality issues etc. This paper presents a methodology to obtain the optimal location for the placement of multiple DG sources in a distribution network from a technical perspective. Optimal location is obtained by evaluating a global multi-objective technical index (MOTI) using a weighted sum method. Clonal selection based artificial immune system (AIS) is used along with optimal power flow (OPF) technique to obtain the solution. The proposed method is executed on a standard IEEE-33 bus radial distribution system. The results justify the choice of AIS and the use of MOTI in optimal siting of DG sources which improves the distribution system efficiency to a great extent in terms of reduced real and reactive power losses, improved voltage profile and voltage stability. Solutions obtained using AIS are compared with Genetic algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm optimization (PSO) solutions for the same objective function.
Optimum reactive power compensation for distribution system using dolphin alg...IJECEIAES
The distribution system represents the connection between the consumers and entire power network. The radial structure is preferred for distribution system due to its simple design and low cost. It suffers from problems of rising power losses higher than the transmission system and voltage drop. One of the important solutions to evolve the system voltage profile and to lower system losses is the reactive power compensation which is based on the optimum choice of position and capacitor size in the network. Different models of loads such as constant power (P), constant current (I), constant impedance (Z), and composite (ZIP) are implemented with comparisons among them in order to identify the most effective load type that produces the optimal settlement for minimization loss reduction, voltage profile enhancement and cost savings. Dolphin Optimization Algorithm (DOA) is applied for selecting the sizes and locations of capacitors. Two case studies (IEEE 16-bus and 33-bus) are employed to evaluate the different load models with optimal reactive power compensation. The results show that ZIP model is the best to produce the optimal solution for capacitors position and sizes. Comparison of results with literature works shows that DOA is the most robust among the other algorithms.
Energy harvesting maximization by integration of distributed generation based...nooriasukmaningtyas
The purpose of distributed generation systems (DGS) is to enhance the distribution system (DS) performance to be better known with its benefits in the power sector as installing distributed generation (DG) units into the DS can introduce economic, environmental and technical benefits. Those benefits can be obtained if the DG units' site and size is properly determined. The aim of this paper is studying and reviewing the effect of connecting DG units in the DS on transmission efficiency, reactive power loss and voltage deviation in addition to the economical point of view and considering the interest and inflation rate. Whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is introduced to find the best solution to the distributed generation penetration problem in the DS. The result of WOA is compared with the genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and grey wolf optimizer (GWO). The proposed solutions methodologies have been tested using MATLAB software on IEEE 33 standard bus system
VOLTAGE PROFILE IMPROVEMENT AND LINE LOSSES REDUCTION USING DG USING GSA AND ...Journal For Research
In recent years, the power industry has experienced significant changes on the power distribution systems primarily due to the implementation of smart-grid technology and the incremental implementation of distributed generation. Distributed Generation (DG) is simply defined as the decentralization of power plants by placing smaller generating units closer to the point of consumption, traditionally ten mega-watts or smaller. The distribution power system is generally designed for radial power flow, but with the introduction of DG, power flow becomes bidirectional. Therefore this thesis focuses on testing various indices and using effective techniques for the optimal placement and sizing of the DG unit by minimizing power losses and voltage deviation. A 14-bus radial distribution system has been taken as the test system. The feasibility of the work lies on the fast execution of the programs as it would be equipped with the real time operation of the distribution system and it is seen that execution of the DG placement is quite fast and feasible with the optimization techniques used in this work.
Performance comparison of distributed generation installation arrangement in ...journalBEEI
Placing Distributed Generation (DG) into a power network should be planned wisely. In this paper, the comparison of having different installation arrangement of real-power DGs in transmission system for loss control is presented. Immune-brainstorm-evolutionary programme (IBSEP) was chosen as the optimization technique. It is found that optimizing fixed-size DGs locations gives the highest loss reduction percentage. Apart from that, scattered small-sized DGs throughout a network minimizes transmission loss more than allocating one biger-sized DG at a location.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Economic Dispatch using Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm in Electrical Power S...IJECEIAES
Unpredictable increase in power demands will overload the supply subsystems and insufficiently powered systems will suffer from instabilities, in which voltages drop below acceptable levels. Additional power sources are needed to satisfy the demand. Small capacity distributed generators (DGs) serve for this purpose well. One advantage of DGs is that they can be installed close to loads, so as to minimise loses. Optimum placements and sizing of DGs are critical to increase system voltages and to reduce loses. This will finally increase the overall system efficiency. This work exploits Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm (QEA) for the placements and sizing. This optimisation targets the cheapest generation cost. Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm is an Evolutionary Algorithm running on quantum computing, which works based on qubits and states superposition of quantum mechanics. Evolutionary algorithm with qubit representation has a better characteristic of diversity than classical approaches, since it can represent superposition of states.
