3. Is There Really A Water Crisis?
Over 1 billion people lack access to safe water
2 out of 3 people will be living with water shortages by 2025
Half of the world's wetlands have been lost since 1900.
The basis for most projections for future conflicts is that with the
growth of demand, the decline in freshwater availability , and the
adverse health effects from poor water quality, scarcity will result
in violence and water wars.
YES
6. The global situation
• Less than 3% of the world’s water is
fresh – the rest is seawater and
undrinkable.
• Of this 3% over 2.5% is frozen, locked
up in Antarctica, the Arctic and glaciers,
and not available to man.
• Thus humanity must rely on this 0.5%
for all of man’s and ecosystem’s fresh
water needs.
7. TheIndiansituation
Previous PM's Independence Day Speech, 2009
Dr Manmohan Singh, said:
“Climate change is threatening our ecosystems; water scarcity
is becoming a way of life and pollution is a growing threat to
our health and habitat.”
8. TheIndiansituation
The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra
Modi, today said that focus on water
conservation should be an integral
part of all water supply initiatives.
9. TheIndiansituation
Chairing a high-level meeting on the National Rural Drinking Water
Programme, the Prime Minister also said that while planning for rural
areas, a clear provision should be made for the water requirement of
cattle and other related needs. It was observed that following the
increase in devolution of funds to States in accordance with the
recommendations of the Finance Commission, States could spend a
portion of the additional funds available, for drinking water supply
projects.
10. TheIndiansituation
Union Minister for Union Minister of Rural Development,
Panchayati Raj, Sanitation and Drinking Water, Chaudhary
Birender Singh was present at the meeting.
11. India has 16 % of the world’s population and 4% of its fresh water
resources.
TheIndiansituation
Water availability(Rank):
Weighted average: 14.0 thousand cubic
metres
# 1 Iceland: 294.34 thousand cubic
metres
# 47 USA: 7.09 thousand cms
# 68 UK: 3.1 thousand cms
# 89 China: 1.72 thousand cms
# 93 India: 1.56 thousand
cubic metres
# 141 Botswana: -7.46 thousand cubic
metres
Severe water stress:
Weighted average: 25.5 %
#1 Israel: 100 %
# 23 India: 80.2 %
# 36 China: 44.7 %
# 42 United States: 31.3 %
# 51 United Kingdom: 21 %
13. TheIndiansituation
• Groundwater is the major
source of water in our country
with 85% of the population
dependent.
• Groundwater water table
decline - 33 centimeters per
year.
14. TheIndiansituation
• Fresh water (rain and snow)availability - 4,000 BCM
Most of which returns to the seas via rivers.
• Surface and ground water availability - 1,869 BCM.
Of this, 40 % is not available.
Groundwater Consumption:
• 92% - Agricultural
• 5% - Industrial
• 3% - Domestic.
Surface water Consumption:
• 89% - Agricultural
• 2% - Industrial
• 9% - Domestic.
16. TheIndiansituation
• Brazil
• Russia
• China
• Canada,
• Indonesia
• U.S
• India
• Columbia
• Democratic Republic
of Congo.
Fewer than 10 countries possess 60% of the world’s available
fresh water supply:
17. The Indiansituation
India receives abundant rains compared to other water scared
countries but…
This map shows how
much water the Indian
infrastructure fails to
store!
18. • Indian government is too focused on economic growth, instead of
facilitating in basic human needs.
• Poor water Management system.
• Biofuel threatens India water supply.
• Package Water Industries are encouraged.
The Indiansituation
The Indian Government
22. Challenges
Government
• Inefficient Government – State construction
• Lack of integrated water management
• Inadequate enforcement of environment legislation relating to
water
• Insufficient facilities for waste water treatment
• Insufficient local technological research on water
24. Challenges
• Climate change.
• 2020 India will become a water stressed nation.
• 66 million Indians in 20 states are at risk due to excess fluoride
• 10 million due to excess arsenic in groundwater
• Out of these 6.3 lakh rural schools only 44 % have water supply
facilities
• Half of all Indian children are undernourished and half of all
adult women suffer from anaemia.
25. Challenges
• 37.7 million Indians are affected by waterborne diseases
annually
• 1.5 million children are estimated to die of diarrhoea alone
• 180 million working days are lost due to waterborne disease
each year
• Economic burden is estimated at $600 million a year.
• 1,95,813 habitations in the country are affected by poor water
quality.
26. Challenges
• India’s rivers carry 90% of the water during the period from
June to November, but only 10% is available during the other six
months.
• Biofuel threatens India’s water supply.
• 161 of out of approximately 600 districts in India have
been declared drought.
• At least 45% of India's land area is degraded.
• 90% of the sewage generated by municipal councils and
over 50% of sewage discharged by municipal corporations
goes untreated
27. Challenges
Overview of the major problems:
Drinking Water
• Inadequate and intermittent supply of drinking water
• Metallic and bacterial pollution of water
• Inadequate piped water supply in rural areas and some urban
slum areas
• Loss of water in transmission (distribution) and storage
• Lack of financial resources for improvements.
