3.7 respiration notes
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Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to produce ATP. Glucose is broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate, with a small amount of ATP produced. During anaerobic respiration, pyruvate is converted into either lactate or ethanol and carbon dioxide without further ATP production. However, during aerobic respiration pyruvate is broken down in mitochondria into carbon dioxide and water, yielding a large amount of ATP through multiple reaction steps.
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AP Bio Ch. 9 Anaerobic respiration
Fermentation allows cells to produce ATP without oxygen through substrate-level phosphorylation. Glycolysis proceeds normally to generate pyruvate and NADH, but in the absence of oxygen, NADH donates its electrons to pyruvate instead of entering the electron transport chain. This regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue repeatedly. There are two main types of fermentation: alcohol fermentation produces ethanol, and lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid. Both recycle NAD+ so glycolysis and ATP production can continue anaerobically.
Cell Respiration
Cell respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into pyruvate or acetyl-CoA and use it to produce ATP through glycolysis in the cytoplasm or aerobic respiration in the mitochondria. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP whether or not oxygen is present. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate undergoes further reactions in the mitochondria through the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain to produce significantly more ATP. During aerobic respiration, the electron transport chain creates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane that is used by ATP synthase to produce ATP through chemiosmosis.
3 130909221817-
Cellular respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP. During cell respiration, glucose is broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate, with a small yield of ATP. Anaerobic respiration involves converting pyruvate into either lactate or ethanol and carbon dioxide in the cytoplasm, with no additional ATP produced. Aerobic respiration breaks down pyruvate in mitochondria into carbon dioxide and water, yielding a large amount of ATP.
3.7 cell respiration
Cellular respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP. During cell respiration, glucose is broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate, with a small yield of ATP. Anaerobic respiration involves converting pyruvate into either lactate or ethanol and carbon dioxide in the cytoplasm, with no additional ATP produced. Aerobic respiration breaks down pyruvate in mitochondria into carbon dioxide and water, yielding a large amount of ATP.
Respiration
Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds like glucose to form ATP. There are two types of respiration: aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen to produce more ATP, and anaerobic respiration, which produces less ATP without oxygen. Aerobic respiration involves glycolysis in the cytoplasm, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which produces the most ATP.
AP Bio Ch 9, part 1
Cellular respiration is the main process by which cells harvest chemical energy from food molecules containing stored energy, such as glucose, and release that energy to produce ATP molecules that act as energy currency within cells. The process involves the oxidation of glucose and reduction of oxygen through a series of redox reactions. This transfers electrons from glucose to oxygen, which releases energy since oxygen is very electronegative. The energy released is harnessed to produce ATP, which cells then use to power their functions.
Cellular respiration
A lesson in earth and life science to better understand cellular respiration as complimentary process of photosynthesis
Respiration stage 1
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose and other nutrients to produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria, where it is further broken down in the Krebs cycle. This is followed by the electron transport chain, where oxygen is the final electron acceptor and water is produced, yielding the majority of ATP. Cellular respiration requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy as waste products.
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AP Bio Ch. 9 Anaerobic respiration
Fermentation allows cells to produce ATP without oxygen through substrate-level phosphorylation. Glycolysis proceeds normally to generate pyruvate and NADH, but in the absence of oxygen, NADH donates its electrons to pyruvate instead of entering the electron transport chain. This regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue repeatedly. There are two main types of fermentation: alcohol fermentation produces ethanol, and lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid. Both recycle NAD+ so glycolysis and ATP production can continue anaerobically.
Cell Respiration
Cell respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into pyruvate or acetyl-CoA and use it to produce ATP through glycolysis in the cytoplasm or aerobic respiration in the mitochondria. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP whether or not oxygen is present. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate undergoes further reactions in the mitochondria through the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain to produce significantly more ATP. During aerobic respiration, the electron transport chain creates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane that is used by ATP synthase to produce ATP through chemiosmosis.
3 130909221817-
Cellular respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP. During cell respiration, glucose is broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate, with a small yield of ATP. Anaerobic respiration involves converting pyruvate into either lactate or ethanol and carbon dioxide in the cytoplasm, with no additional ATP produced. Aerobic respiration breaks down pyruvate in mitochondria into carbon dioxide and water, yielding a large amount of ATP.
