33 part 3-earthsoft-water - pollution-challenges-solution

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About us

• Water cycle
• What is pollution
• Form of Pollution
• Types of Pollution
• Causes
• Effect
• Prevention
• Ground water
• Water quality
• Diseases
• Solutions
Index
• Prevention and control
• Solutions
• Waste water treatment
• Clean production
• Solutions
• Suggestions
• Legislation
• Assessment
• Statistics
• Sanitation
• Septic Systems
• Sewage treatment

Challenges

Challenges- Industry
Over
exploitation
Over
exploitation
Groundwater
depletion
Groundwater
depletionPollutionPollution
Land
Degraded
Land
Degraded
Agriculture
Spoiled
Groundwater &
Surface water polluted
Groundwater &
Surface water polluted
Health
Issues
Health
Issues

Challenges- Government
• Inefficient Government – State construction
• Lack of integrated water management
• Inadequate enforcement of environment
legislation relating to water
• Insufficient facilities for waste water treatment
• Insufficient local technological research on
water

Challenges - Public
• Wasting Water
• Polluting Water

Challenges – Climate change
• 2020 India will become a water stressed nation.
• 66 million Indians in 20 states are at risk due to
excess fluoride
• 10 million due to excess arsenic in groundwater
• Out of these 6.3 lakh rural schools only 44 %
have water supply facilities
• Half of all Indian children are undernourished
and half of all adult women suffer from anaemia.

Challenges
• 37.7 million Indians are affected by waterborne
diseases annually
• 1.5 million children are estimated to die of
diarrhoea alone
• 180 million working days are lost due to
waterborne disease each year
• Economic burden is estimated at $600 million a
year.
• 1,95,813 habitations in the country are affected
by poor water quality.

Challenges
• India’s rivers carry 90% of the water during the
period from June to November, but only 10% is
available during the other six months.
• Biofuel threatens India’s water supply.
• 161 of out of approximately 600 districts in India
have been declared drought.
• At least 45% of India's land area is degraded.
• 90% of the sewage generated by municipal
councils and over 50% of sewage discharged by
municipal corporations goes untreated

Challenges
• Overview of the major problems:
• Drinking Water
• Inadequate and intermittent supply of drinking
water
• Metallic and bacterial pollution of water
• Inadequate piped water supply in rural areas
and some urban slum areas
• Loss of water in transmission (distribution) and
storage
• Lack of financial resources for improvements.

Challenges
• Affect agriculture production
• Insufficient local technological research on
water
• Lack of integrated water management
• Inadequate enforcement of environment
legislation relating to water
• Lack of control over-exploitation of groundwater
resources
• Insufficient facilities for waste water treatment

Challenges- Industrial water
• Inadequate enforcement of special water regime
for industries requiring considerable amounts of
water
• Inability of municipal water supplier to meet
increasing demands of existing & new industries

Challenges
Uncontrolled exploitation of ground water by
some industrial establishments
Safety of industrial establishments from surplus
surface water and floods
Lack of proper draining
facilities

Challenges
• River Yamuna- “the principal drain for New
Delhi’s waste.”
• “Residents pour 150 million gallons of sewage
into the river each day.”
• “In New Delhi the Yamuna itself is clinically
dead.”
• River Ganges- “River of Dead Bodies”

Challenges
• The World's Most Polluted Places (Times
survey)
• Sukinda, India
• Number of people
potentially affected: 2,600,000
• Groundwater in Sukinda is believed to be
contaminated with chromium. Sukinda, which
contains one of the largest open cast chromite
ore mines in the world, 60% of the drinking
water contains hexavalent chromium

Challenges
• Most common reasons for not enough supply
• Not enough rain or drought
• Changes to a river basin
• Wells run dry

Water Pollution Solutions
What can we contribute?

