Journal Club Presentation Public Health

1. Journal Club Presentation
Presented By:
Name: Astha Sharma
Roll No: 08
BPH, VIII Semester, SHAS, PU.
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2. Presented for the partial fulfillment of requirement
of
PHA 451 Journal Club/Health Seminar
of
Bachelor of Public Health, VIII Semester,
School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University
under the cardinal supervision of
Assistant Professor Dr. Hari Prasad Kaphle
By
Astha Sharma
Symbol number: 17370185
PU registration number: 2016-1-37-0109
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3. Selected Article for Presentation
Authors: Gambhir Shrestha, Deepak Kumar Yadav, Nidesh Sapkota ,
Dharanidhar Baral, Birendra Kumar Yadav, Avaniendra Chakravartty and
Paras Kumar Pokharel. Depression among inmates in a regional prison of
eastern Nepal: a cross-sectional study.
Journal : BMC Psychiatry
Issue: 1
Volume :17
Page number : 348
DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1514-9
Year: Oct 2017
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4. Journal Information
• Open access, peer-reviewed journal.
• Considers articles on the all aspects of the prevention, diagnosis and management
of psychiatric disorders, as well as related molecular genetics, pathophysiology,
and epidemiology.
• Accepts manuscript submissions through Online Submission.
• Publisher is BioMed Central.
• The ISSN print of the journal is 1471-244X.
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5. Contd..
• The Journal Impact 2019-2020 of BMC Psychiatry is 2.860. (BMC Psychiatry -
Journal Impact Prediction System).
• Editor- Darren Bryne ( Phd in Neuroscience with Psychiatry Genetics )
( Became a manuscript editor in March 2019 )
• Assistant Editor- Maire Clayton
• Levies an article-processing charge of £1690.00/$2380.00/€1990.00 for each
article accepted for publication, plus VAT or local taxes where applicable.
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6. Contd..
• Operates a transparent and double blind peer-review system, where, if the
article is published, the reviewer reports are published online alongside the
article but the reviewer and authors are not named.
• Acceptance rate of the journal is 33.3%
• Total indexing – 79
• Some indexings are- Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scopus, MedLine
PsychInfo, Directory of Open Access Journals , Web of Science etc.
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7. Critical Appraisal of Journal
• Peer reviewed.
• Paid journal
• Easy accessibility of the articles once accepted by the journal.
• Considers articles on the aspect of psychiatric disorders.
• Inclusion in PubMed and all major indexing sites.
• Impact factor of journal is good.
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8. Tittle of Article
Depression among inmates in a regional prison of eastern Nepal: a cross-
sectional study.
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9. Critical Appraisal of Tittle
• The title indicates the topic and focus of the study.
• Title is meaningful.
• Indication of study population and study design.
• Objective is predictable through the title of the study.
• Complete research question is not indicated.
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10. Authors
• Gambhir Shrestha : School of Public Health and Community Medicine, B.P
Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Cancer Prevention, Control
& Research.
• Deepak Kumar Yadav: Department of Psychiatry, B.P Koirala Institute of
Health Sciences, Sunsari, Dharan, Nepal.
• Nidesh Sapkota : Additional Professor and Head in the department of
Psychiatry at B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan,
Nepal(BPKIHS).
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11. contd..
• Dharanidhar Baral: Professor (Assistant).School of Public Health and
Community Medicine Dharan, Nepal
• Avaniendra Chakravartty: Professor of B.P. Koirala Institute of Health
Sciences, Dharan
• Paras Kumar Pokharel: Professor of B.P. Koirala Institute of Health
Sciences, Dharan
• Birendra Kumar Yadav: MBBS, MD (Radiotherapy)
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12. Critical Appraisal of Authors
• Seven authors.
• The names of authors are mentioned clearly.
• Most of the authors affiliated to B.P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences .
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13. Abstract
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14. Critical Appraisal of Abstract
• Abstract of the article is structured.
• Abstract is informative.
• Is comprehensive in its content.
• Appropriate in its length.
• Gives the gist of whole text.
• Information given in the abstract matches with full content of article.
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15. Introduction
Prison population comprises some of the stigmatized and disadvantages individual in
the community.
More than 10.2 millions people are held in penal institution with highest prison
population in United States i.e. approx 2.24 million.
According to the Department of Prison Management, Nepal had 16,315 prisoners as of
mid-year 2014, whom 15,152 (92.9%) were males, 1163 (7.1%) were females and 953
(5.8%) were foreigners.
Mental health problems occurs mainly in prisoners than that of general population. Out
of 9 million prisoners worldwide at least 1 million (11%) suffer from significant
mental disorders.
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16. Contd..
• There can be various factors affecting the mental health of prisoners such
as- overcrowding, lack of privacy, violence social isolation, inadequate
mental health facilities.
• Prisoners are from the community and will return back to the community,
hence their behavior and health should be focused
• Prison should be taken as correctional centers, where the improvement of
their behaviors should be focused.
• In the process of rehabilitating them, their mental health should also be
given upmost priority.
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17. Critical Appraisal of Introduction
• Introduction contains sufficient literature review regarding prisoners and
mental health.
• States the need for the study.
• Includes Various factors that might have association with the mental status
of the prisoners.
• All the citations are followed with correct references in the list of
references.
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18. Materials and methods
Target Population: Prisoners
Target Area : Jhumka regional prison
Study design : Institution based cross-sectional study
Study Population: prisoners of eastern Nepal residing in prison for at least
3 months.
Sample Size: 434( with 20% non-response rate).
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19. Contd..
