The document provides an overview of the economic theory of supply and demand. It defines key concepts such as markets, demand curves, supply curves, and equilibrium. It explains how demand and supply are determined by various factors and how equilibrium price and quantity are established through the interaction of supply and demand in a market. It also demonstrates how the equilibrium can change if supply or demand shifts due to external factors, through examples of income rising or an ice storm affecting supply.
The Market Of Supply and Demand - EconomicsFaHaD .H. NooR
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Demand and Supply Analysis (Economics) Lecture NotesFellowBuddy.com
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
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Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
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Apa yang perlu kita pahami secara mendasar tentang kreativitas anak? Apa peran sekolah? Apa saja yang perlu kita lakukan untuk menjaga anak tetap kreatif?
Katalog MPPO (Magister Perubahan dan Pengembangan Organisasi)Bukik Psikologi
Mengapa Belajar di MPPO (Magister Perubahan dan Pengembangan Organisasi)?
Program pendidikan pertama dan satu-satunya di Indonesia yang bertujuan mendidik “Praktisi Perubahan dan Pengembangan Organisasi”
Revolusi cara belajar dengan menggunakan project based learning. Belajar adalah proses mencipta.
Pendidikan yang berorientasi pada pengembangan diri sebagai pijakan perubahan yang lebih luas lingkupnya
Proses pendidikan dilakukan oleh akademisi dan praktisi profesional
Perubahan dan pengembangan organisasi akan semakin menjadi trend di era “the world is flat”. Menjadi lulusan MPPO membangun kesiapan menghadapi trend tersebut.
Jumlah peserta pendidikan MPPO TERBATAS. Hanya untuk 15 orang. Memastikan pembelajaran yang efektif.
Info:
http://mppo.psikologi.unair.ac.id
The Market Of Supply and Demand - EconomicsFaHaD .H. NooR
demand and supply
demand and supply curve
demand and supply graph
market force
market forces economics
market research
marketing force
supply and demand curve
supply and demand graph
supply chain management pdf
supply demand
supply demand curve
supply demand SlideShare
Demand and Supply Analysis (Economics) Lecture NotesFellowBuddy.com
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Apa yang perlu kita pahami secara mendasar tentang kreativitas anak? Apa peran sekolah? Apa saja yang perlu kita lakukan untuk menjaga anak tetap kreatif?
Katalog MPPO (Magister Perubahan dan Pengembangan Organisasi)Bukik Psikologi
Mengapa Belajar di MPPO (Magister Perubahan dan Pengembangan Organisasi)?
Program pendidikan pertama dan satu-satunya di Indonesia yang bertujuan mendidik “Praktisi Perubahan dan Pengembangan Organisasi”
Revolusi cara belajar dengan menggunakan project based learning. Belajar adalah proses mencipta.
Pendidikan yang berorientasi pada pengembangan diri sebagai pijakan perubahan yang lebih luas lingkupnya
Proses pendidikan dilakukan oleh akademisi dan praktisi profesional
Perubahan dan pengembangan organisasi akan semakin menjadi trend di era “the world is flat”. Menjadi lulusan MPPO membangun kesiapan menghadapi trend tersebut.
Jumlah peserta pendidikan MPPO TERBATAS. Hanya untuk 15 orang. Memastikan pembelajaran yang efektif.
Info:
http://mppo.psikologi.unair.ac.id
Inilah ajang yang menjadi penanda bahwa
Matahari itu telah terbit di ufuk timur
Langit bersemu emas mengantarkan
Matahari kebangkitan IndONesia
IndONEsia Kreatif
Berani terlibat?
IndONEsia,
Sumber daya berlimpah? Pasti sudah terkenal
Tempat lahirnya orang hebat? Itu harus diakui
Banyak orang kreatif? Tak bisa dielakkan lagi
IndONEsia,
Mengaku bangsa, tak ada kata berhenti berimajinasi
Sebagai bangsa, kita masih perlu belajar
Menjadi sebuah bangsa, kita harus terus berkreasi
Mengkreasikan Indonesia Impian
Kita butuh
Mensharingkan praktek-praktek terbaik
Mengkolaborasikan impian-impian terdalam
Menjadi satu tubuh!
Menjadi satu hati!
Menjadi satu jiwa!
IndONEsia!!
“Terbitnya indONEsia kreatif" adalah wahana sharing selaksa ide gila, media kolaborasi ribuan potensi positif dalam menciptakan karya kreatif, sekaligus ajang berkompetisi karya para muda IndONEsia kreatif.
Saksikan! berkumpulnya 1000 hati melakukan sharing
dalam Shared Learning MPPO Jilid 2
Nikmati! Kolaborasi dan kompetisi menciptakan
karya-karya kreatif
dalam indiPreneurship Festival
Inilah ajang yang menjadi penanda bahwa
Matahari itu telah terbit di ufuk timur
Langit bersemu emas mengantarkan
Matahari kebangkitan IndONesia
IndONEsia Kreatif
kunjungi:
http://berbahaya.org
http://mppo.psikologi.unair.ac.id
Tentang indiePreneurship.
Apabila anda peduli Indonesia silahkan sebarkan dokumen ini.
Apabila anda ingin memberikan dukungan silahkan hubungi berbahaya.org@gmail.com atau 08563069972
Rancangan peraturan perusahaan cv.jogja prima perkasaandhi dian
PERATURAN PERUSAHAAN , RANCANGAN PERATURAN PERUSAHAAN , MERANCANG PERATURAN PERUSAHAAN , ATURAN PERUSAHAAN , MEMBUAT PERATURAN PERUSAHAAN
Maksud dan Tujuan
Maksud dan tujuan dari Peraturan Perusahaan ini adalah untuk menciptakan hubungan kerja yang baik, mengatur kewajiban dan hak karyawan terhadap Perusahaan ataupun sebaliknya sehingga terwujud ketenangan kerja dan produktivitas kerja maksimal yang bermanfaat bagi kedua belah pihak.