Prevention
• Better to NOT pollute than to clean up later
• Clean up is expensive
• Clean up never complete get completed

Prevention and control
• Various ways and technique suggested for
prevention and control of water pollution are
following
• Stabilization of eco-system.
• Re-utilization or recycling of wastes

Pollution Control
Measures of pollution control :
• Public awareness.
• Minimizing the use of polypacks.
• Use of fuel-efficient automobiles.
• Effective traffic management.
• Fertilizers & pesticides to be used in adequate
quantity as minimum as possible
• Plantation of native species of plants.
• Solid wastes should be pre-treated & re-cycled.
• Proper laws to be enforced

Solutions
• Solutions: Preventing and Reducing Surface
Water Pollution
Nonpoint Sources
• Reduce runoff
• Buffer zone vegetation
• Reduce soil erosion
Point Sources
• Clean Water Act
• Water Quality Act

ONLY SOLUTION
IS
CLEANER PRODUCTION
Clean production

Do You Want?

Solution
Progress is Must,
But
Environment is
First.

Solution
• Solutions to water problems require the
consideration of cultural, educational,
communication and scientific aspects.
• Plant Trees
• Avoid Pollution
• Conserve water
• Technologies and Innovations
• Water Purification Systems
• Seawater desalination
• Water Footprint

Solution
• The much-awaited seawater desalination plant,
the largest in the country with a capacity of 100
MLD (million litres per day), coming up near
Minjur about 35 km north of Chennai .
• Under the technology, developed by the
National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT),
warm water is pumped into a vacuum flash
chamber and the resultant vapour is condensed
using cold water to get crystal clear potable
water.
• Desalinated water is of a better quality and the
cost is only 6 paise per litre.

Solution-Water foot print
• To manage the water consumption better.
• A water footprint measures the total amount of
water it takes for a company to manufacture and
transport a product, or for a city, country, or
business to operate.
• Calculating water footprints can help businesses
and communities better understand and prepare
for the impacts of global water scarcity,
according to experts.
• Such data allows companies to identify potential
water savings and plan for future shortages

Solution
• Rain Water Harvesting
• Irrigation Water Management
• Hydrological projects - Construction of Dams
• Artificial Recharge to Ground Water through
Dug well

River linking project

Solution
• Try to do things each day that will save water
• Don't worry if the saving is minimal, every drop
counts! You can make a difference.
• To use only the amount you actually need
• Form a group of water-conscious people and
encourage friends & neighbors to be in group
• Promote water conservation in community
newsletters and on bulletin boards.
• Encourage your friends, neighbors and co-
workers to also contribute.
• Encourage family to keep looking for new ways
to conserve water in and around your home.

Solution
• Make sure that your home is leak-free.
• Many homes have leaking pipes that go
unnoticed.
• Do not leave the tap running while you are
brushing your teeth or soaping your face.

Solution
• Avoid flushing the toilet unnecessarily.
• When washing the car, use water from a bucket
and not a hosepipe.
• Do not throw away water that has been used for
washing vegetables, rice or dals.
• Use it to water plants or to clean the floors, etc.
• You can store water in a variety of ways.
• To place a drum on a raised platform directly
under the rainwater collection source.
• You can also collect water in a bucket during
the rainy season.
• Donate fund for ongoing projects.

Solution
• Water awareness groups among social media
networking sites like Twitter, Facebook are
creating new trend among the social awareness
groups.
• Web 2.0 concept helps to bridge gap between
the people – more interactive
• By doing this water project, I have learned more
about saving a drop of water rather using
wordpress
• Its not a solution to be found, it should be a
RESOLUTION everyone should take.

Solution
sAvE wAtEr
SaVe WoRlD

• Of all the water in the world, only 3% is fresh.
• < 1/3rd
of 1% fresh water is available for us
• The rest is frozen in glaciers or polar ice caps,
or is deep within the earth, beyond our reach.
• If 100 liters represents the world's water, about
half a tablespoon of it is fresh water available
• Increase in world's population as more people
live cities and big towns
• Increase in farming because farmers start
growing more crops
• Increase in money earned results people use a
lot more water in dishwashers & lawn sprinklers
Why save water?