3.7 cell respiration
Cellular respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP. During cell respiration, glucose is broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate, with a small yield of ATP. Anaerobic respiration involves converting pyruvate into either lactate or ethanol and carbon dioxide in the cytoplasm, with no additional ATP produced. Aerobic respiration breaks down pyruvate in mitochondria into carbon dioxide and water, yielding a large amount of ATP.
Respiration
Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds like glucose to form ATP. There are two types of respiration: aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen to produce more ATP, and anaerobic respiration, which produces less ATP without oxygen. Aerobic respiration involves glycolysis in the cytoplasm, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which produces the most ATP.
AP Bio Ch 9, part 1
Cellular respiration is the main process by which cells harvest chemical energy from food molecules containing stored energy, such as glucose, and release that energy to produce ATP molecules that act as energy currency within cells. The process involves the oxidation of glucose and reduction of oxygen through a series of redox reactions. This transfers electrons from glucose to oxygen, which releases energy since oxygen is very electronegative. The energy released is harnessed to produce ATP, which cells then use to power their functions.
Cellular respiration
A lesson in earth and life science to better understand cellular respiration as complimentary process of photosynthesis
Respiration stage 1
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose and other nutrients to produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria, where it is further broken down in the Krebs cycle. This is followed by the electron transport chain, where oxygen is the final electron acceptor and water is produced, yielding the majority of ATP. Cellular respiration requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy as waste products.
2.8 Notes
Guided notes covering material from Topic 2.8 of the updated IB Biology syllabus for 2016 exams. Notes sequence and prompts are based on the Oxford IB Biology textbook by Allott and Mindorff.
Cellular Respiration Notes
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into usable energy (ATP). There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen to produce 36 ATP, and anaerobic respiration, which does not use oxygen and produces only 2 net ATP. The process begins with glycolysis in the cytoplasm, which breaks glucose into two pyruvic acid molecules. The cell then undergoes either anaerobic respiration through fermentation, or aerobic respiration in the mitochondria.
Respiration 1
This document discusses respiration in living cells. It begins by outlining why plants, animals, and microorganisms need to respire, referring to active transport and metabolic reactions. It then describes the structure of ATP and states that ATP provides the immediate source of energy for biological processes. Finally, it explains the importance of coenzymes in respiration, specifically mentioning NAD and coenzyme A.
Anerobic & aerobic respiration
There are two types of respiration: aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen to produce ATP, and anaerobic respiration, which does not use oxygen. Aerobic respiration is a multi-step process that occurs in the mitochondria and produces 36-38 ATP. Anaerobic respiration has fewer steps and occurs in the cytoplasm, producing only 2 ATP without oxygen. Both involve glycolysis but aerobic respiration continues with the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain while anaerobic respiration results in lactic acid or ethanol. Aerobic respiration is more efficient but requires oxygen while anaerobic respiration produces less energy in the absence of oxygen.
AP Bio Ch. 9 part 2
The document summarizes the three main stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis breaks down glucose in the cytosol, producing 2 pyruvate molecules, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH. The pyruvate then enters the mitochondria where the citric acid cycle generates carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, and 1 ATP per turn of the cycle. Finally, oxidative phosphorylation uses the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis to produce ATP from the NADH and FADH2, using the energy from electron transfers to pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane and drive ATP synthase.
Section 2, chapter 4
Cellular respiration involves three main stages - glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid, producing 2 ATP per glucose molecule. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria for the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain, yielding up to 38 more ATP. Without oxygen, pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid through anaerobic respiration in the cytoplasm, allowing glycolysis to continue but only producing 2 ATP total per glucose.
section 1, chapter 4
Cellular metabolism involves anabolic and catabolic reactions. Anabolism uses energy to synthesize larger molecules from smaller ones for growth and repair. Catabolism breaks down large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy for cellular use. Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis are important reaction types. Dehydration synthesis uses the removal of a water molecule to join smaller molecules into larger ones like proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids. Hydrolysis is the reverse reaction that breaks these molecules back down. Enzymes are protein catalysts that greatly reduce the activation energy needed for metabolic reactions and increase their rate. They are specific to substrates and aid in metabolic pathways that break down fuels to produce energy molecules like ATP through cellular respiration.
