Combined sci c12 syllabus
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This document contains syllabus statements from the Cambridge IGCSE Combined Science syllabus regarding organic chemistry. It discusses fuels such as coal, natural gas, and petroleum as fossil fuels that produce carbon dioxide when combusted. It describes the fractional distillation of petroleum into useful fractions like gasoline and diesel based on their differing boiling points. It also discusses hydrocarbons like alkanes and alkenes, stating their properties and reactions, and how alkenes are manufactured through cracking.
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The document outlines the course objectives, outcomes, examination scheme, units, and guidelines for a course on fuel and energy technology, which aims to provide an understanding of fossil fuel processing as well as the necessity of renewable energy sources including solar, wind, biomass, and more. The course will cover topics such as coal, petroleum, biofuels, gasification, renewable energy technologies and their characterization. Students will be evaluated through exams, assignments, and a project to assess their learning in fuel processing and utilization of conventional and renewable energy sources.
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This document outlines the course objectives, outcomes, examination scheme, units, and guidelines for a course on Fuel and Energy Technology. The course aims to understand processing of fossil fuels and their limitations, analyze biofuels and biomass, and understand alternative energy sources. Key topics covered include coal, liquid and gaseous fuels, renewable sources like solar and wind, and alternate sources such as fuel cells and nuclear energy. Student assessment includes end semester exams, mid semester exams, internal assessments.
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Petroleum is refined into many important products through fractional distillation. These petroleum products, also called petrochemicals, are used as fuels like gasoline, diesel and kerosene. However, petrochemicals also serve as feedstocks for many other materials like plastics, solvents, lubricants, and pharmaceuticals. The petroleum industry produces fuels and materials that are essential to modern life.
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Organic chemistry
Crude oil is formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years. It is separated into fractions by fractional distillation based on boiling points. The lighter fractions such as liquefied petroleum gas and gasoline are used as fuels, while heavier fractions such as lubricating oils and bitumen have other industrial uses. "Cracking" converts heavier fractions into smaller, more useful molecules like alkenes needed for plastics production. Alkenes polymerize to form large plastic polymer molecules. However, plastics cause waste and pollution problems as they do not biodegrade.
fuels
The document discusses fuels and their chemical reactions during combustion. It begins by covering the structure and composition of crude oil, gasoline, diesel, and natural gas. It then discusses the properties and characteristics of each fuel, including density, boiling points, viscosity, heating value, and composition. The key reactions during combustion are also summarized. Finally, the properties of liquefied petroleum gas are outlined, such as its density, vapour pressure, flammability range, and toxicity.
Lecture 16a Chemcial Reactions and Combstion
General discussion about combustion and fuels.
Thermodynamics II course taught at air university Islamabad by Sijal Ahmed.
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Here are the answers to the questions:
1. In a prokaryotic cell, the genetic material is a single loop of DNA not enclosed in a nucleus.
2. In a eukaryotic cell, the genetic material (DNA) is enclosed within a nucleus.
3. See table below
Prefix Multiple Standard form
centi (cm) 1 cm = 0.01 m x 10-2
milli (mm) 1 mm = 0.001 m x 10-3
micro (μm) 1 μm = 0.000 001 m x 10-6
nano (nm) 1 nm = 0.000 000 001 m x 10-9
4
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The document provides information on cell biology topics including cell structure, transport processes, and cell division. It contains:
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Here are the key steps in cloning plants:
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- 1. 12/04/16 C12 Organic ChemistryC12 Organic Chemistry Syllabus statementsSyllabus statements Statements from Cambridge IGCSE Combined Science syllabus 0653 (for exams in 2016 – 2018)
- 2. 12.1 Fuels12.1 Fuels 1. Recall coal, natural gas and petroleum as fossil fuels that produce carbon dioxide on combustion. 2. Name methane as the main constituent of natural gas. 3. Describe petroleum as a mixture of hydrocarbons and its separation into useful fractions by fractional distillation.
- 3. 12.1 Fuels12.1 Fuels 4. Understand the essential principle of fractional distillation in terms of differing boiling points (ranges) of fractions related to molecular size and intermolecular attractive forces.
- 4. 12.1 Fuels12.1 Fuels 5. State the use of: • refinery gas for bottled gas for heating and cooking, • gasoline fraction for fuel (petrol) in cars, • diesel oil / gas oil for fuel in diesel engines.
- 5. 12.2 Hydrocarbons12.2 Hydrocarbons 1. Describe the properties of alkanes (exemplified by methane) as being generally unreactive, except in terms of burning. 2. State that the products of complete combustion of hydrocarbons, exemplified by methane, are carbon dioxide and water.
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- 7. 12.2 Hydrocarbons12.2 Hydrocarbons 3. Name, identify and draw the structures of methane, ethane, ethene and ethanol. 4. Recognise the alkanes and alkenes from their chemical names or molecular structures. 5. Describe the manufacture of alkenes by cracking. 6. Distinguish between alkanes and alkenes by the addition reaction of alkenes with bromine.