Sampling : Simple Random sampling was done to select sample unit using
computer generated random number.
Data collection duration : Sept 2014- Aug 2015
Procedure: face to face interview using semi-structured Questionaire
Dependent variable : Depression
Independent variables: socio-demographic characteristics, detention status, self-
reported health problems, substance use status, and suicidal ideation.
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20. Contd..
Statistical Analysis : Data were entered in Microsoft Excel 2007 software
and analyzed in the SPSS, version 17. Chi-square tests and binary logistic
regressions were performed to determine the association between depressive
symptoms and the independent variables.
Ethical Approval: Ethical Approval was taken from Institutional Ethical
Review Board, B.P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences. Permission to
conduct the study in the prison was granted by the Department of Prison
Management, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of Nepal, Written
approval to conduct the study in the prison was taken from the Jailer of
Jhumka Regional Prison.
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21. Critical Appraisal of Materials and Methods
• Design was appropriate for the study.
• All the variables were defined and categorized.
• Simple Random Sampling was used for the sampling of eligible inmates
and sample units were followed by three attempts to include them in the
study.
• Confidentiality and dignity was well maintained.
• Methodology was informative.
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22. Contd..
• Statistical analysis was done well.
• Non response rate were also considered in the study.
• Internal validity was maintained by showing the association.
• Adequate sample size.
• All ethical standard were followed.
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23. Results
• 96.7% agreed to participate. (434 out of 450)
• The prevalence of depression among the inmates was 35.3%.
• Approximately 2.3% reported suicidal ideation during imprisonment and
0.9% had attempted suicide inside the prison.
• Depression was more prevalent among inmates who rated their health as
poor than those who rated their health as good (40.4% vs. 27.9%).
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24. Results contd..
• Formerly incarcerated inmates were nearly twice as likely to be depressed
than first time offenders.
• Inmates who reported that they often encountered health personnel when
they had health problems were more likely to be depressed than those who
reported appointments occasionally.
• The prevalence of depression was found to be higher among inmates with
suicidal ideation (70.0%) than those who did not have suicidal ideation
(34.4%).
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25. Results contd…
• 39.3% inmates who reported weight loss during imprisonment were
depressed, whereas 30.3% inmates who reported no weight loss were found
to be depressed.
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26. Critical Appraisal of Results
• Results were presented in logical and comprehensive manner.
• All results were presented in tables but it could be better if charts and figure were
used.
• Results were explained adequately in text according to tables.
• Data given in the text and table match with each other.
• Results were clear showing the association between variables as mentioned in the
objective of the study.
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27. Discussion
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28. Contd..
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29. Critical Appraisal on Discussion:
• The discussion of the article is meaningful and has highlighted the important
findings of the study.
• Previous study findings were studied comparatively.
• Comparison was logical and reasoned properly.
• Authors have presented the associated factors clearly so it can be used as
foundation for further research for similar hypothesis.
• Both the dependent and independent factors which were assessed were discussed.
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30. Conclusion
• The present findings show a high prevalence of depression among the
inmates in Jhumka Eastern Regional Prison.
• This study has also demonstrated a high rate of substance abuse among the
inmates.
• The association of depression with re-incarceration and frequency of health
consultation indicates the need for further research and the development of
strategies to decrease the rate of re-incarceration.
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31. Recommendations:
• Urgent attention is required to address the mental health problems of the
inmates through proper diagnosis and management, along with the use of
rehabilitation programs.
• Steps should be taken to reintegrate prisoners into the community, to ensure
the continuation of psychiatric care after release, and to decrease social
isolation.
• These actions may further reduce recidivism and protect individuals,
families and the community.
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32. Critical Appraisal of Conclusion
• Conclusion was too short to conclude the overall study.
• The conclusion is supported by the results drawn.
• The research question has been answered.
• Recommendations were based on the result of the study and are relevant.
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33. References
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34. Critical Appraisal of References
• Literature review was done very well and referencing was sufficient.
• Total 54 references were cited.
• There were enough references to recent publications.
• They were cited in Vancouver style which is a scientific convention.
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35. Strengths
• Successfully identified the status of depression among prisoners in which
limited information is available in studies in Nepal.
• Showed the associated factors for depression with main focus in which
some differs from previous studies.
• The articles has recommended some initiative to be taken to reduce
recidivism and protect individuals, families and the community.
• Highlights the importance of mental need of prisoners which will further
helps to reintegrate the inmate into community life.
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36. Strengths contd..
• Suggest a need for psychiatric and rehabilitative care in correctional settings
to improve the health status of the inmates.
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37. Weaknesses
• Findings may not be generalized in all settings due to difference in physical
environment, facilities provided and overall management of the prison etc.
• Some variables have not been assessed in this study such as recreational
activities, availability of mental health facilities which might be the
potential factors for depression.
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38. Overall significance of the article
• Findings are believable as the journal is reliable.
• There has been inadequate research regarding prisoners mental health. The
articles helps to identify the factors and their association with mental health
which are appropriate and evidence based.
• Overall, the article is reliable and easy to understand.
• New hypothesis: The association of depression with re-incarceration and
frequency of health consultation indicates the need for further research.
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39. Contribution in conducting my research.
Title : Depression and its Associated Factors Among the Prisoners of
Gandaki Province.
• Sampling techniques and tool for accessing depression can be used similarly
in my research.
• Findings of the article can be compared with that of my study.
• References used in the article can be the guiding material for my study.
• Will be helpful for overall conduction of the research.
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40. Questions?
Quarries?
Suggestions?
Feedbacks?
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41. Thank You!
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