This document provides a summary of a journal club presentation by Alisha Bhandari. The presentation summarizes an article titled "Factors and Pattern of Injuries Associated with Road Traffic Accidents in Hilly District of Nepal" published in the Journal of Biosciences and Medicines in 2017. The presentation includes details about the authors, journal, article, methods used in the study, and a critical appraisal. It aims to fulfill the requirements for a public health course at Pokhara University.

1. Journal Club Presentation
Presented By:
Name: Alisha Bhandari
Roll No: 3
BPH, VIII Semester, SHAS, PU.
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2. Presented for the partial fulfillment of requirement
of
PHA 451 Journal Club/Health Seminar
of
Bachelor of Public Health, VIII Semester,
School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University
under the cardinal supervision of
Assistant Professor Dr. Hari Prasad Kaphle
By
Alisha Bhandari
<17370180>
<2016-1-37-0104>
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3. Selected Article for Presentation
• Authors: Vijaya Laxmi Shrestha, Dharma Nand Bhatta, Krishna Man
Shrestha, Krishna Bahadur GC, Sudarshan Paudel
• Tittle of article journal: Factors and Pattern of Injuries Associated with
Road Traffic Accidents in Hilly District of Nepal
• Journal name: Journal of Biosciences and Medicines
• Year: 2017
• Volume: Vol.05
• Issue: No.12
• Page number: 13 pages
• DOI: 10.4236/jbm.2017.512010
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4. Journal Information
• Scientific Research Publishing (SCIRP) is one of the largest Open Access
journal publishers.
• It is currently publishing more than 200 open access, online, peer-reviewed
journals covering a wide range of academic disciplines.
• It serves the worldwide academic communities and contributes to the
progress and application of science with its publication.
• All SCIRP journals are available at http://www.scirp.org/journal
• ISSN Print: 2327-5081
ISSN Online: 2327-509X
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5. Editor-in-Chief :
• Prof. Ahsan Jamil Kazi Universiti Teknologi, Malaysia
• Centre of Studies for Preclinical Science
• Professor
• Email: kazi@salam.uitm.edu.my, kaziahsanjamil@gmail.com
• Qualifications
• 1999 Ph.D., Kagoshima University, Japan, Oral biochemistry & Molecular
Biology
• 1987 Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS), Dhaka Dental College, Dhaka
University, Bangladesh
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6. Editorial Board
• Dr. Gokul C. Das Baylor College of Medicine, USA
• Prof. Afaf K. El-Ansary King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
• Prof. Dayong Gao University of Washington, USA
• Prof. Loris Grossi Università di Bologna, Italy
• Prof. William Edward Hammond Duke University, USA
• Dr. Christer Jansson Lawrence Berkeley Natl. Lab, Sweden
• Dr. Igor Malyshev Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry,
Russia
• Dr. Roberto Manfredi University of Bologna, Italy
• Dr. Lisa M. Minter University of Massachusetts/Amherst, USA
• Dr. Xiangru Xu Yale University, USA
• Dr. Barbara Zavan University of Padova, Italy
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7. The journal publishes original papers including but not
limited to the following fields
• Biomedical & Life Sciences
• Business & Economics
• Chemistry & Materials Science
• Computer Science & Communications
• Earth & Environmental Sciences
• Engineering
• Medicine & Healthcare
• Physics & Mathematics
• Social Sciences & Humanities
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8. Critical Appraisal of Journal
JBM Journal Stats >>
Publication years 2013-2020
Publication count 811
Citation count 1479
h5-index 15
h-index 15
Impact Factor 0.82
Downloads 1,042,630
Views 1,706,052
Downloads/article 1285.6
Citations/article 2.0
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9. Critical Appraisal of Journal
• Journal of Biosciences and Medicines is an international journal
dedicated to the latest advancement in biosciences and medicines.
• It is an open access and peer reviewed journal.
• The review process is single blind.
• Impact factor of journal is 0.82 (2019).
• Manuscript submission is done online.
• Indexed in 31 sites (Google scholar, Research gate, CrossRef, Open
Access Library, i-scholar) etc.
• The listed stats were calculated based on the citations statistics from
Google Scholar. Updated in December 2019.
