3.1 chemical elements & water
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The most common chemical elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Other important elements include sulfur, calcium, phosphorus, iron, and sodium, each playing roles like being part of proteins or bones. Water has a polarity that allows it to form hydrogen bonds between molecules, giving it properties useful for living things like being a solvent, coolant, and transport medium for metabolic reactions.
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The document summarizes popular struggles related to water in Bolivia and Sudan. In Bolivia, mass protests known as the Cochabamba Water War erupted in 2000 in response to the privatization of the municipal water supply and large rate increases imposed by the private company. After months of demonstrations and clashes with police, the government reversed the privatization. In Sudan, water conflicts stem from northern Arab expansion seeking new farmland and resources in the south. One conflict involved the Jonglei Canal project to drain the Sudd Swamps, which threatened local tribes and was attacked by the Sudan People's Liberation Army, forcing suspension of the project in 1984. Both examples show popular resistance to changes in water access and use of important water
Chemical reactions: Acids/Alkalis and Acids/Carbonate
The document discusses acids and alkalis. It defines alkalis as bases with a pH over 7 and describes their characteristics as soluble in water, slippery feeling, and ability to cause chemical burns. Alkalis are formed from group 1 and 2 metals and are often hydroxides. Acids are defined as having a pH under 7, sour taste, and containing hydrogen and an oxide. Most acids are hydrogen compounds. When acids and alkalis are mixed, a neutralization reaction occurs where they cancel each other out, forming a salt and water. Carbonates react with acids in the same way, forming a salt, water, and releasing carbon dioxide.
Nucleic acid chemistry
Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides, which contain a nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine), a 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and one or more phosphate groups. Friedrich Miescher first isolated nucleic acids in 1869. DNA exists as a double-stranded helical structure, with the bases on one strand bonding with complementary bases on the other strand. The sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA contains alternating sugar and phosphate groups and runs in the same direction on both strands.
Introduction To Carbon Compound
This document provides a summary of Lesson 1 from an organic chemistry textbook chapter on carbon compounds. It covers 10 learning objectives related to the unique properties of carbon, isomers, functional groups, saturated vs unsaturated compounds, and IUPAC naming conventions. Key topics include how carbon can form multiple bonds and chains/rings, the importance of functional groups for classifying compounds, and systematic naming of organic molecules.
Chemical reaction between metals and water/acid
- Lighter metals like sodium, potassium, and calcium react vigorously with acids, while heavier metals like magnesium, aluminum, zinc, and lead react more slowly.
- Dilute acids are weaker as they are mixed with water, while concentrated acids are strong and pure.
- Most reactions of metals with dilute acids are single replacement reactions where the metal replaces hydrogen in the acid, producing hydrogen gas.
- Reactions of metals with concentrated acids can involve both single replacement and decomposition reactions.
- Lighter metals like sodium react vigorously with cold water, producing hydroxides and hydrogen gas, while their reaction with steam produces metal oxides and hydrogen gas.
Chemistry of organic compounds
The document discusses several organic compounds including chloroform, ethyl alcohol, and acetone. It provides detailed information on the properties, production methods, reactions, and uses of chloroform and ethyl alcohol. For chloroform, it describes its molecular structure, history of discovery, industrial production through heating chlorine with methane, and past and current uses such as an anesthetic and refrigerant. For ethyl alcohol, it outlines its chemical structure, production through fermentation of sugars by yeast as well as from ethylene, common reactions like ester formation, and its flammability.
Soft, hard and heavy water, by Saliha Rais, for grade 9.
The slide show includes the following topics:
1. hard water
2. soft water
3. causes of hardness of water
4. types of hardness (temporary and permanent)
5. methods to remove temporary hardness (heating and clarks method)
6. methods to remove permanent hardness (with washing soda, caustic soda and zeolite)
7. Heavy water
8. hygroscopic and deliquescent substances
I have made this presentation for grade 9 students.
Organic compounds
Organic molecules in living organisms are made up of four main types: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches, proteins include enzymes and antibodies, lipids include fats, and nucleic acids include DNA and RNA. All life on Earth is made of these organic molecules, which contain carbon as a basic building block. Carbon is uniquely able to form four bonds with other atoms, allowing it to link to other carbons and create a diverse array of carbon skeletons essential for life.
Acids and Bases
This document discusses the chemistry of acids and bases. It outlines three definitions of acids and bases: Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis. The Arrhenius definition states that acids produce hydrogen ions in water and bases produce hydroxide ions. The Brønsted-Lowry definition broadened this to include acids as hydrogen ion donors and bases as acceptors. The Lewis definition focuses on electron pair donation and acceptance. Acids react with bases to form salts and water in a neutralization reaction. Common acids include sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and acetic acid.