• Few ideas for educating the importance of water
• Paint pictures, view or present performances or
sing songs that convey conservation message
• Read, circulate, debate water related articles
• Write stories about the role that water plays
• Discuss how water quality and quantity can
impact the health of the people
• Investigate the role that water plays globally
• Understand the amount of water used in
• Study the water cycle, understand the
importance of water for life and how plants and
animals adapt to different water conditions
Ideas to save water

• Understand the role of water in geological
formations or atmospheric conditions.
• Investigate the development of water supply
and water treatment
• Understand how these technologies consider
the environment and society in order to support
economic growth
Ideas to save water

Saving water in home
• Running water is required for an endless list of
uses in and around the home.
• Imagine living in a house without running
water...For some this might be a nightmare
• Be careful while using water in our homes!
• Understand easy & effective ways to reduce the
use of precious drinking water in our gardens.
• Water the plants as per real need
• We can't afford gardens that require excessive
amounts of water.

Save water - Businesses
Opportunities to reduce water used in businesses
like factory, office, restrooms or canteen
HOSPITALITY
Good water
management in
hospitality will
help protect
environment.
FOOD
PROCESSING
Saving water can
result in better
hygiene and
reduction in costs.
NURSERIES
Water efficiency also
encourages good
business practices.
CONSTRUCTION
Good water
management in
hospitality will help
protect environment.
TEXTILES
Saving water can
result in better
hygiene and
reduction in costs.
MANUFACTURING
Water efficiency also
encourages good
business practices.

Save water - Agriculture
While agriculture is one of our country's most
significant water users, some innovative solutions
have been developed to improve water use
efficiency and maintain or even increase yields.
COTTON
Efficient water
management is vital
for cotton growers to
achieve high yields
RICE
Rice is the main crop
of India and it
requires a lot of water
for sowing, growing,
cleaning, etc.
DAIRY
The dairy industry uses
water for irrigation of
pastures, watering
stock and cleaning
dairy sheds.

Saving water in horticulture
• Horticulture industry includes production of fruit,
vegetables, wine and ornamental plants.
• Horticulture production is intensive in water use.
• To improve water use efficiency, farmers should
use irrigation methods that are appropriate to
the crop
• They must monitor and maintain irrigation
system performance and manage water usage
in terms of needs of the crop and local weather
conditions.

Saving water in home A to Z
• A dripping tap could waste as much as 90 liters
a week.
• Brushing your teeth with the tap running wastes
almost 9 liters a minute. Rinse out from a
tumbler instead.
• Cool water kept in the fridge means you won't
have to run the tap for ages to get a cold drink.
• Don't use washing machine until you've got a
full load. A full load uses less than 2 half loads.
• Every time you boil an egg save the cooled
water for your houseplants. They'll benefit from
the nutrients released from the shell.

• Fit a water saving device in your cistern and
save up to three liters a flush.
• Grow grass a little longer. It will stay greener
than a close mown lawn and need less
watering.
• Hoeing stimulates the growth of plants, reduces
water loss from the soil surface and removes
weeds that take up valuable water and
nutrients.
• Installing a water meter can save you water and
money by monitoring how much you use.
• Just taking a five minute shower very day,

• Kettles should be filled with enough water for
your needs but not to the brim. This will reduce
your fuel bills too.
• Lag your pipes to avoid bursts and leave your
heating on a low setting while you are out in
cold weather to prevent pipes freezing.
• Mulch for moisture in the garden. Adding a layer
of tree bark, compost, coconut husks or even
newspaper keeps the sun off the soil and
retains precious moisture.
• No further watering is usually required for
established trees and shrubs.

• Once a week is all the watering your lawn needs
even in the hottest weather.
• Purchasing a water butt will help you to collect
rain water for use on the garden.
• Question your local garden centre about the
water requirements of different plants. Some
thrive in drier conditions.
• Replacing a toilet cistern can save water.
• Sprinklers can be wasteful. It can use water in
an hour as a family of four will use in a day!
• Trigger nozzles can save water by using it only
when needed.