Dual technique of reconfiguration and capacitor placement for distribution sy...IJECEIAES
Radial Distribution System (RDS) suffer from high real power losses and lower bus voltages. Distribution System Reconfiguration (DSR) and Optimal Capacitor Placement (OCP) techniques are ones of the most economic and efficient approaches for loss reduction and voltage profile improvement while satisfy RDS constraints. The advantages of these two approaches can be concentrated using of both techniques together. In this study two techniques are used in different ways. First, the DSR technique is applied individually. Second, the dual technique has been adopted of DSR followed by OCP in order to identify the technique that provides the most effective performance. Three optimization algorithms have been used to obtain the optimal design in individual and dual technique. Two IEEE case studies (33bus, and 69 bus) used to check the effectiveness of proposed approaches. A Direct Backward Forward Sweep Method (DBFSM) has been used in order to calculate the total losses and voltage of each bus. Results show the capability of the proposed dual technique using Modified Biogeography Based Optimization (MBBO) algorithm to find the optimal solution for significant loss reduction and voltage profile enhancement. In addition, comparisons with literature works done to show the superiority of proposed algorithms in both techniques.
This document presents a method for optimizing the placement and sizing of multiple distributed generation (DG) units in a transmission system to minimize power losses and improve voltage. Fuzzy logic is used to determine the optimal locations for DG units based on power loss index and voltage. Particle swarm optimization is then used to determine the optimal size of DG units at the identified locations. The method is tested on the IEEE 14-bus system, showing that placing DG units at buses 3, 4 and 5 can reduce power losses by up to 94.47% and improve voltages compared to using a single DG unit.
The document presents a multi-objective optimization model for allocating thyristor-controlled series capacitors (TCSCs) in power systems with wind power and load randomness. It first describes existing literature on modeling renewable energy and load uncertainty and optimizing power system objectives. It then introduces a method to generate and reduce scenarios for wind power and load. Next, it establishes a multi-objective optimization model with available transmission capacity and voltage stability as objectives. Finally, it proposes an improved multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm to solve the established model.
stability of power flow analysis of different resources both on and off gridrehman1oo
This document presents a power flow optimization strategy model for a distribution network that considers source, load, and storage. The model aims to minimize total cost, voltage deviation, and power losses over time periods determined through k-means clustering of an equivalent load curve. A particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to solve the multi-objective optimization model subject to power flow, voltage, and other constraints. The model is tested on an IEEE 33-node system and is shown to improve economic and reliability performance compared to a fixed weighting approach.
This paper analyses the optimal power system planning with DGs used as real and reactive power compensator. Recently planning of DG placement reactive power compensation are the major problems in distribution system. As the requirement in the power is more the DG placement becomes important. When planned to make the DG placement, cost analysis becomes as a major concern. And if the DGs operate as reactive power compensator it is most helpful in power quality maintenance. So, this paper deals with the optimal power system planning with renewable DGs which can be used as a reactive power compensators. The problem is formulated and solved using popular meta-heuristic techniques called cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). the comparative results are presented.
This document presents a multi-objective optimization method for economic emission load dispatch (EELD) that considers economy, emissions, and transmission line security as objectives. The problem is formulated to minimize total fuel costs and emissions while maximizing line security for a power system. The multi-objective problem is converted to a single objective using goal attainment and then solved using simulated annealing. Results are presented for a 30-bus and 57-bus IEEE test case system to demonstrate the proposed method.
Introduction to wind_power for frequency control studiesrehman1oo
The document discusses wind turbine models that can be used for power system frequency control studies. It describes the basic aerodynamic principles of wind turbine rotors, including power coefficient, aerodynamic power, and power curves. It also briefly outlines the main components of wind turbines, such as the generator, gearbox, and power electronics. Finally, it introduces different wind turbine concepts like fixed-speed and variable-speed wind turbines and their methods for optimizing or limiting power extraction from the wind.