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Essential Biology 03.1 Chemical Elements and Water 2011
Essential Biology 03.1 Chemical Elements and Water 2011
Chemical reactions: Acids/Alkalis and Acids/Carbonate
Chemical reactions: Acids/Alkalis and Acids/Carbonate
Soft, hard and heavy water, by Saliha Rais, for grade 9.
Soft, hard and heavy water, by Saliha Rais, for grade 9.
Similar to 3.1 chemical elements & water
Ap biology review chemistry biochemistry
The document provides an overview of key concepts in AP Biology related to chemistry and macromolecules. It discusses the following main points:
1) Matter is made up of elements and compounds that combine in fixed ratios. Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen make up 96% of living matter.
2) Atoms are made of protons, neutrons and electrons. The number of protons determines the element. Chemical bonds like covalent and ionic bonds form between atoms.
3) Macromolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are polymers of smaller monomers. They serve important functions in energy storage, structure and heredity.
3.1 chemical elements & water notes
The most common chemical elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Other important elements include sulfur, calcium, phosphorus, iron, and sodium. Sulfur is present in proteins, calcium is necessary for bone formation and nerve signals, phosphorus aids bone formation and pH balance, iron carries oxygen in hemoglobin, and sodium regulates water balance and nerve signals. Water molecules have a polar structure and form hydrogen bonds. This allows water to resist temperature changes, require high energy for boiling and freezing, and produce a stable environment for aquatic organisms. Hydrogen bonding also gives water cohesive properties like surface tension and the ability to transport water in plants against gravity. Water's polarity allows it to dissolve other polar molecules
Carbon Atom.pptx
Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen and can form complex structures. They are the basis for biochemical reactions in living things that provide energy for processes like food intake and reproduction. There are four main types of organic compounds: carbohydrates which are used for energy, lipids which store energy, proteins which do most cellular work, and nucleic acids which carry genetic information and control protein synthesis. In contrast, inorganic compounds do not contain both carbon and hydrogen, though some contain hydrogen or carbon alone. They are generally solids that conduct electricity when molten and have high melting points due to ionic bonding. They also often demonstrate vivid colors from transition metals.
Topic 2: Biochemistry
1) Living things are made up of carbon-containing molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These molecules are made through metabolic pathways that involve breaking down (catabolism) and building up (anabolism) smaller molecules.
2) Water is essential for life due to its unique properties. It is polar and can form hydrogen bonds between molecules. It also has a high heat capacity and heat of vaporization, allowing it to absorb and release large amounts of heat without major temperature changes.
3) Metabolism involves both anabolic and catabolic pathways. Anabolism uses energy to synthesize larger molecules from smaller ones through condensation reactions. Catabolism breaks down larger
2. chemical foundation of life, bio 101 fall 2014
The document discusses the chemistry of life, including the following key points:
- Atoms make up all matter and elements are composed of atoms that cannot be broken down further. Some elements like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen are essential for life.
- Atoms contain subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. Isotopes are variants of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Radioisotopes are unstable and decay, emitting energy.
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- Water is essential for life and has unique properties like regulating temperature, dissolving substances, participating in
Important questions with biochemistry
The document provides information about biochemistry concepts including:
- The four most common elements in living organisms are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
- Organic molecules tend to be more complex than inorganic molecules.
- Important organic molecules include proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids which perform structural, energetic, control/information, and enzymatic functions.
- Water has properties such as polarity and high specific heat that are important for life. Mineral salts participate in processes like osmotic regulation, pH balance, and enzymatic activity.
Important questions with biochemistry
The key chemical elements that make up living organisms are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Organic substances like proteins and carbohydrates are complex molecules composed of carbon chains, whereas inorganic substances like water and mineral salts contain fewer atoms. Mineral salts contain metallic and non-metallic elements and can be found dissolved in cells or as part of structures. Organic molecules perform important structural, energetic, control, and enzymatic functions for living beings through roles like storing energy, transmitting genetic information, and facilitating chemical reactions. Water has properties like polarity and high heat capacity that make it uniquely suited to support life.
New bio chem of life
The document discusses the basic chemistry concepts that are essential to life. It covers the structure of atoms and their components of protons, neutrons and electrons. It describes elements, compounds, chemical bonds and reactions. Key concepts include water having unique properties due to hydrogen bonding that make it essential for life. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are the four major classes of organic compounds found in living things.
bio101.ppthfdhfifyskuhufztdfsrsygjlffhhpiefiy
The document discusses the building blocks of life and the chemical elements essential for living organisms. It states that 92 elements occur naturally, but life is primarily made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur. These elements comprise over 95% of living matter. Other important elements include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, chlorine, magnesium, silicon, and sodium. Trace amounts of other elements like cobalt, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, vanadium and zinc are also required. The structure and properties of atoms, isotopes, chemical bonding, and functional groups are explained in the context of their fundamental roles in biological molecules and chemical reactions within living cells.