• Use the dirty water when cleaning a fish tank on
houseplants. It's rich in nitrogen & phosphorus,
which provides an excellent fertilizer.
• Very 'water efficient' washing machines and
dishwashers to be used.
• You'll find that they save on energy too.
• Water garden at the coolest part of the day to
reduce evaporation.
• Xeriscape , a plants that require less water.
• You turn the hot tap down, rather than the cold
tap up, if you require cooler water.
• Z The end of the alphabet but not the end of
water saving ideas – pl convey us as many!

Saving water
Do you leave the tap
on when you clean
your teeth?
You waste 5 litres of
water.
You only need ¼ litre!
Do you leave the tap
on when you clean
your teeth?
You waste 5 litres of
water.
You only need ¼ litre!

An average bath uses
80 litres of water.
An average shower only
uses 35 litres.
An average bath uses
80 litres of water.
An average shower only
uses 35 litres.
Saving water

Prevent pollution

• 1. Conserve water by turning off the tap when
running water is not necessary. This helps
prevent water shortages and reduces the
amount of contaminated water that needs
treatment.
• 2. Be careful about what you throw down your
sink or toilet. Don’t throw paints, oils or other
forms of litter down the drain.
• 3. Use environmentally household products,
such as washing powder, household cleaning
agents and toiletries.
Ways to conserve water

• 4. Take great care not to overuse pesticides and
fertilisers. This will prevent runoffs of the
material into nearby water sources.
• 5. By having more plants in your garden you are
preventing fertiliser, pesticides and
contaminated water from running off into nearby
water sources.
• 6. Don’t throw litter into rivers, lakes or oceans.
Help clean up any litter you see on beaches or
in rivers and lakes, make sure it is safe to
collect the litter and put it in a nearby dustbin.
• 7. Segregate the cotton, paper & plastic waste
Ways to conserve water

Preventive measures
• New techniques that need no water are highly
beneficial. Some of the wet processes should
be replaced by the dry processes. For example,
metal pickling once carried out by acids is
replaced by sand blasting in which no liquid
effluent is generated.
• To minimize the volume of effluents, the waste
water that is less polluted may be used in
rinsing. For instance, in the mercerizing of yarn,
the final rinse water containing little alkali is
used for the first and second rinsing of yarn
containing excess alkali.

Preventing water pollution
• Rivers should not be used for washing clothes
or bathing animal
• Dams and embankments must be created
• The rivers must not be contaminated

Remedial measures
• Locate the point sources of pollution.
• Work against acid rain.
• Educate your community.
• Ensure sustainable sewage treatment.
• Watch out for toxins.
• Be careful what you throw away & where
• Use water efficiently.
• Prevent pollution .
• Think globally, act locally.

Rethink storage
• Renewed interest in storage
infrastructure for irrigation
particularly in sub-Saharan Africa
• Explore wide range of options:
large scale reservoirs, small
village ponds, groundwater,
water harvesting (i.e. soil
moisture storage), virtual storage
(food)
• Diversity of storage options within
a basin
• New hydropower schemes and

Reform water governance
• By demonstrating that evidence based policy
and management works best
• By policies and institutional reform
• By improved determination of water rights
• By better valuation and pricing of water that
protects the rights of the poor
• By improved management systems that are
equitable and gender friendly

Water pollution control
• Methods of controlling water pollution fall into
three general categories:
• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary

Levels of seperation
Primary
• Removal of grit and large objects by physical
separation.
Secondary
• Aerobic microbiological process
• Lowers suspended solid contents into sludge
Tertiary
• Anaerobic microbiological process
• Re-oxygenated

Water pollution control

Groundwater pollution prevention
• Monitor aquifers
• Find less hazardous substitutes
• Leak detection systems
• Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal
• Store hazardous materials above ground

Reducing water pollution
• Non point source
• Septic tanks and sewers

Pollution : Agriculture
• 2002: feed lot ruling
• Credit trading
• Agricultural: soil erosion, reforestation, cover
crops, reduced fertilizers and pesticides, buffer
zones

Protection of water
• Protection of water resources is primarily on the
technical solution, such as:
• The application of technology without
wastewater
• Of aeration of stagnant water
• By closing water circuits
• For mine water recycling and re-injection of
water into the ground
• To secure the dumps and landfills
• A wastewater treatment