A study on the optimization of dye sensitized solar cellsrehman1oo
This document describes a study conducted by Md Imran Khan on optimizing dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) for his master's thesis at the University of South Florida. The study investigated different components and processing conditions of DSCs including the semiconductor, dye, electrolyte, counter electrode, substrate, and effects of light intensity and temperature. Standard characterization techniques such as current-voltage and quantum efficiency measurements were used to evaluate cell performance. The goal of the study was to improve the efficiency of DSCs through optimization of the various components and fabrication parameters.
Long Term Stability of Solid State Dye Sensitized Solar Cellrehman1oo
This document summarizes research on developing a solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell (ss-DSSC) with improved long-term stability using a solid-state polymerized hole-transporting material (HTM). Key findings:
1) A conductive polymer, poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT), was synthesized via a solid-state polymerization (SSP) method using 2,5-dibromo-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (DBEDOT) as the monomer.
2) SSP-PEDOT exhibited higher conductivity than other preparation methods and was used as the HTM in an ss-DSS
Promoting Effect of Graphene on Dye-Sensitized Solar Cellsrehman1oo
This document discusses a study on incorporating graphene into TiO2 films for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The key findings are:
1) A simple approach was used to prepare graphene-doped TiO2 films for DSSCs without pre-reducing graphene oxide.
2) Incorporating graphene increased the short-circuit current density and power conversion efficiency of the DSSCs by 52.4% and 55.3% respectively, due to graphene's promoting effect on electron transfer.
3) However, the promoting effect of graphene depends on its content - efficiency increases to a maximum then decreases with more graphene, as graphene can also absorb light and decrease dye loading.
1) The document compares the performance of a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) controller and an Observer-Based controller for controlling a magnetic levitation system.
2) It simulates both controllers in MATLAB and finds that the Observer-Based controller has better performance with reduced overshoot and settling time compared to the LQR controller.
3) It also analyzes different realization techniques (minimal, balanced, modal, observer canonical) to design an optimal and non-fragile controller, finding that observer canonical realization provides the best performance for the Observer-Based controller.
This document provides an overview of electricity and electrical engineering concepts. It discusses the following key points:
- Electricity is a fundamental property of nature that is observed and exploited, though not fully explained. It is a source of energy.
- Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged, and their interactions hold atoms together.
- Electric charge is a phenomenon associated with atomic particles. The fundamental unit of charge is the coulomb. Charged particles experience attractive or repulsive forces depending on whether their charges are opposite or alike.
- Electrons in atoms occupy discrete energy levels or bands. Insulators have a large gap between
This article describes a multi-objective optimization approach to determine the optimal sizing and placement of distributed generation (DG) units in a distribution system. The objectives are to minimize total real power losses and total DG installation cost. A weighted sum method is used to combine the objectives into a single scalar function. Constraints include power flow equations and limits on voltage, generation capacity, and line flows. The problem is formulated as a non-linear program and solved using sequential quadratic programming. The method provides a set of Pareto optimal solutions, from which a compromise solution can be selected using fuzzy decision making. The approach is demonstrated on a 15-bus test system.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
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Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming Pipelines
38
1. International Journal of Control and Automation
Vol. 8, No. 6 (2015), pp. 393-410
http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijca.2015.8.6.38
ISSN: 2005-4297 IJCA
Copyright ⓒ 2015 SERSC
Voltage Profile Improvement using DG in Reconfigured
Distribution System
S Vidyasagar1*
, K Vijayakumar2
, R Ramanujam3
, D.Sattianadan4
and Noraj
Kumar5
1,2,3,4,5
Department of EEE, SRM University, Tamilnadu, India
mailsvs@gmail.com
Abstract
In today’s trend, the importance of Distributed Generation (DG) implementation in the
distribution system (DS) becomes more significant with respect to proper location, sizing
and reduction of losses. In this paper the location and size of DG were discussed based on
Voltage Limitation Index (VLI). This index is used to ensure that all the buses in the
network have acceptable voltage profile according to the distribution permissible limits.
After determining the DG size and location a comprehensive analysis on cost of DG,
energy loss occurred and savings obtained in the network were listed. The significance of
VLI was tested on IEEE 33 and 69 bus DS under initial configuration state as well as in
feeder reconfigured state also.
