The document discusses the properties of key elements found in living things and water. It states that carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen are the most common elements, while sulfur, calcium, phosphorus, iron and sodium are also needed. It then provides examples of the role of each element, including sulfur in amino acids, iron in hemoglobin, calcium in bones, sodium for nerve impulses, phosphorus in ATP and DNA. The document also discusses the polarity and hydrogen bonding of water molecules and how this leads to water's thermal, cohesive and solvent properties, which allow it to act as a coolant, medium for reactions and transport in organisms.
Dr. Bruce Damer: Hot Spring Hypothesis of the Origin of Life & Future of Life...Bruce Damer
Dr. Bruce Damer covers the new science of the origin of life (the Hot Spring Hypothesis) and its relationship to our future in space (the expansion of the biosphere into the Solar System). The was presented at the 2018 Bay Area Society for Information Display at the Stanford Golf Course/Club on September 8, 2018.
IB Biology markscheme, past exam papers, notes and 2012 IB Biology syllabus. IB Biology option D evolution markscheme. IB Biology option D evolution notes, IB Biology option D Evolution exam papers, IB Biology option E markscheme, IB Biology option E notes, IB Biology option E Neurobiology papers, IB Biology Option A Human Nutrition and Health syllabus 2012, Stimulus and response, Homologous structures, Pavlov experiments.
Dr. Bruce Damer: Hot Spring Hypothesis of the Origin of Life & Future of Life...Bruce Damer
Dr. Bruce Damer covers the new science of the origin of life (the Hot Spring Hypothesis) and its relationship to our future in space (the expansion of the biosphere into the Solar System). The was presented at the 2018 Bay Area Society for Information Display at the Stanford Golf Course/Club on September 8, 2018.
IB Biology markscheme, past exam papers, notes and 2012 IB Biology syllabus. IB Biology option D evolution markscheme. IB Biology option D evolution notes, IB Biology option D Evolution exam papers, IB Biology option E markscheme, IB Biology option E notes, IB Biology option E Neurobiology papers, IB Biology Option A Human Nutrition and Health syllabus 2012, Stimulus and response, Homologous structures, Pavlov experiments.
New articles were published at the end of the 2017 about "chicken-the-egg" question: which organic molecules were the first: nucleotides or amino acids. RNA world is still the predominant theory, but new studies on proteins could change that.
Presentation is about the "Origin of Life". Many theories being proposed to clearly explains how does Life actually came into existence on our planet Earth.
Origin of life-where did life come fromArosek Padhi
this chapter prompts you to wonder where did life as we know it came from. this is a presentation from Dr.Tithi Parija (asst professor) from KIIT school of biotechnology including different theories from different thinkers and scientists
Dr. Bruce Damer @ QAU Pakistan-The Origin of Life & Life in the UniverseBruce Damer
Dr. Bruce Damer presents a talk linking the new "Hot Spring Hypothesis" for the origin of life to the search for life in our Solar System and beyond on exoplanets. His host, the renowned physicist and activist Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy, hosted this talk at the Physics department auditorium at Quaid-i-Azam University in Islamabad , Pakistan. Dr. Bruce “inflamed the minds” of Pakistani students and professors alike as he took them on a rapid romp through life’s possible origins on Earth to the search for evidence for life on Mars in 2020, icy Enceladus in the next decade and onward to the likelihood of life on exoplanets. Dr. Bruce Damer and Prof. Pervez Hoodbhoy (presenters), Elixir Technologies Pakistan (recording and support). [presented 17 November 2017]. Find a podcast with audio, video and additional information about this presentation at: http://www.levityzone.org/lz-episode-059-origins-science-comes-pakistan/
TOPICS:
• THE CONCEPT OF LIFE
• WHAT QUALIFIES SOMETHING AS “LIVING”?
o MOVEMENT
o SENSITIVITY
o DEATH
o COMPLEXITY
• THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF LIFE
o EXTRATERRESTRIAL ORIGIN
o PANSPERMIA
o DIVINE CREATION
o ORIGIN FROM NONLIVING MATTER (PHYSICO-CHEMICAL THEORY)
• FORMATION OF THE FIRST CELL
• EARLY LIFE FORMS
New articles were published at the end of the 2017 about "chicken-the-egg" question: which organic molecules were the first: nucleotides or amino acids. RNA world is still the predominant theory, but new studies on proteins could change that.
Presentation is about the "Origin of Life". Many theories being proposed to clearly explains how does Life actually came into existence on our planet Earth.