Solutions
• Prevent groundwater contamination
• Greatly reduce nonpoint runoff
• Reuse treated wastewater for irrigation
• Find substitutes for toxic pollutants
• Work with nature to treat sewage
• Practice four R's of resource use (refuse,
reduce, recycle, reuse)
• Reduce resource waste
• Reduce air pollution
• Reduce poverty
• Reduce birth rates

Suggestions
• Never dump anything into city street drains.
• Check your vehicle for any leaks that could
pollute waterways when flushed down city
drains.
• Don't let water run while you are washing or
brushing your teeth
• Replace taps with water-saving models.
• Don't dump unwanted prescriptions down the
toilet or the drain.

Great Tips
Below are several great tips you can use
to help prevent water pollution

Recycle Your Motor Oil

Take Care of Septic Tank
• One way to make sure you have clean water
around your home is to properly maintain your
septic tank. If it is not taken care of, the water
from the tank can contaminate nearby water
sources.
• Septic tanks are especially susceptible to
breeding deadly bacteria. Make sure to have
your tank inspected regularly and pumped when
needed.

Be Educated About Your
Car Wash Options
• Certain car washes do not dispose of the water
they use properly. You should try to only use car
washes that make sure to dispose of their water
in a way that does not harm the environment.
• Many car washes also recycle their water. This
practice can both protect water supplies as well
as increase water conservation.

Use Natural Pesticides
and Fertilizers
• Fertilizers and pesticides are some of the most
common sources of water pollution in the world.
If you have a garden, make sure to try to use
more natural alternatives that will leave less of
an impact on the environment.
• Avoid pesticides that contain harmful chemicals.
Instead, go for pesticides that include
ingredients like pyrethrum and insecticide soap.

Choices for fertilizer
• More natural choices for fertilizer include things
such as animal dung, lawn clippings and ash
from wood. In fact, many of these choices can
enrich soil much better than most commercial
fertilizers.

Use Environmentally
Friendly Products
• Consumers should also be mindful of the
household products they use that could
potentially harm local water sources. E.g.certain
kinds of soap are not actually biodegradable
• Biodegradable soap is available in the market
and will not leave any kind of lasting imprint on
water sources once it goes down the drain.
Vinegar can also be a great alternative to
bleach and chemical based cleaners.

Take Better Care of lawn
• How you clean your lawn can also help affect
water quality near your home. One way to make
sure a local water supply is not contaminated is
to make sure grass clippings do not enter a
nearby drain.
• More carefully sweeping and picking up your
grass can help prevent this from happening.

4 R’s
Refuse, Reduce, Recycle, Reuse

No dumping

Sanitation lead better life
• Using a large piece of paper decide how
improved sanitation can help well being

Sanitation

Politics
• Often politics and war can play a role in
contamination and mass movement of people
increasing the likelihood of water stress

Legislation
• Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970
• --control of oil pollution; work to eliminate acid
mine drainage, pollution of Great Lakes
• CLEAN WATER ACT OF 1972
• --billions of $ to clean up nation’s waters;
modern sewage treatment plants—huge affect
• Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980
• ---superfund!

• The graph shows reported pollution incidents
since 1989-1994. If stronger legislations would
have avoided these occurrences
Legislation

Assessment of pollution
• The degree of pollution is determined by the
indicators of pollution, i.e. concentration of the
substance in milligrams per 1 dm ³ of water.
• One of the most important indicators of surface
water pollution is the concentration of dissolved
oxygen, maximum value of 8.9 mg/dm3.
• Lower concentration of oxygen indicates the
pollution of organic compounds, biochemical
degradation, decrease in oxygen concentrations
below 4 mg/dm3 causes death of many aquatic
organisms

Assessment of pollution
Other indicators of pollution of natural waters are:
• Biochemical oxygen demand, which is a
measure of the content of biochemical
degradable organic compounds
• Chemical oxygen demand - a measure of the
contents of all organic compounds
• The presence of suspended mineral and
organic
• Inorganic and organic compounds of nitrogen,
phosphorus.