Keywords: Distributed Generation, Feeder Reconfiguration, Voltage Limitation Index
and Distribution Automation
1. Introduction
DG now-a-days has become a promising alternative potential to compensate or
reduction of losses that occurs in a distribution system. Renewable energy based DG has
been introduced in the recent years in order to shrink the usage of fossil fuels in the
electric power generation mitigating power losses and avoid pollution due to emission[1-
2]. By introducing DG in radial distribution network, its influence over voltage stability,
loss reduction, load balancing and power quality issues were discussed in [3-4]. In [5] the
objectives such as power loss reduction, voltage profile enhancement and energy loss
reduction with simultaneous placement of DG and capacitor in distribution network at
various load levels employed by using memetic algorithm. Comparison of Novel loss
sensitivity index and Voltage Sensitivity Index (VSI) is shown in [6]. The new long term
scheduling for optimal allocation and sizing of DG [7] by employing Power Stability
Index (PSI) and PSO [8-9]. Different methodologies for DG allocation are presented in
[10]. A combined genetic algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is
proposed in [11]. Multi-objective performance index (MOPI) based optimal location and
sizing of DG for improving voltage stability was discussed in [12]. Reactive power
control of DG in medium voltage (MV) distribution network [13] and various types of
DG are proposed in [14-15] for minimizing power loss and optimal power factor for
supplying DG is discussed. Technical and economical factors are considered for obtaining
optimal sizing of DG [16]. Optimum planning of DG under various aspects is shown in
[17]. FR in balanced and unbalanced networks by using simultaneous reconfiguration and
DG allocation is in [18] with D.T Le and M. A. Kashem explaining how to maximize
voltage support by using DG and various methodologies related to DG placement are also
proposed[19]. Kazem Haghdar and Heidar Ali Shayanfar proposed a new method of
generalized pattern search and genetic algorithm for optimal placement of DG and
capacitor for loss reduction [20]. A simple vector based load flow technique [21] is
proposed for optimizing cost and placement of DG. An algorithm based on multi-
2. International Journal of Control and Automation
Vol. 8, No. 6 (2015)
394 Copyright ⓒ 2015 SERSC
objective approach in which placement of DG for loss minimization and enhancing
voltage stability both are considered [22]. In [23] a combined strategy is proposed by
using local and size optimization in order to achieve local and global search ability of
artificial bee colony and ant colony optimization. In [24] a multi-objective index is
proposed for determining the optimal sizing and power factor of DG for improving
loadability. A Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm [25], mixed integer linear programming
method [26-27], Multi-objective PSO with preference strategy [28] and Bacterial
Foraging [29] are proposed to solve the problem of multi-objective DG sizing and
placement. From the literature survey it was clear that only the location and sizing were
given importance and not about the voltage limits, so a work was proposed in order to
view the significance of voltage profile under distribution limits. The distribution limits is
considered as 6 % .
This paper is organized as introduction in section-2, Problem formulation as section-3
and results were discussed in section-4.
2. Problem Formulation
The Voltage Limitation Index is given as follows
2
lim iti
V L I V V
(1)
Where lim it
V =0.94 p.u and i
V is the
th
i bus voltage.
Cost of Energy Loss and Cost of DG:
Cost of energy loss and cost of DG is calculated based on mathematical expression
given as
Cost of energy loss (CL) = (Total real power loss) ( )c
E T $ (2)
Where c
E =energy rate in $/kWh (0.06$/kWh).
T =time duration in hrs (8760 hrs)
Cost of DG for real and reactive power [35-36]
2
( )C P dg a P dg b P dg c $/hr (3)
2 2
( ) co st(S g m ax ) co st( m ax ) $ /C Q d g S g Q g k h r
(4)
m ax
m ax
co s
P g
S g
m ax 1 .1P P g
k =0.05-1
In this paper, the k factor is taken as 0.1.
3. International Journal of Control and Automation
Vol. 8, No. 6 (2015)
Copyright ⓒ 2015 SERSC 395
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. 33-Bus Test System
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 16 171510
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
18 19 20 21
37
36
34
35
33
BUS
Tie Lines
Normally Close Switches
Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of IEEE 33-Bus Test System
For 33-bus Radial distribution network, Active power load=3.71MW, Substation
voltage=12.66KV, Voltage limit=1.00pu and Reactive power load=2.31Mvar. From the
below mentioned tabulation listed while performing the load flow, it was observed that
real power loss ( L
P ) =223.8788, Reactive power loss ( L
Q ) =149.0574.