28. Challenges
• Affect agriculture production
• Insufficient local technological research on water
• Lack of integrated water management
• Inadequate enforcement of environment legislation relating to
water
• Lack of control over-exploitation of groundwater resources
• Insufficient facilities for waste water treatment
29. Challenges
Industrial Water
• Inadequate enforcement of special water
regime for industries requiring considerable
amounts of water
• Inability of municipal water supply
organizations to meet increasing
demands of existing and new industries
30. Challenges
Uncontrolled exploitation of ground water by some industrial
establishments
Safety of industrial establishments from surplus surface water and
floods
Lack of proper draining facilities
31. Challenges
River Yamuna- “the principal drain for New Delhi’s waste.”
“Residents pour 150 million gallons of sewage into the river each
day.”
“In New Delhi the Yamuna itself is clinically dead.”
River Ganges- “River of Dead Bodies”
32. Challenges
Groundwater in Sukinda is believed to be contaminated with
chromium. Sukinda, which contains one of the largest open cast
chromite ore mines in the world, 60% of the drinking water contains
hexavalent chromium
The World's Most Polluted Places (Times survey)
Sukinda, India
Number of people potentially affected:
2,600,000
33. Market Study
Supply & Demand
There are two dominant features in current global water
consumption patterns:
The supply of fresh water is limited, but demand is growing steadily.
Many countries are failing to satisfy the basic need to provide
sufficient quantities of water of acceptable quality.
The development of the water market is being shaped by four mega
trends:
• global population growth.
• infrastructure
• water quality
• Climate change
34. Case Study [ecosan* ecological sanitation ]
The concept behind ecological sanitation
(ecosan) is that sanitation problems could be
solved more sustainably and efficiently if the
resources contained in excreta and wastewater
were recovered and used rather than
discharged into the water bodies and the
surrounding environment.
THE SOLUTION
Applying Ecological Sanitation means both creating awareness for
recycling of human disposals as well as developing an adequate toilet
design for separating urine and faces to make agricultural use
possible and exude the use of water.
37. Solution
Solutions to water problems require the consideration of cultural,
educational, communication and scientific aspects.
Plant Trees
Avoid Pollution
Conserve water
Technologies and Innovations
Water Purification Systems
Seawater desalination
Water Footprint
38. Solution
The much-awaited seawater desalination plant, the largest in the country with a
capacity of 100 MLD (million litres per day), coming up near Minjur about 35 km
north of Chennai .
Under the technology, developed by the National Institute of Ocean Technology
(NIOT), warm water is pumped into a vacuum flash chamber and the resultant
vapour is condensed using cold water to get crystal clear potable water.
Desalinated water is of a better quality and the cost is only 6 paise per litre.
39. Solution
Water Footprint
To manage the water consumption better.
A water footprint measures the total amount of water
it takes for a company to manufacture and transport a
product, or for a city, country, or business to operate.
Calculating water footprints can help businesses and
communities better understand and prepare for the
impacts of global water scarcity, according to experts.
Such data allows companies to identify potential
water savings and plan for future shortages
40. Solution
• Rain Water Harvesting
• Irrigation Water Management
• Hydrological projects - Construction of Dams
• Artificial Recharge to Ground Water through Dug well
42. Solution
Try to do one thing each day that will result in saving water. Don't worry if the savings
are minimal every drop counts! You can make a difference.
Remember to use only the amount you actually need.
Form a group of water-conscious people and encourage your friends and neighbors
to be part of this group. Promote water conservation in community newsletters and
on bulletin boards.
Encourage your friends, neighbors and co-workers to also contribute.
Encourage your family to keep looking for new ways to conserve water in and
around your home.
Make sure that your home is leak-free. Many homes have leaking pipes that go
unnoticed.
Do not leave the tap running while you are brushing your teeth or soaping your face.
43. Solution
Avoid flushing the toilet unnecessarily. Put a brick or any other device that occupies
space to cut down on the amount of water needed for each flush.
When washing the car, use water from a bucket and not a hosepipe.
Do not throw away water that has been used for washing vegetables, rice or dals.
Use it to water plants or to clean the floors, etc
You can store water in a variety of ways. A simple method is to place a drum on a
raised platform directly under the rainwater collection source. You can also collect
water in a bucket during the rainy season.
Donate fund for ongoing projects.
44. Solution
Water awareness groups among social media networking sites like Twitter,
Facebook are creating new trend among the social awareness groups.
Web 2.0 concept helps to bridge gap between the people – more interactive
By doing this water project, I have learned more about saving a drop of water rather
using wordpress
Its not a solution to be found, it should be a RESOLUTION everyone should take.
45.
46. Water treatment is collectively industrial-
scale processes that make water more
acceptable for an end-use, which may be
drinking, industry,or medicine. Water treat
should remove existing water contaminants
or so reduce their concentration that their
water becomes fit for its desired end-use,
which may be safely returning used water to
47.
48.