Statistics
• One of every five people in the world lacks
access to safe drinking water.
• Ninety-five percent of people in developed
countries and 74% of people in developing
countries have access to clean drinking water.
• In a warmer world, too much rain and too little
rain can increase water pollution.

85
Septic Systems
• Technological approach : Require suitable soil
and maintenance

Septic Systems
• Technological approach : Require suitable soil
and maintenance

Sewage treatment
Advanced (Tertiary) Sewage Treatment
• Uses physical and chemical processes
• Removes nitrate and phosphate
• Expensive
• Not widely used

Sewage treatment
• Physical and biological treatment

Sewage treatment
• Primary
• Screens and settling tanks remove grit &
suspended organic matter.
• Secondary
• Sewage aerated; aerobic bacteria consume
organic matter
• Leave dissolved inorganics, NO3, PO4, etc.
• Tertiary
• Filters most dissolved inorganics and remaining
dissolved organic compounds

Primary Sewage treatment
90
• Screens and settling tanks remove grit &
suspended organic matter.

Secondary Sewage treatment
• Sewage aerated; aerobic bacteria consume
organic matter
• Leave dissolved inorganics, NO3, PO4, etc.

Sewage treatment
• Tertiary
• Filters most dissolved inorganics and remaining
dissolved organic compounds
• Can be done biologically in wetlands
• Natural
• Artificial

Advanced Sewage treatment
• Uses physical and chemical processes
• Removes nitrate and phosphate
• Expensive
• Not widely used

Wetlands to treat sewage
Technological Approach

Wastewater Treatment Tech
Waste water treatment
• Mechanical-consisting
of the removal of
insoluble impurities
• Chemical-precipitation
consisting of certain
soluble compounds or
their neutralization
• In the biological
wastewater treatment
technologies, involving
the purification of
pollutants by the action
of microorganisms

Waste water treatment
• The primary objective of wastewater treatment
is to protect the natural environment, and above
all to protect the purity of surface waters.

Waste water treatment plants

Wastewater Treatment

Be the solution
• You are the solution to the pollution

Pollution as a Bomb

Save the earth

References
• www.wikipedia.org; www.google.com, www.slideshare.net
• Gannon; Osmond, , Humenik, Gale, Spooner, Agricultural Water Quality Water resource
• U.S.A. Environmental protection agency, washington, dc (usa)
• MacKenzie, SH The Ecosystem ISLAND PRESS, CA (USA), 1996, 240
• Water pollution and society ByDavid Krantz and Brad Kifferstein
• Water pollution, By Mahesh & Ram, By Shohail Motahir Choudhury, Prasen Raptan,Executive
Director,Jankalyana
• Living in the Environment, By G. Tyler Miller’s
• Authors Arnone Matteo,Belingheri Omar,Fasce Federico,Migliorino Lorenzo,Ernest Kyć,
• Michał Stolarski,Adam Chłąd,Kamil Tratkiewicz
• Water Pollution by Dr. B. Victor
• Refresher course on sewage treatment plant design by PAUL
• Trends and Scenarios in Agricultural Development by COLIN CHARTRES; International Water Management
Institute
• Diamond Energy Water. The close relationship between Water & Our Body. 19 April 2008
• <http://www.be-with-you.com/dew/WaterAndOurBody.html>.
• We Rise. Water Facts. Allabout_facts. 15 May 2008 <www.werise.us/allabout_facts.html>
• “Olympic Science: The Hydration Rate.” Popular Mechanics. August 2008. 68.
• Water Security: Leadership and Commitment by Shuichi Hirayama
• Environmental Pollutants By Dr.Rathnakar U.P.MD.DIH.PGDHM (K.M.C. Mangalore)
• Water Pollution By DiGiT
• Water Pollution & Cleanup By Andrew J Penniman
• Water Pollution by Home
• Air, Water and Soil pollution - By B.Tungalagtuya
• John Rodgers - Lecture 8: Water Pollution
• pppst.com
• kangenforall.com

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