Table 1. Results Obtained For 33-Bus Test System Using VLI
Parameters Base
case
Base
case
with DG
Base case
with DG
along VLI
FR FR
with DG
FR
with DG
along VLI
DG location 18 18 18 ---- 30 30
DG size
(MW)
--- 0.93 17.1 ---- 1.5 0.3264
Total real
(K.W) L
P
223.878
8
213.654
8
362.8340 141.162
3
129.9026 137.8601
Total(K.Var)
L
Q
149.057
4
141.857
0
243.6654 99.2525 91.3819 96.8407
Min. bus
voltage @bus
0.9134
@18
0.9185
@18
0.9401
@18
0.9387
@32
0.9448
@32
0.94
VLI 6.3130 4.1244 0 0.0024 0 0
Cost of
D G
P ($/hr)
----- 18.85 342.25 ---- 30.25 6.778
Cost of energy
loss ($/hr)
26.865 25.638 43.5400 16.9634 15.5883 16.5432
Savings in cost
of energy loss
------ 1.227 Not
applicable
---- 11.2767 10.3218
4. International Journal of Control and Automation
Vol. 8, No. 6 (2015)
396 Copyright ⓒ 2015 SERSC
The results of Base case without DG is represented in Figure 2. Under the initial
configuration state with 18th
bus as minimum voltage profile location 1 8
V =0.9134 (Figure
3). The VLI obtained as 6.3130 for which the DG was suggested. The cost of energy loss
is calculated as 26.865. Base Case with DG focusing on DG Size alone is shown in figure
4. For the same case as it was identified 18th
location with minimum voltage profile as
0.9185 which can be taken as location of allocating DG with size 0.93 we are getting
L
P =213.6548, L
Q =141.8570 at 18th
bus. Real Power Loss versus DG Size for base case is
shown in figure 5. The VLI obtained is 4.1244 (Figure 3). But even when losses are
reduced the savings obtained from the energy loss cost is only around 1.227$/hr, with cost
for the DG as 18.85 $/hr. when it is observed with DG along with VLI the savings
occurred for the initial configuration was very less since the DG size was too high even
though VLI has reached zero. Figure 6 represents the Feeder Reconfiguration without
DG. So it recommended for doing Feeder Reconfiguration (FR) for the same network, it
was observed that there is more loss reduction compared to initial configuration
L
P =141.13623, L
Q =99.2525, m in
V =0.9381,VLI=0.0024 where it is 99.961% compared
to the initial configuration and the cost of energy loss is obtained as 16.9634 which is
36.857% compared to the base case still since voltage have not reached the limitation of
0.94 under FR state. Figure 8 shows FR with DG focusing on VLI. DG was suggested to
the network. Voltage Profile versus Bus number under Base case and FR is shown in
Figure 9 and Figure 10. Real Power Loss versus DG Size under Feeder Reconfiguration is
shown in figure 11.The location allocated for DG is 30th
bus with the DG size of 1.5MW
at cost of 30.25$/hr even though with the minimum voltage is at 32nd
bus L
P =129.9026,
L
Q =91.3819 and cost of energy is calculated as 15.5883$/hr with the savings of
11.2767$/hr. since the work is focusing on significance of VLI to maintain 0.94 p.u the
DG size required is 0.3264 MW instead of 1.5MW as in the earlier case the results
obtained L
P =137.8601, L
Q =96.8407 with cost of DG as 6.778$/hr even though the results
for savings in FR with DG along VLI is comparatively lesser than FR with DG case but
the cost of DG increases profit of 77.59%. Size and cost of DG is shown in Figure 12 and