Origin of life-where did life come fromArosek Padhi
this chapter prompts you to wonder where did life as we know it came from. this is a presentation from Dr.Tithi Parija (asst professor) from KIIT school of biotechnology including different theories from different thinkers and scientists
Dr. Bruce Damer @ QAU Pakistan-The Origin of Life & Life in the UniverseBruce Damer
Dr. Bruce Damer presents a talk linking the new "Hot Spring Hypothesis" for the origin of life to the search for life in our Solar System and beyond on exoplanets. His host, the renowned physicist and activist Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy, hosted this talk at the Physics department auditorium at Quaid-i-Azam University in Islamabad , Pakistan. Dr. Bruce “inflamed the minds” of Pakistani students and professors alike as he took them on a rapid romp through life’s possible origins on Earth to the search for evidence for life on Mars in 2020, icy Enceladus in the next decade and onward to the likelihood of life on exoplanets. Dr. Bruce Damer and Prof. Pervez Hoodbhoy (presenters), Elixir Technologies Pakistan (recording and support). [presented 17 November 2017]. Find a podcast with audio, video and additional information about this presentation at: http://www.levityzone.org/lz-episode-059-origins-science-comes-pakistan/
TOPICS:
• THE CONCEPT OF LIFE
• WHAT QUALIFIES SOMETHING AS “LIVING”?
o MOVEMENT
o SENSITIVITY
o DEATH
o COMPLEXITY
• THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF LIFE
o EXTRATERRESTRIAL ORIGIN
o PANSPERMIA
o DIVINE CREATION
o ORIGIN FROM NONLIVING MATTER (PHYSICO-CHEMICAL THEORY)
• FORMATION OF THE FIRST CELL
• EARLY LIFE FORMS
Element= a substance composed of many identical” particles ca.docxjack60216
Element= a substance composed of many “identical” particles called atoms.
= the most basic substances that matter can be broken into by chemical means
= the “ingredients” making up everything
Chapter 5 – Water and Seawater
What elements are in water?
hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O)
Information about all known elements is shown in the Periodic Table
Electron (-)
Proton (+)
Neutron
Nucleus
Electron Shells
The Parts
of an Atom
Atom = the smallest piece of an element that retains the properties of that element.
Atoms contain two main parts and three types of subatomic particles
Nucleus
Protons
Neutrons
Electron Shells
Electrons
Figure 5.1, p. 130
Particle NameWhere FoundElectrical ChargeMass
Y/N?OtherProtonNucleus+YesDetermines Type of elementNeutronNucleusøYes# can change for the same elementElectronElectron Shell-No# can change for the same element
For an atom to be electrically neutral, # electrons = # protons
http://www.vtaide.com/png/atom.htm
Ion = an electrically charged atom.
# of electrons (-) ≠ the # of protons (+)
Negative ions (too many electrons)
Positive ions (too few electrons)
These will be attracted to each other.
Oxygen
O-2
Lithium
Li+1
http://itc.gsw.edu/faculty/speavy/spclass/chemistry/ions.htm
Compound = substance formed when two or more ions bond together.
= different properties than the elements which formed it.
= examples include water (H20) carbon dioxide (CO2) and halite or table salt (NaCl).
Molecule = the smallest piece of a substance that retains the properties of that compound.
Ex. NaCl = recipe for 1 molecule of salt
Bonding = a group of processes that hold molecules together. = molecule “glue”
Wicander and Monroe, @009, Essentials of Geology
A Water Molecule is held together by covalent bonds =
atoms in the molecule share electrons.
2H +1 + O-2 => H20
Garrison, 2012, Essentials of Oceanography
Recipe for 1 molecule of water
Water molecules are electrically neutral, but polarized.
Their angular shape clusters the – charges on one side, and the + charges on the other side.
Opposites still attract, so…
http://www.free-extras.com/images/mickey_mouse-1101.htm
A water molecule looks like Mickey Mouse, so they are electrically polarized.
Fig.5.3, p. 131
Hydrogen bonds => The + end of one water molecule sticks to the – end of the next water molecule.
http://www.qualityuswater.com/weregreen.htm
Water has some special properties due to its polarized nature:
Cohesion = water sticks to itself (hydrogen bonding)
Surface tension = water has a thin “skin” on the surface
can support light objects but they are NOT floating
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/575080/117360/Aluminum-coin-supported-by-the-surface-tension-of-water
What causes surface tension?
The molecules of a liquid are always trying to pull one another together. In the middle of a liquid, a molecule is pulled equally hard from all directions, so the attractive forces cancel out. But a molecule on the surfa ...
Slideshow for students studying IB Biology, contains links to animations and videos and practice questions for calculating actual size from a scale bar.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
IB Biology Core 3.1: Chemical Elements and Water
1.
2. 3.1.1 State that the most frequently occurring chemical elements in living things are
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
Review ionic, covalent and hydrogen bonds
Some fun with elements
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CHONPS.
3. 3.1.2 State that a variety of other elements are needed by living organisms, including
sulphur, calcium , phosphorus, iron and sodium
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Electron_shell_020_Calcium.svg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Electron_shell_016_Sulfur.svg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Electron_shell_015_Phosphorus.svg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Electron_shell_026_Iron.svg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Electron_shell_011_Sodium.svg
5. 3.1.3 State one role for each of the elements
Sulphur is an important element in some amino
acids. It allows disulphide bonds to form in
proteins, influencing the protein’s shape
see HL 7.5 Proteins
What about iron?
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Granulated_sulphur02.jpg
6. Iron is in
haemoglobin, to
carry oxygen in
blood.
Calcium?
http://www.flickr.com/photos/csutka/3956855512/
10. And, of course, in
phospholipids in
cell membranes.
Here in Italian, just for a change.