Respiration stage 2
Cellular Respiration is a metabolic process that releases energy from food through oxidation to produce ATP, which provides energy for cells' activities. It involves three main stages: 1) Glycolysis produces some ATP. 2) The Krebs cycle further breaks down molecules and produces more ATP and electron carriers. 3) The electron transport chain uses the electron carriers to produce the most ATP through an energy-releasing process that uses oxygen. Overall, cellular respiration yields 36 ATP through these three stages of breaking down glucose with oxygen.
section 3, chapter 4
The document summarizes the process of aerobic cellular respiration which occurs in the mitochondria. It describes how pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl CoA which enters the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrial matrix. The citric acid cycle generates NADH, FADH2, and ATP. These products then feed into the electron transport chain located on the inner mitochondrial membrane. As electrons are passed through protein complexes in the electron transport chain, hydrogen ions are pumped across the inner membrane generating a proton gradient. ATP synthase uses this proton gradient to produce most of the cell's ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
Cellular respiration
The document discusses cellular respiration, which is the process by which cells break down glucose and release energy. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose and occurs in the cytoplasm, producing a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down these products in the mitochondria, producing more ATP. Finally, the electron transport chain uses electrons from the Krebs cycle to produce the most ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Aerobic respiration using oxygen is the most efficient process, while anaerobic respiration such as fermentation occurs without oxygen and produces less ATP. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration form a cycle of energy storage and use.
Cellular Respiration
Define what is respiration
Differentiate aerobic from anaerobic respiration
Explain the 4 main stages of aerobic respiration
Explain the process of fermentation
cell resp
Cellular respiration harvests electrons from organic compounds like glucose to produce ATP, which cells use as energy. It requires a continuous oxygen supply. The air we breathe is 21% oxygen, which enters our blood in the lungs and is delivered to cells. Low oxygen levels cause anaerobic respiration and lactic acid buildup, while no breathing leads to metabolic acidosis and cell death due to changes in pH, PCO2, and PO2 levels.
03.7 biochemistry - cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells via enzyme-catalysis to form ATP, and can take place in the presence or absence of oxygen. The first step, glycolysis, involves breaking down glucose into pyruvate and a small amount of ATP in the cytoplasm without oxygen. Aerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is present, with pyruvate being broken down into carbon dioxide and water in the mitochondria, producing a large yield of ATP. Anaerobic respiration takes place without oxygen, with pyruvate being converted to lactate in human cells or ethanol and carbon dioxide in yeast cells.
Aerobic and anaerobic_respiration_b
This document provides an overview of aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose and produces significantly more ATP, yielding a total of 38 ATP molecules. Anaerobic respiration, also called fermentation, does not use oxygen and only produces 2 ATP molecules during glycolysis. The first step of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration is glycolysis. Aerobic respiration also involves the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain to efficiently produce energy in the form of ATP.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds like glucose to form ATP. There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen, and anaerobic respiration, which does not. Glycolysis is the first step, in which glucose is broken down into pyruvate and a small amount of ATP is produced. In aerobic respiration, pyruvate then enters the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria to produce more ATP through oxidation. The electron transport chain uses protons to power ATP synthase and produce most of the ATP through chemiosmosis.
Nov. 2 (aerobic vs. anaerobic)
The document is the agenda and lesson plan for a biology class. It discusses aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more ATP through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen and only produces 2 ATP through lactic acid or alcohol fermentation.
Cells And Respiration
1. Respiration is a chemical process that releases energy from food molecules in cells. Glucose is the main food molecule used and is broken down through a series of enzyme-controlled reactions.
2. Energy released during respiration is stored as chemical energy in ATP molecules. An enzyme joins phosphate to ADP to form ATP. When energy is needed, ATP is broken down by an enzyme into ADP and phosphate, releasing the stored chemical energy.
3. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully break down glucose into carbon dioxide and water. This produces much more ATP than anaerobic respiration, which breaks down glucose without oxygen.
Aerobic & anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose, releasing energy. This occurs in mitochondria and produces significantly more ATP than anaerobic respiration. During intense exercise, the body shifts to anaerobic respiration which takes place in the cytoplasm when oxygen demand outstrips supply. It generates lactic acid and ATP more quickly but to a lesser extent. The human body repays this oxygen debt through deep breathing after exercise to oxidize lactic acid buildup.
(Group6)respiration
The document discusses aerobic respiration which takes place in almost all living things and results in the maximum release of energy from glucose. It occurs in three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose in the cytoplasm and produces a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down these products in the mitochondria through a series of chemical reactions. Finally, the electron transport chain passes electrons through protein complexes in the membranes to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Cellular Respiration Notes
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into usable energy (ATP). There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen to produce 36 ATP, and anaerobic respiration, which does not use oxygen and produces only 2 net ATP. The process begins with glycolysis in the cytoplasm, which breaks glucose into two pyruvic acid molecules. The cell then undergoes either anaerobic respiration through fermentation, or aerobic respiration in the mitochondria.