49. Combination selected from the following process
is used for municipal drinking water treatment
worldwide:
• Pre-chlorination
• Aeration
• Coagulation
• Coagulant aids(polyelectrolyte)
•Sedimentation
•Filtration
•Desalination
•Disinfection
51. Sewage treatment is the process that removes the
majority of the contaminants from waste
water or sewage and produces liquid effluent suitable
for disposal to natural environment & a sludge.At the
simplest level treatment, is carried out
through separation of solids from liquids
by sedimentation. By progressively converting
dissolve material into solids,usually a biological flock,
which is then settled out, an effluent stream of
increasing purity is produced
52.
53.
54. Two of the main processes of industrial water
treatment are boiler water treatment and cooling water
treatment. A lack of proper water treatment can lead
to the reaction of solids and bacteria within pipe work
and boiler housing. Poor quality dirty water can cause
a breeding ground for bacteria
such as legionella causing a risk
to public health. With the proper
treatment,a significant proportion
of industrial on-site wastewater
might be reusable.
55.
56. With the proper treatment, a significant proportion of industrial on-
site wastewater might be reusable. This can save money in three
ways: lower charges for lower water consumption, lower charges
for the smaller volume of effluent water discharged and lower
energy costs due to the recovery of heat in recycled wastewater.
Corrosion in low pressure boilers can be caused by dissolved
oxygen, acidity and excessive alkalinity. Water treatment therefore
should remove the dissolved oxygen and maintain the boiler water
with the appropriate pH and alkalinity levels. Without effective
water treatment, a cooling water system can suffer from scale
formation, corrosion and fouling and may become a breeding
ground for harmful bacteria such as those that cause
Legionnaires' Disease. This reduces efficiency, shortens plant life
and makes operations unreliable and unsafe.
Industrial water treat
57.
58.
59. Pollution type Primary sources Effects
Constituents of
concern
1 Organic matter
Industrial wastewater
and domestic
sewage.
Depletion of oxygen
from the water
column as it
decomposes, stress
or suffocating aquatic
life.
Biological Oxygen
Demand (BOD),
Dissolved Organic
Carbon (DOC),
Dissolved Oxygen
(DO)
2 Pathogens and
microbial
contaminants
Domestic sewage,
cattle and other
livestock, natural
sources.
Spreads infectious
diseases through
contaminated
drinking water
supplies leading to
diarrhoeal disease
and intestinal
parasites, increased
childhood mortality
in developing
countries.
Shigella, Salmonella,
Cryptosporidium,
Fecal coliform
(Coliform),
Escherichia coli
(mammal faeces – E.
Coli)
60. 3 Nutrients
Principally runoff
from agricultural
lands and urban
areas but also from
some industrial
discharge.
Over-stimulates
growth of algae
(eutrophication)
which then
decomposes, robbing
water of oxygen and
harming aquatic life.
High levels of nitrate
in drinking water lead
to illness in humans.
Total N (organic +
inorganic), total P
(organic + inorganic)
For eutrophication:
(Dissolved Oxygen,
Individual N species
(NH4, NO2, NO3,
Organic N),
Orthophosphate)
4 Salinization
Leached from
alkaline soils by over
irrigation or by over-
pumping coastal
aquifers resulting in
saltwater intrusion.
Salt build-up in soils
which kills crops or
reduces yields.
Renders freshwater
supplies undrinkable.
Electrical
conductivity, Cl, Ca,
Mg, anions
61. 5 Acidification
(precipitation or runoff)
Sulphur, Nitrogen
oxides and particulates
from electric power
generation, industrial
stack and auto/truck
emissions (wet and dry
deposition). Acid mine
drainage from tailings
as well as mines.
Acidifies lakes and
streams which
negatively impacts
aquatic organisms and
leaches heavy metals
such as aluminium from
soils into water bodies.
pH
6 Heavy metals
Industries and mining
sites.
Persists in freshwater
environments such as
river sediments and
wetlands for long
periods. Accumulates in
the tissues of fish and
shellfish. Can be toxic to
both aquatic organisms
and humans who
consume them.
Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr,
Hg, As (particularly
groundwater)
62. 7 Toxic organic
compounds and micro-
organic pollutants.
Wide variety of sources
from industrial sites,
automobiles, farmers,
home gardeners,
municipal wastewaters.
A range of toxic effects
in aquatic fauna and
humans from mild
immune suppression to
acute poisoning or
reproductive failure.
PAHs, PCBs, pesticides
(lindane, DDT, PCP,
Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin,
Isodrin,
hexachlorobenzene)
8 Thermal
Fragmentation of rivers
by dams and reservoirs
slowing water and
allowing it to warm.
Industry from cooling
towers and other end-
of-pipe above-ambient
temperature discharges
Changes in oxygen
levels and
decomposition rate of
organic matter in the
water column. May shift
the species composition
of the receiving water
body.
Temperature
9 Silt and suspended
particles
Natural soil erosion,
agriculture, road
building, deforestation,
construction and other
land use changes.
Reduces water quality
for drinking and
recreation and
degrades aquatic
habitats by smothering
them with silt,
disrupting spawning
and interfering with
Total suspended solids,
turbidity