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10. Critical Appraisal of Journal
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• Frequency: Quarterly
• Rapid Publish-1.5 Months
• Article Processing Charges (APC) - $299
• APC reductions are given to authors from Low-Income Countries.
• Low cost publication.
• Acceptance/ rejection rate is not available.

11. Tittle of Article
• Factors and Pattern of Injuries Associated with Road Traffic Accidents
in Hilly District of Nepal.
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12. Critical Appraisal of Tittle
• The title indicates the topic and focus of the study.
• Complete as well as meaningful.
• The title is neither too long nor too short.
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13. Authors
1. Vijaya Laxmi Shrestha (VLS)
2. Dharma Nand Bhatta (DNB)
3. Krishna Man Shrestha (KMS)
4. Krishna Bahadur GC (KBGC)
5. Sudarshan Paudel (SP)
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14. Critical Appraisal of Authors
• Vijaya Laxmi Shrestha: Department of Public Health, Hope International
College, Purbanchal University, Lalitpur, Nepal.
• Conceived and designed the experiments, Performed the experiments,
Analyzed the data, Wrote the paper, Designed the structure, conducted
analysis, data collection, interpretation and wrote the draft of the manuscript
and Contributed final draft of manuscript.
• Krishna Man Shrestha: School of Public Health and Community
Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
• Analyzed the data and wrote the paper.
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15. • Dharma Nand Bhatta:
1. Department of Public Health, Nobel College, Pokhara University,
Kathmandu, Nepal.
2. Faculty of Medicine, Epidemiology Unit, Prince of Songkla University,
Hatyai, Thailand.
• He is an epidemiologist and public health research scientist, currently works
at the CTCRE, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Helen Diller Family
Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco.
• 40 publications, 380 citations and 88,001 reads
• Analyzed the data, wrote the paper and contributed final draft of
manuscript.
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16. Krishna Bahadur GC: School of Public Health, Patan Academy of Health
Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal.
• 13 publications,15 citations and 6,856 reads.
• Analyzed the data and contributed final draft of manuscript.
Sudarshan Paudel : School of Public Health, Patan Academy of Health Sciences,
Lalitpur, Nepal.
• Associate Professor at Patan Academy of Health Sciences, School of Public
Health (www.pahs.edu.np), Nepal. Interested in behavioral health, health
promotion, rural health.
• 19 publications, 14 citations and 3,436 reads.
• Analyzed the data and contributed final draft of manuscript.
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17. Critical Appraisal of Authors
• Total 5 authors.
• The authors name are clearly mentioned.
• Authors are associated in variety of academic institutions with
different academic background.
• The authors had given well description of their works on the basis of
their work division.
• Information of some of the author has not been mentioned.
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18. Abstract
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19. Critical Appraisal of Abstract
• Words in abstract is in between 100-300 .
• The purpose in study is clearly stated whereas hypothesis is not defined
here.
• The abstract of the study is well structured.
• The abstract of this study is clear which reflects overall study from
background to the final conclusion.
• The abstract is fully informative.
• The abstract is self explanatory.
• The information in the abstract matches to the information in the detailed
text.
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20. Introduction
• Globally, road traffic accidents (RTA) are common public health problem
and established as the eighth leading cause of death which have similar
impact as other communicable and non-communicable diseases.
• Road traffic accidents (RTA) is one of the leading causes of death in the
world.
• The global trends of RTA will become a fifth leading cause of deaths by
2030
• RTA account for a significant proportion of disability from injury.
• Around 1.24 million people have unnatural deaths and 20 to 50 million
people suffer with non-fatal injuries due to RTA in the world.
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21. • According to WHO report in 2011, injuries due to RTA in Nepal constitutes
1.7% of total mortality. Similarly, the country has lost 0.8% of GDP due to
RTA.
• One of the systematic review on road traffic injuries in Nepal showed that
the mortality rate due to traffic has rise from 4 per 100,000 population in
2001-2002 to 7 per 100,000 in 2011-2012.
• Younger men are most affected, raising concerns for potential detrimental
consequences to local economies.