Respiration 1
This document discusses respiration in living cells. It begins by outlining why plants, animals, and microorganisms need to respire, referring to active transport and metabolic reactions. It then describes the structure of ATP and states that ATP provides the immediate source of energy for biological processes. Finally, it explains the importance of coenzymes in respiration, specifically mentioning NAD and coenzyme A.
Anerobic & aerobic respiration
There are two types of respiration: aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen to produce ATP, and anaerobic respiration, which does not use oxygen. Aerobic respiration is a multi-step process that occurs in the mitochondria and produces 36-38 ATP. Anaerobic respiration has fewer steps and occurs in the cytoplasm, producing only 2 ATP without oxygen. Both involve glycolysis but aerobic respiration continues with the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain while anaerobic respiration results in lactic acid or ethanol. Aerobic respiration is more efficient but requires oxygen while anaerobic respiration produces less energy in the absence of oxygen.
AP Bio Ch. 9 part 2
The document summarizes the three main stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis breaks down glucose in the cytosol, producing 2 pyruvate molecules, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH. The pyruvate then enters the mitochondria where the citric acid cycle generates carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, and 1 ATP per turn of the cycle. Finally, oxidative phosphorylation uses the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis to produce ATP from the NADH and FADH2, using the energy from electron transfers to pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane and drive ATP synthase.
Section 2, chapter 4
Cellular respiration involves three main stages - glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid, producing 2 ATP per glucose molecule. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria for the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain, yielding up to 38 more ATP. Without oxygen, pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid through anaerobic respiration in the cytoplasm, allowing glycolysis to continue but only producing 2 ATP total per glucose.
section 1, chapter 4
Cellular metabolism involves anabolic and catabolic reactions. Anabolism uses energy to synthesize larger molecules from smaller ones for growth and repair. Catabolism breaks down large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy for cellular use. Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis are important reaction types. Dehydration synthesis uses the removal of a water molecule to join smaller molecules into larger ones like proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids. Hydrolysis is the reverse reaction that breaks these molecules back down. Enzymes are protein catalysts that greatly reduce the activation energy needed for metabolic reactions and increase their rate. They are specific to substrates and aid in metabolic pathways that break down fuels to produce energy molecules like ATP through cellular respiration.
Respiration stage 2
Cellular Respiration is a metabolic process that releases energy from food through oxidation to produce ATP, which provides energy for cells' activities. It involves three main stages: 1) Glycolysis produces some ATP. 2) The Krebs cycle further breaks down molecules and produces more ATP and electron carriers. 3) The electron transport chain uses the electron carriers to produce the most ATP through an energy-releasing process that uses oxygen. Overall, cellular respiration yields 36 ATP through these three stages of breaking down glucose with oxygen.
section 3, chapter 4
The document summarizes the process of aerobic cellular respiration which occurs in the mitochondria. It describes how pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl CoA which enters the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrial matrix. The citric acid cycle generates NADH, FADH2, and ATP. These products then feed into the electron transport chain located on the inner mitochondrial membrane. As electrons are passed through protein complexes in the electron transport chain, hydrogen ions are pumped across the inner membrane generating a proton gradient. ATP synthase uses this proton gradient to produce most of the cell's ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
Cellular respiration
The document discusses cellular respiration, which is the process by which cells break down glucose and release energy. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose and occurs in the cytoplasm, producing a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down these products in the mitochondria, producing more ATP. Finally, the electron transport chain uses electrons from the Krebs cycle to produce the most ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Aerobic respiration using oxygen is the most efficient process, while anaerobic respiration such as fermentation occurs without oxygen and produces less ATP. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration form a cycle of energy storage and use.
Cellular Respiration
Define what is respiration
Differentiate aerobic from anaerobic respiration
Explain the 4 main stages of aerobic respiration
Explain the process of fermentation
cell resp
Cellular respiration harvests electrons from organic compounds like glucose to produce ATP, which cells use as energy. It requires a continuous oxygen supply. The air we breathe is 21% oxygen, which enters our blood in the lungs and is delivered to cells. Low oxygen levels cause anaerobic respiration and lactic acid buildup, while no breathing leads to metabolic acidosis and cell death due to changes in pH, PCO2, and PO2 levels.