13. Cost and savings of energy losses are shown in Figure 14 and 15.
Figure 2. 33 Bus-Base Case without DG
5. International Journal of Control and Automation
Vol. 8, No. 6 (2015)
Copyright ⓒ 2015 SERSC 397
Figure 3. 33 Bus-Base Case with DG Considering VLI
Figure 4. 33 Bus-Base Case with DG Focusing On DG Size
Figure 5. 33 Bus-Real Power Loss V/S DG Size (Base Case)
6. International Journal of Control and Automation
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398 Copyright ⓒ 2015 SERSC
Figure 6. 33 Bus-Feeder Reconfiguration Without DG
Figure 7. 33 bus-FR with DG (optimal size)
Figure 8. 33 Bus-FR with DG (Focusing On VLI)
7. International Journal of Control and Automation
Vol. 8, No. 6 (2015)
Copyright ⓒ 2015 SERSC 399
Figure 9. 33 Bus- Voltage Profile V/S Bus Number under Base Case
Figure 10. 33 Bus-Voltage Profile V/S Bus Number under Feeder
Reconfiguration
Figure 11. 33 bus-Real Power Loss v/s DG Size under Feeder
Reconfiguration
8. International Journal of Control and Automation
Vol. 8, No. 6 (2015)
400 Copyright ⓒ 2015 SERSC
Figure 12. 33 Bus-Size of DG for Base Case and Feeder Reconfiguration
Figure 13. 33 Bus-Cost of DG under Base Case and Feeder Reconfiguration
Figure 14. 33 bus-Cost of Energy Losses under base case and Feeder
Reconfiguration Cases
9. International Journal of Control and Automation
Vol. 8, No. 6 (2015)
Copyright ⓒ 2015 SERSC 401
Figure 15. 33 Bus-Savings in Cost of Energy Losses Under Base Case and
Feeder Reconfiguration
3.2. 69- Bus Test System:
For 69-bus RDS, Substation voltage=12.66kV, Active power load=3.8014MW,
Reactive power load=2.6936, and Voltage limit=1.00pu. As explained for 33-bus test
distribution system in the similar way the same procedure is carried out for 69-bus test
distribution system shown in Table 2. As per the below tabulation 2 while performing the
load flow, it was observed that real power loss K.W ( L
P ) =216.6168, Reactive power loss
K.Var( L
Q ) =98.0373. Base case with and without DG is shown in Figure 17 and
18.Under the initial configuration state with 65th
bus as minimum voltage profile location
65
V =0.9134.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
51 52
36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
68 69
66 67
47 48 49 50 53 54 55 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
46
BUS
Normally Close Switches
Tie Lines
27
50
13
1511
Figure 16. Schematic Diagram of IEEE 69-Bus Test System
10. International Journal of Control and Automation
Vol. 8, No. 6 (2015)
402 Copyright ⓒ 2015 SERSC
The VLI is obtained as 3.8562 for which the DG was suggested (figure 19). The cost of
energy loss is calculated as 25.9940. Real Power Loss versus DG size is shown in figure
20.
Table 2. Results Obtained For 69-Bus Test System Using VLI
Parameters Base case Base case
with DG
Base case
with DG
along VLI
FR FR with
DG
FR with
DG along
VLI
DG
location
----- 65 65 ---- 65 65
DG size
(MW)
----- 0.63 6.5 ---- 0.61 0.225
Total real
(K.W) L
P
216.6168 210.2905 308.9161 130.1248 126.5560 139.5175
Total
(K.Var) L
Q
98.0373 95.3577 137.3537 124.2833 121.0370 132.6654
Min. bus
voltage
@bus
0.9134
@65
0.9166
@65
0.9403
@61
0.9329
@65
0.94 @64
VLI 3.8562 3.0197 0 0.1680 0.0798 0
Cost of
D G
P ($/hr)
----- 12.85 130.25 ---- 12.45 14.7
Cost of
energy loss
($/hr)
25.9940 25.2348 37.0699 15.6149 15.1867 16.7421
Savings in
cost of
energy loss
----- 0.7592 Not
applicable
---- 10.8073 9.2519
The Feeder Reconfiguration with and without DG for 69 bys were shown in figure 21
and 22. For the same case as it was identified 65th
location with minimum voltage profile
as 0.9185 which can be taken as location of allocating DG with size 0.63 we are getting
L
P =210.2905, L
Q =141.8570 K.Var at 18th
bus. The VLI obtained is 3.0197 (figure 23).