Elements and compounds
This document provides an overview of elements, compounds, and how they relate. It defines elements as pure substances made of single atom types, while compounds are formed when two or more different elements bond together. Elements are represented by symbols on the periodic table and have distinct properties based on their atomic structure. Compounds have new properties and are represented by formulas showing the elements present and their ratios. The document explains how ionic and covalent bonds form compounds from elements and provides examples of common elements, compounds, and how to determine compound formulas from their constituent ions.
Chemistry of life krt
This document provides an introduction to chemistry concepts relevant to understanding life at the molecular level. It begins by explaining the differences between atoms and molecules, and how atoms form molecules through chemical bonding. Atoms bond via ionic bonding, covalent bonding, or hydrogen bonding. Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons between atoms to form ions, covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between atoms, and hydrogen bonding is a weaker interaction between partially positive hydrogen atoms and partially negative atoms. The shapes of molecules are determined by their chemical bonding and molecular shape is important for molecular interactions like binding. Understanding molecular composition and bonding is fundamental to biology.
Chemical Bases of Life-Chapter Number #30-mcgraw-hill-higher-education, from ...
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Here are the answers to the questions:
- Carbohydrates are the most readily used source of cellular fuel.
- Sucrose is classified as a disaccharide.
- Glucose is classified as a monosaccharide.
- A chemical reaction in which two smaller molecules unite to form a larger molecule (with the loss of water) is called dehydration synthesis.
- A solution with a pH of 3 is considered acidic.
- The molecules important in cell membranes include phospholipids and cholesterol.
inorganic compound by-- MILAN MISTRY
This document discusses important inorganic compounds for living organisms. It summarizes that inorganic compounds do not contain carbon and hydrogen together, and important ones include water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and minerals. Water forms hydrogen bonds between molecules, giving it surface tension. Oxygen is essential for releasing energy from food and organisms get it from air or water. Carbon dioxide is the main carbon source for organic molecules in living things. The document also discusses acids, bases, buffers, and salts; how they exist and function in solutions and body fluids.
The Chemistry of Life
The document discusses the four states of matter - solids, liquids, gases, and plasma. It describes the properties of each state and how they differ in terms of particle movement and energy. It then explains that changing between states requires the addition or removal of energy, giving examples like ice melting into water. The document also briefly covers the nature of matter, chemical bonds, water properties, and organic compounds.
Chapter two Biomolecule.ppt
The document discusses the key requirements for life, including water, common biological molecules, homeostasis, and evolution. It explains that all living things are made of cells that use organic macromolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The document contrasts prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and describes their organelles. It introduces homeostasis as the process by which organisms maintain stable internal conditions and regulate physiological parameters through feedback systems.
Chapter 23 -_chemical_composition_of_the_body
This document provides an overview of basic chemistry concepts that are essential for understanding biology. It defines atoms and their subatomic particles, and explains how atoms bond to form molecules through ionic and covalent bonds. The roles of electrons and electro negativity in bond formation are described. Key biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are then introduced, along with their basic structures and functions.
AP Biology - Week 1 Biochemistry
D. carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase.
Carboxypeptidase breaks down the carboxyl end of peptides to amino acids, and aminopeptidase breaks down the amino end to amino acids. The other choices do not involve enzymes that act on terminal residues.
Chapter 3- macromolecules, cell processes
This document provides a summary of key concepts from a biology chapter on cell processes and energy. It discusses the states and composition of matter, the structure of atoms, and the four major types of organic compounds (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids). It also summarizes how cells transport materials, how photosynthesis and cellular respiration involve the production and breakdown of carbohydrates, and how these two processes are related.
Chemistry in biology i simple
Atoms are the basic building blocks that make up all matter. Atoms contain a nucleus with positively charged protons and neutral neutrons surrounded by negatively charged electrons. Elements are made of only one type of atom, while compounds contain two or more elements bonded together. There are two main types of bonds between atoms - covalent bonds formed by shared electron pairs and ionic bonds formed between oppositely charged ions. Water is a polar molecule that is essential for life and has unique properties like being a universal solvent and having a high heat capacity. The four main types of biomolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, each with distinct structures that allow them to perform important functions in living things.