03.7 biochemistry - cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells via enzyme-catalysis to form ATP, and can take place in the presence or absence of oxygen. The first step, glycolysis, involves breaking down glucose into pyruvate and a small amount of ATP in the cytoplasm without oxygen. Aerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is present, with pyruvate being broken down into carbon dioxide and water in the mitochondria, producing a large yield of ATP. Anaerobic respiration takes place without oxygen, with pyruvate being converted to lactate in human cells or ethanol and carbon dioxide in yeast cells.
Aerobic and anaerobic_respiration_b
This document provides an overview of aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose and produces significantly more ATP, yielding a total of 38 ATP molecules. Anaerobic respiration, also called fermentation, does not use oxygen and only produces 2 ATP molecules during glycolysis. The first step of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration is glycolysis. Aerobic respiration also involves the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain to efficiently produce energy in the form of ATP.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds like glucose to form ATP. There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen, and anaerobic respiration, which does not. Glycolysis is the first step, in which glucose is broken down into pyruvate and a small amount of ATP is produced. In aerobic respiration, pyruvate then enters the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria to produce more ATP through oxidation. The electron transport chain uses protons to power ATP synthase and produce most of the ATP through chemiosmosis.
Nov. 2 (aerobic vs. anaerobic)
The document is the agenda and lesson plan for a biology class. It discusses aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more ATP through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen and only produces 2 ATP through lactic acid or alcohol fermentation.
Cells And Respiration
1. Respiration is a chemical process that releases energy from food molecules in cells. Glucose is the main food molecule used and is broken down through a series of enzyme-controlled reactions.
2. Energy released during respiration is stored as chemical energy in ATP molecules. An enzyme joins phosphate to ADP to form ATP. When energy is needed, ATP is broken down by an enzyme into ADP and phosphate, releasing the stored chemical energy.
3. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully break down glucose into carbon dioxide and water. This produces much more ATP than anaerobic respiration, which breaks down glucose without oxygen.
Aerobic & anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose, releasing energy. This occurs in mitochondria and produces significantly more ATP than anaerobic respiration. During intense exercise, the body shifts to anaerobic respiration which takes place in the cytoplasm when oxygen demand outstrips supply. It generates lactic acid and ATP more quickly but to a lesser extent. The human body repays this oxygen debt through deep breathing after exercise to oxidize lactic acid buildup.
(Group6)respiration
The document discusses aerobic respiration which takes place in almost all living things and results in the maximum release of energy from glucose. It occurs in three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose in the cytoplasm and produces a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down these products in the mitochondria through a series of chemical reactions. Finally, the electron transport chain passes electrons through protein complexes in the membranes to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria of cells and involves a series of metabolic pathways that break down glucose and harvest energy to produce ATP. There are four main phases: glycolysis, which occurs in the cytoplasm and produces a small amount of ATP; the link reaction and Krebs cycle, which occur in the mitochondrial matrix and further oxidize pyruvate; and the electron transport chain located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which generates the majority of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. The structure of the mitochondrion is adapted for this process, containing inner membrane folds called cristae that house the electron transport chain and facilitate ATP production.
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Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP through a series of metabolic pathways. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces a small amount of ATP along with NADH. The pyruvate produced then enters the mitochondria where it undergoes the link reaction and is converted to acetyl-CoA. The Krebs cycle then oxidizes acetyl-CoA, producing carbon dioxide, more ATP, and electron carriers NADH and FADH2. These electron carriers are used in the electron transport chain to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, establishing a proton gradient used by ATP synthase to produce large amounts of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. The structure of the mitochondrion is adapted for these aerobic
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The document discusses key terms related to cellular respiration, including glycolysis, aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, ATP, ATPase, phosphorylation, and defines the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and occurs in mitochondria, producing a large amount of ATP. Anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen, and pyruvate is converted to lactate in humans or ethanol in yeast, producing no ATP. The document also notes that cellular respiration is not the same as breathing.
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Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose and other organic molecules to obtain energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. During glycolysis, glucose is broken down to form pyruvate in the cytoplasm. In the citric acid cycle, pyruvate enters the mitochondria and is further oxidized, producing NADH, FADH2, and ATP. During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed through an electron transport chain in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Their energy is used to pump protons out of the matrix, establishing a proton gradient. ATP synthase uses this gradient to
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1) The experiment studied cellular respiration in yeast under different conditions by placing yeast suspensions in test tubes with various reagents and measuring CO2 production.