See: Structure of the membrane 2.4.1
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fosfolipide.svg
11. …and in
DNA, amongs
t other
things.
Also…
CHON!
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.png
12. 3.1.4 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of water molecules to show their polarity
and hydrogen bond formation.
Water is a weird and
freaky substance.
It is this way because
of its polar nature.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Water_drop_animation_enhanced_small.gif
13. No,
that kind
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eisb%C3%A4r_1996-07-23.jpg
14. The oxygen atom has 8
Revisit the Crash Course positive charges (protons)
Biology video “Carbon” (on at its nucleus.
slide 2) at the 8:08 mark Therefore it attracts the
shared electrons more
strongly and they spend
more time orbiting the O
-ve than the H.
O Thus water molecules are
polar, i.e. they have a
negatively charged pole
+ve H
(the oxygen) and a
positively charged pole
(the hydrogens)
H +ve
15. Hydrogen bonds
form when the
negatively charged
oxygen on one
molecule is
electrostatically
attracted to the
positive hydrogen on
another
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Liquid_water_hydrogen_bond.png
16. 3.1.5 Outline the thermal, cohesive and solvent properties of water
Thermal:
You know about the phases (states)
of water: Solid, Liquid and Gas.
Water changes from solid to liquid and
gas progressively as more energy (heat)
is added.
The weird thing about water is that it
takes more energy than it “should” to
change from one state to the next.
Why do you think that might be?
http://www.flickr.com/photos/westy559/328563694/
17. Extra energy is required
to overcome the
hydrogen bonds
We say that water has a
very high specific heat
capacity
It absorbs a lot of
energy before changing
state
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg
18. Cohesive
The polar nature of water makes it “sticky”
The molecules themselves stick together due
to hydrogen bonds (cohesion)
Water molecules stick to other
substances, e.g. glass (adhesion) for the same
reason
If water did not have this cohesive nature then it
would not form into drops like in the background.
Drops form because the cohesive forces are trying
to pull the water into the smallest possible
volume, a sphere.
19. Solvent
Water is sometimes called the “universal solvent”
Again, this is to do with the polar nature of water
Consider the sodium chloride below. The sodium and
chloride atoms are held together by ionic bonds.
NaCl Dissolving NaCl
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sodium-3D.png
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sodium-chloride-3D-ionic.png
20. Chlorine Water
Solvent Sodium
The polar water molecules have a stronger affinity for
both Na+ and Cl- than those ions do for each other.
So the Na and Cl “dump” each other and drift off with
the water molecules
NaCl Dissolving NaCl
21. The polar water molecules have a stronger affinity for both Na+ and
Cl- than those ions do for each other.
So the Na and Cl “dump” each other and drift off with the water
molecules.
Note how on the right of the diagram the oxygen in each water
molecule is close to the Na+ and the hydrogen in the water
molecules is close to the Cl-
NaCl Dissolving NaCl
22. All your
ion are
belong to
us!!!
Also, the relatively small size of
Check out the animation
the water molecules means that
they can “gang up” on the ions
(not to scale)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Water_molecule.svg
23. 3.1.6 Explain the relationship between the properties of water and its uses in living organisms as
a coolant, medium for metabolic reactions and transport medium
Water’s thermal properties, its
high specific heat, means that it
can cool us.
Evaporating sweat (water
changing phase from liquid to gas)
takes heat away from the body
Water is also the main component
of blood plasma.
It transfers heat from the internal
organs to the skin.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/bukutgirl/205304794/
24. Cohesion allows plants to pull
water up their xylem via
transpiration
Adhesion aids
cohesion in
drawing water
up due to
capillary action
See HL Plant Science 9.2.6
http://www.flickr.com/photos/jaxxon/37559138/
25. Water’s solvent properties
mean that waste and nutrients
can be moved around by blood
in the veins and arteries.
It enables trees to
transport gases and
solutes as well
http://www.flickr.com/photos/roughgroove/3554305017/
26. Water’s nature as a solvent
means substances dissolved
in it can react with one
another.
The main component of
cytoplasm, where many
reactions occur, is water.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/cambridgeuniversity-engineering/5431155934/
27. Extension: Water as habitat
These water striders
rely on the cohesive
nature of water
resulting in surface
tension
http://www.flickr.com/photos/alexyo1968/4985953786/
28. Liquid water Ice
What are the implications of ice being less dense
(due to it’s highly organised crystalline structure)
than liquid water?
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Liquid-water-and-ice.png
29. Back to the bear…
I have somewhere to
stand and hunt.
See 5.2.6 to see why you
hoomans are worrying me!
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eisb%C3%A4r_1996-07-23.jpg
31. Lakes at high latitudes would freeze from the bottom
up. Solid. And remain so for most if not all of the year at
high latitudes.
The seas would be similarly affected. The water that is
usually insulated by the ice, at above freezing
temperatures, would not exist.
There would be no habitat for the bottom dwellers.
In fact, the pressure of the overlying water would make
the water at the bottom freeze. Even in the tropics.
33. Further information:
Properties of water
Three of the best sites for
IB-specific Biology
information. The top link
takes you to the PPT by
Stephen Taylor