• Age of the driver, driving time and geographical location of driving are also
responsible factors for RTA.
• Among the various injuries resulted from RTAs, head is the most commonly
affected site among the victims.
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22. Critical Appraisal of Introduction
• The article describes the overall background of the study.
• The purpose of study is clearly stated in which main purpose is to assess the
factors and patterns of injuries associated with Road Traffic Accidents.
• Research question and hypothesis is not clearly defined in the article.
• It has the relevant literatures regarding the topic which are easily accessible.
• The information given are well depicted with their proper referencing.
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23. Materials and methods
• Study Design: A cross-sectional study
• A structured questionnaire was used throughout face-to-face interview.
• Total 112 victims and 56 drivers were interviewed for data collection.
• Victims injured by any motorized vehicles and drivers of both private
and public four or six wheelers were included in the study.
• The Department of Public Health, Hope International College, had
reviewed and approved this study.
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24. Materials and methods
• Ethical clearance:
• Written informed consent was taken from the respondents before they
were interviewed for data collection.
• Privacy, anonymity and right to withdraw were ensured before they
were enrolled in the study.
• Institutional approval was taken from the both hospitals. (United
Mission Hospital and Lumbini Medical College & Research Centre,
Palpa).
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25. Materials and methods
• Sampling and Sample Size Calculation
• The World Health Statistics published by World Health Organization
South East Asian Regional Organization in 2010 [WHO-SEAR 2010]
has revealed 8.8% of total mortality due to injuries and out of total 90
% contributed by RTI. Hence, total burden of RTI is 7.92%.
• With this reference, the sample size was calculated as 111.
• We added one respondent to make it even so that number of drivers
was calculated as 56 (50% of 112).
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26. Materials and methods
• Sampling technique:
• Multistage sampling technique was used.
• Palpa District, a hilly district in central part of Nepal was selected
purposely in the first stage.
• In the second stage, two hospitals namely; United Mission Hospital
and Lumbini Medical College & Research Centre, Palpa were selected
purposely.
• In third stage, accident cases (victims) attending these hospitals were
taken as first category respondents till the required sample was met.
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27. Materials and methods
• RTAs victims were taken from United Mission Hospital and Lumbini
Medical College & Research Centre and the drivers from bus/jeep
station were selected by using consecutive sampling technique.
• Study variables:
• Demographic variables
• Information related to pattern of RTAs among victims
• Factors associated with exposure to RTAs among drivers
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28. Materials and methods
• Statistical Analysis: Percentage, Fisher’s exact test, Binary Logistic
Regression and Odds Ratio.
• Bivariate logistic regression was applied and odds ratio (OR) with
95% confidence interval was presented.
• Statistical Analysis Tools: SPSS version 20 software was used (SPSS
Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) for data analysis.
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29. Critical Appraisal of Materials and Methods
• Structured questionnaire and data collection tools was prepared in English
language then it was translated into Nepali language .
• Another connected district was selected for pre-testing of the questionnaires
and after the pre-testing, required changes in the tools was incorporated.
• Inclusion and exclusion criteria is clearly defined.
• Further, respondents who were unable to speak and have fatal injuries were
excluded from the study.
• First come first interviewed method was applied for the drivers till the
required sample was met.
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30. Critical Appraisal of Materials and Methods
• The study design was appropriate as per the research.
• Study period is not defined .
• Non- response rate is not defined.
• The methods are acceptable and are explained in depth.
• For the collection of scientific and reliable data, proper data collection
methods are used.
• Confidentiality and dignity was well maintained.
• All ethical standard were followed.
• Review and ethical approval of Department of Public Health, Hope
International College is not clearly mentioned.
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31. Results
• 50% of the victims represented the age group 21 – 40 years and 34%
were below 20 years. Majority (71.4%) of the victims were male.
• Highest number of accidents took place on Saturdays (33%).
• Majority (69%) of accidents were in the highway areas.
• Collision between two motorized vehicles (26.8%) was found the
major type of accident.
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32. Results
• Nearly two fifth (38.4%) of the accidents were caused by two wheeler
vehicles and 36.6% were with four wheelers.
• However, negligence of driver (42%) and poor vehicle condition (24.1%)
were the major causes of the accident as reported by the victims.