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Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms generate ATP from organic molecules through enzymatic reactions. Glucose is broken down into pyruvate molecules in the cytoplasm, generating a small amount of ATP. In aerobic respiration, pyruvate undergoes further breakdown in the mitochondria in the presence of oxygen, yielding a large amount of ATP. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and generates less ATP, producing waste products like lactic acid. Enzymes like hexokinase catalyze the initial breakdown of glucose during glycolysis.
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Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms convert the chemical energy from nutrients into ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and occurs in the cytoplasm, producing a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down pyruvate in the mitochondria, producing more ATP and electron carriers. In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed through protein complexes in the mitochondrial membrane, pumping protons and producing the most ATP through chemiosmosis. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, with carbon dioxide and water as end products.
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Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms produce energy through the breakdown of glucose and oxygen. It takes place in the mitochondria of cells. The three main stages are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis breaks down glucose, the Krebs cycle further breaks down these products, and oxidative phosphorylation uses the energy from these processes to produce ATP through electron transport chains. Cellular respiration requires oxygen and glucose and produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP. It is essential for energy production in all living organisms.
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Cellular respiration allows organisms to control the release of energy from organic molecules in their food. There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen and produces significantly more ATP, and anaerobic respiration, which does not require oxygen but produces much less ATP. Aerobic respiration fully breaks down glucose and other molecules, yielding 36 ATP through a series of chemical reactions. Anaerobic respiration can only partially break down glucose through glycolysis, yielding only 2 ATP without oxygen present.
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Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence or absence of oxygen to produce ATP. In aerobic respiration, glucose undergoes glycolysis, producing pyruvate, and then the pyruvate enters the mitochondria and undergoes the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain to yield much more ATP than anaerobic respiration. The mitochondria are specialized organelles that contain an inner membrane with cristae to increase surface area for ATP production via ATP synthase using a proton gradient generated by the electron transport chain.
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Most of the document is a series of concept checks from a biology textbook chapter on cellular respiration. Here are the key points:
1) Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose and reaction with oxygen to release energy, captured as ATP, while producing carbon dioxide and water as waste.
2) There are three main stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain - which take place in different parts of the cell and produce a total of 38 ATP molecules per glucose.
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1. The document defines cellular respiration as the chemical process by which plants and animals break down glucose to release energy. It occurs differently in plants and animals.
2. Aerobic respiration takes place in multiple stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. It requires oxygen and produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration.
3. Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen. In plants it is called alcoholic fermentation, in animals it is called lactic acid fermentation. Both produce less ATP than aerobic respiration.
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The document discusses cellular respiration, which uses carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins to produce ATP through three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain, where oxygen is the final electron acceptor. It also describes photosynthesis, which uses light energy, water and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen through light-dependent and light-independent reactions in the chloroplasts of plant cells. The processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis are linked in that respiration uses oxygen and glucose produced by photosynthesis.
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- 1. Topic 3.7 - Cell Respiration 3.7.1. Define cell respiration. • Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells in the form of ATP. 3.7.2. State that in cell respiration, glucose in the cytoplasm is broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate, with a small yield of ATP. Glucose Glycolysis pyruvate + ATP 3.7.3. Explain that, during in anaerobic cell respiration, pyruvate can be converted in the cytoplasm into lactate, or ethanol and carbon dioxide, with no further yield of ATP. • In anaerobic cell respiration in humans, pyruvate is converted into lactate by lactic acid fermentation. This produces no further yield of ATP. 1
- 2. • In anaerobic cell respiration in yeast, pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide during alcohol fermentation. This produces no further yield of ATP. 3.7.4. Explain that, during aerobic cell respiration, pyruvate can be broken down in the mitochondrion into carbon dioxide and water with a large yield of ATP. Aerobic respiration: • In the presence of oxygen, the pyruvate formed during glycolysis can be used to make as much as 36 more ATP • Thus, aerobic respiration is the main source of ATP for cellular functions in eukaryotes • Pyruvate from glycolysis diffuses from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix • In the mitochondria a series of reactions (link reaction, Krebs cycle, electron transport system, oxidative phosphorylation) oxidise pyruvate to produce ATP • Byproducts of oxidation include carbon dioxide and water 2