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3. See table below
Prefix Multiple Standard form
centi (cm) 1 cm = 0.01 m x 10-2
milli (mm) 1 mm = 0.001 m x 10-3
micro (μm) 1 μm = 0.000 001 m x 10-6
nano (nm) 1 nm = 0.000 000 001 m x 10-9
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Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
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Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
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Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
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3.1 chemical elements & water
- 1. 3.1 Chemical Elements & Water Topic 3 The Chemistry of Life
- 2. Chemical Elements & Water 3.1.1 State that the most frequently occurring chemical elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. 3.1.2 State that a variety of other elements are needed by living organisms, including sulfur, calcium, phosphorus, iron and sodium. 3.1.3 State one role for each of the elements mentioned in 3.1.2. (Refer to the roles in plants, animals and prokaryotes).
- 3. Chemical Elements & Water 3.1.4 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of water molecules to show their polarity and hydrogen bond formation. 3.1.5 Outline the thermal, cohesive and solvent properties of water. 3.1.6 Explain the relationship between the properties of water and its uses in living organisms as a coolant, medium for metabolic reactions and transport medium.
- 4. Elements, Atoms and Ions Everything around us is made up of matter. The basic building block of matter is the atom. All matter is made up of atoms. Atoms are made up of: • Protons, neutrons, electrons Elements are composed of one type of atom. The elements can be placed in order forming: – The Periodic Table of the Elements There are about 112 elements – About 90 of those occur naturally, the rest are produced in laboratories When an atoms loses or gains electrons it becomes an ion (a charged atom) – eg:Sodium atom Na and a Sodium ion Na+ – eg: Chlorine atom Cl and a Chlorine ion Cl-
- 6. Elements, Molecules and Compounds Elements are made of one type of atom – eg: carbon, oxygen, iron Molecules are 2 or more atoms chemically bonded together: – They can be different or the same atom Compounds are two or more different elements chemically bonded together.
- 7. Elements and Living Things All living things are similar in a number of ways. Living organisms contain many different elements. Some elements are needed in very small amounts while other are needed in large quantities The three most common chemical elements occurring in living organisms are: – Carbon (C) usually forms 4 covalent bonds with other elements – Hydrogen (H) forms 1 covalent bond with other elements – Oxygen (O) usually forms 2 covalent bonds with other elements
- 8. Elements and Living Things Other elements are required by living organisms Some of these include: – Nitrogen -needed for proteins – Phosphorus –part of phosphate groups in ATP and DNA molecules – Calcium - needed to make strong bones and teeth – Iron - needed to make haemoglobin (red blood cells) – Sodium - needed for transmitting nervous impulses and maintaining electrical potentials across membranes – Sulfur needed for proteins – Potassium - needed for transmitting nervous impulses
- 9. Organic and Inorganic Compounds Organic Compounds are defined as compounds containing carbon that are found in living organisms All other elements are defined as Inorganic Compounds. There are however a few inorganic compounds that contain carbon: – Eg: carbon dioxide and carbonates Three type of organic compounds are found in large amounts in living organisms: – Carbohydrates – Lipids – Proteins
- 10. Water Water is vitally important to all living organisms. Water is made up of 2 Hydrogen atoms and I Oxygen atom chemically bonded together (H2O). Because of the shape of the molecule, water molecules have a slightly negative side and a slightly positive side As a result water is a polar molecule. This means that water molecules attract each other and form hydrogen bonds between themselves.
- 11. The Properties of Water Water is a very versatile substance. It has many properties that make it significant to living organisms. These include: – Transparency • Light can pass through water. – Cohesion • Water molecules stick together (H bonding due to its polar nature), surface tension – Solvent properties • Many substances dissolve in water (substances can be carried in water) – Thermal properties • Water has a relatively high specific, Melting Point and Boiling Point • Water can store heat • Water can be used as a coolant
- 12. IBO guide: 3.1.1 State that the most frequently occurring chemical elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. 3.1.2 State that a variety of other elements are needed by living organisms, including sulfur, calcium, phosphorus, iron and sodium. 3.1.3 State one role for each of the elements mentioned in 3.1.2. (Refer to the roles in plants, animals and prokaryotes).
- 13. IBO guide: 3.1.4 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of water molecules to show their polarity and hydrogen bond formation. 3.1.5 Outline the thermal, cohesive and solvent properties of water. Aim 7: Data logging could be carried out to compare the thermal properties of water with those of other liquids. TOK: Claims about the “memory of water” have been categorized as pseudoscientific. By what criteria can a claim be judged to be pseudoscientific?
- 14. IBO guide: 3.1.6 Explain the relationship between the properties of water and its uses in living organisms as a coolant, medium for metabolic reactions and transport medium.