Real Power Loss versus DG size under Feeder Reconfiguration case is shown in figure
24.But even when losses are reduced the savings obtained from the energy loss cost is
only around 0.7592$/hr, with cost for the DG as 12.85 $/hr. When it is observed with DG
along with VLI the savings occurred for the initial configuration was very less since the
DG size was too high even though VLI has reached zero. So it recommended for doing
Feeder Reconfiguration (FR) for the same network it was observed that there is more loss
reduction compared to initial configuration L
P =130.1248, L
Q =124.2833, m in
V =0.9329,
VLI=0.1680where it is 95.64% compared to the initial configuration and the cost of
energy loss is obtained as 15.6149which is 39.92% compared to the base case still since
voltage have not reached the limitation of 0.94 under FR state. DG were suggested to the
network. Voltage Profile versus Bus number for Base Case and Feeder Reconfiguration
case is shown in figure 25 and 26. The location allocated for DG is 30th
bus with the DG
size of 1.5MW at cost of 12.45$/hr even though with the minimum voltage is at 32nd
bus
L
P =126.5560, L
Q =121.0370 and cost of energy is calculated as 15.1867$/hr with the
savings of 10.8073$/hr. since the work is focussing on significance of VLI to maintain
11. International Journal of Control and Automation
Vol. 8, No. 6 (2015)
Copyright ⓒ 2015 SERSC 403
0.94 pu the DG size required is 0.225MW instead of 0.61MW as in the earlier case the
results obtained L
P =139.5175, L
Q =132.6654 with cost of DG as 14.7$/hr even though the
results for savings in FR with DG along VLI is comparatively lesser than FR with DG
case but the cost of DG increases profit 62.24%. The size of DG and cost of energy losses
are shown in Figure 27 and 28. Figure 29 represents the savings in cost of energy losses.
Figure 17. 69 Bus-Base Case Without DG
Figure 18. 69 Bus-Base Case with DG (Optimal Size)
12. International Journal of Control and Automation
Vol. 8, No. 6 (2015)
404 Copyright ⓒ 2015 SERSC
Figure 19. 69 Bus-Base Case with DG Focusing on VLI
Figure 20. 69 Bus-Real Power Loss V/S DG Size
Figure 21. 69 Bus-Feeder Reconfiguration Without DG
13. International Journal of Control and Automation
Vol. 8, No. 6 (2015)
Copyright ⓒ 2015 SERSC 405
Figure 22. 69 Bus-Fr With Dg (Optimal Size)
Figure 23. 69 Bus-Feeder Reconfiguration with DG Focusing On VLI
Figure 24. 69 Bus-Real Power Loss V/S DG Size (FR Case)
14. International Journal of Control and Automation
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406 Copyright ⓒ 2015 SERSC
Figure 25. 69 Bus-Voltage Profile V/S Bus Number for Base Case
Figure 26. 69 Bus-Voltage Profile V/S Bus Number for Feeder
Reconfiguration Case
Figure 27. 69 Bus-Size Of DG For Base Case
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Copyright ⓒ 2015 SERSC 407
Figure 28. 69 Bus-Cost of Energy Losses
Figure 29. 69 Bus-Savings In Cost Of Energy Losses
4. Conclusion
In this paper feeder reconfiguration technique is implemented in distribution system for
enhancing the voltage profile. Since voltage profile enhancement is not acquired from
base case, base case with DG and FR; from the results obtained it is clear that only under
FR with DG case the necessary voltage profile enhancement is achieved. Along with the
results it is also noticed that the net profit can be obtained when tested on 33 and 69 bus
test distribution system, its states that cost of DG increases with profit of 77.59% and
62.24% respectively by considering FR along DG with VLI alone. Since the cost of DG is
very less under this case, it is suggested to consider the FR along DG with VLI case to
decide the size and location for placing DG appropriately of a given network.
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Authors
S Vidyasagar currently working as Assistant Professor in the EEE
Department at SRM University, Chennai, India. He received M.E in
Power systems from Anna University in the year 2005. He is
currently pursuing his PhD degree at SRM University in the area of
Feeder Reconfiguration with DG placement in Distributed Systems.
His area of interest includes Power System Operation and Control,
FACTS and Power System Protection.
K Vijayakumar currently working as Professor and Head in EEE
Department at SRM University, Chennai, India. He has received his
Ph.D degree in SRM University in the area of Deregulation systems.
His area of research interests includes Computational Intelligence
applications in Power Systems, FACTS and Power System Operation
and Control.
R Ramanujam is currently working as professor in EEE department at SRM
University, Chennai, India. He received Ph.D from IISC Bangalore. His area of interest
includes Modeling of Power System components, Power System Stability and Transients.
D. Sattianadan currently working as Assistant Professor in the
EEE Department at SRM University, Chennai, India. He received his
Ph.D in area of Power systems from SRM University in the year
2015. His area of interest includes Distributed Generations, Power
System Operation and Control, FACTS and Power System
Protection.
S Noraj Kumar is pursuing his M.Tech in Electrical Engineering at
SRM university, Chennai, India. He completed his B.Tech from JNTUA in
the year 2013.His area of interest includes Distributed Generation.