• Findings showed that half (50.9%) of the victims had minor injury, 42% had
moderate and 7.1% had severe injury.
• Drivers who were engaged in driving greater than 10 hours a day were more
likely to have exposed with accident than those who were engaged in
driving less than or equal 5 hours a day.
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33. Results
• Those who have driving speed more than or equal 40 - 60 km/hr and
more than or equal 60 km/hr were more likely to have exposed with
accident than those who have driving speed less than 40 km/hr.
• Drivers who were from rural area were less likely to have exposed
with accident than those from urban area.
• In driver’s opinion, old and poor condition of the vehicles was
reported to be a major cause of RTAs whereas over speed was the
major cause of RTAs in victim’s opinion.
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34. Critical Appraisal of Results
• The table shows both the descriptive as well as inferential data.
• Results are presented in the form of figures and tables.
• Results are based on the aims and objectives of the study.
• Results has been presented in logical and comprehensible manner.
• Results are clearly interpreted and later discussed on.
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35. Discussion
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36. Critical Appraisal of Discussion
• The discussion of the article is meaningful and has highlighted the
important findings of the study.
• Study has tried to explore the opinions related to RTAs from both
drivers and victims.
• Previous study findings were studied comparatively.
• The comparison between other similar studies is logical and
reasonable.
• With reasonable comparison, all the relevant results have adequate
explanation and are reasoned properly.
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37. Conclusion
Conclusion
• Young age of the driver, over speed, experience of the driving, and long
time driving in a day are the main factors associated with the exposure of
RTAs.
• Careless driving, old and poor vehicle condition and low knowledge related
to RTAs are other crucial causes of RTAs.
Recommendations
• Strong road traffic rules related to road safety and education for driver and
other people related to RTAs is the urgent need to reduce the number of
RTAs.
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38. Critical Appraisal of Conclusion
• The conclusion is believable and meaningful.
• The conclusion is supported by the result drawn.
• Appropriate suggestions and recommendations are made.
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39. References
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40. Critical Appraisal of References
• References is based on Vancouver style.
• Citation time is clearly defined.
• Author are responsible for ensuring that the information in each
reference is complete and accurate.
• A total of 27 references have been mentioned.
• There are references for every citation in the article.
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41. Strengths
1. The findings of this research were based on the interview with not only
RTA victims but also with the current drivers so that the actual factors
were driven from both perspectives.
2. There were no studies done prior to this although this was highly risk area
for RTA so this could help in further researches and mitigate the incidents.
3. The findings of study can be applied to similar type of hilly district.
4. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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42. Weaknesses
• The fatal cases were not included in this study so the causes of
mortality due to RTAs could not be gathered.
• The study was conducted in small city so the findings may not be
generalized to all cities.
• Hypothesis is not clearly mentioned.
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43. Overall significance of the article
• The findings of this study are believable as the references to the
previous studies have also undertaken and considered.
• The evidence generate that the knowledge, trainings, practice related
to road traffic injuries have the direct impact and can be prevented the
further road traffic accidents.
• More than half of the victims were educated up to secondary level and
those with higher education were very less. It signifies that lack or no
traffic awareness might have led to the road accidents.
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44. Overall significance of the article
• This study will aware the general people about risk factors and
patterns related to Road Traffic Accidents which may cause death and
disability.
• As Nepal is an under developed country, and RTA becomes the main
leading cause of deaths and disability. This study rise a question that;
• “Can road traffic injuries related training reduce the number of
accidents including deaths and disability?”
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45. Contribution for my research
• My research title is “Knowledge on Risk Factors of Road Traffic
Accidents and it’s Preventive Practices Among 2 Wheelers Riders of
16-25 Years Age Group of Pokhara”.
• This article would be helpful in defining study variables, risk factors
related to RTA, designing study questionnaire based upon those
variables, data collection tools and techniques, appropriate sampling
techniques, study methodology and finalizing the data analysis.
• Literature review for research proposal.
• Helps to reduce possible errors in my research.
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46. Questions?
Quarries?
Suggestions?
Feedbacks?
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47. Thank You!
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