Pasal 3
Ruang Lingkup Peraturan Perusahaan
Peraturan Perusahaan ini mengatur hal-hal yang bersifat umum. Yang bersifat khusus dan halhal lain yang belum diatur dalam Peraturan Perusahaan ini akan diatur dengan Surat Keputusan Direksi. Sepanjang suatu hal tidak diatur dalam Peraturan Perusahaan ini atau dalam peraturan lain yang dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan, berlaku ketentuan sebagaimana diatur dalam undang-undang dan peraturan pemerintah yang berlaku.
BAB II
HUBUNGAN KERJA
Pasal 4
Perjanjian Kerja
1. Hubungan kerja terjadi karena adanya perjanjian kerja antara perusahaan dan pekerja
2. Perjanjian kerja dibuat secara tertulis atau lisan.
3. Perjanjian kerja yang dipersyaratkan secara tertulis dilaksanakan sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.
4. Ada 2 jenis perjanjian kerja yaitu:
a. Perjanjian kerja untuk waktu tertentu
b. Perjanjian kerja untuk waktu tidak tertentu.
Pasal 5
Perjanjian Kerja Waktu Tertentu
1. Perjanjian kerja untuk waktu tertentu didasarkan atas jangka waktu; atau selesainya suatu pekerjaan tertentu.
2. Perjanjian kerja untuk waktu tertentu tidak dapat mensyaratkan adanya masa percobaan kerja.
3. Perjanjian kerja untuk waktu tertentu tidak dapat diadakan untuk pekerjaan yang bersifat tetap.
4. Perjanjian kerja untuk waktu tertentu dapat diperpanjang atau diperbaharui.
5. Perjanjian kerja untuk waktu tertentu hanya dapat dibuat untuk pekerjaan tertentu yang menurut jenis dan sifat atau kegiatan pekerjaannya akan selesai dalam waktu tertentu, yaitu:
a. Pekerjaan yang sekali selesai atau yang sementara sifatnya;
b. Pekerjaan yang diperkirakan penyelesaiannya dalam waktu yang tidak terlalu lama dan paling lama 3 (tiga) tahun;
c. Pekerjaan yang bersifat musiman; atau
d. Pekerjaan yang berhubungan dengan produk baru, kegiatan baru, atau produk tambahan yang masih dalam percobaan atau penjajakan.
6. Perjanjian kerja untuk waktu tertentu yang didasarkan atas jangka waktu tertentu dapat diadakan untuk paling lama 2 (dua) tahun dan hanya boleh diperpanjang 1 (satu) kali untuk jangka waktu paling lama 1 (satu) tahun.
7. Selama karyawan terikat dalam perjanjian kerja untuk waktu tertentu tidak dihitung sebagai masa kerja karyawan.
Membuat SOP (Standard Operating Procedure)andhi dian
Pentingnya SOP untuk Pengembangan Usaha
Apakah yang dimaksud SOP ?
SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) atau yang diterjemahkan menjadi PSO(Prosedur Standar Operasi) adalah sistem yang disusun untuk memudahkan, merapihkan, dan menertibkan pekerjaan kita. Sistem ini berisi urutan proses melakukan pekerjaan dari awal sampai akhir. Hampir semua bisnis dijalankan secara modern memiliki SOP. Bahkan SOP juga diberikan kepada para konsumen yang membeli produk tertentu supaya tidak salah mengolah.
Lihatlah contoh SOP cara menyajikan mie rebus atau mie goreng pada produk indomie yang tercetak dikemasan bagian belakang itulah yang disebut SOP. Simple kan?
Jadi, SOP memang diibuat untuk menyederhanakan proses kerja supaya hasilnya optimal tetapi tetap efisien. Dalam pemerintahan juga terdapat SOP. Namun SOP ini sering dikacaukan dengan prosedur birokrasi yang membuat urusan menjadi rumit, alurnya sangat panjang, dan akhirnya membuka peluang korupsi.
Nah, kita pilih SOP atau prosedur birokrasi? Keduanya seperti saudara kembar. Satu sangat efisien daan dapat menyumbangkan keuntungan bagi perusahaan, sedangkan yang lain cenderung inefisien dan membuka peluang ekonomi biaya tinggi.
Oleh karena itu, acuan saya untuk membuat SOP adalah sederhana Saran Penyajian Indomie atau Super Bubur. Anda setuju?
Jika Anda setuju, teruskan membaca bagian selannjutnya.
HUKUM MEMBUAT SOP
Barangsiapa menyusun SOP (standard Operating Procedure), maka ia membuat bisnisnya efisien dan berpotensi menyumbangkan keuntungan. Barangsiapa menyusun prosedur birokrasi, maka ia melahirkan inefisiensi, alurnya rumit, dan menyebabkan ekonomi biaya tinggi.
(Ekotama,28 Desember 2009)
Apakah Tujuan Membuat SOP?
Tujuan membuat SOP adalah menyederhanakan pekerjaan kita supaya hanya berfokus pada intinya. Tetapi cepat dan tepat. Dengan cara ini, keuntungan mudah diraih, pemborosan diminimalisasi, dan kebocoran keuangan bisa dicegah. Perusahaan yang ramping, tetapi semua pekerjaan bisa di selesaikan tepat waktu adalah perusahaan yang kompetitif.
Jika kita pengusaha, ana yang kita pilih? Bekerja sampai tua ditempat usaha kitayang reot atau berkeliling dunia, tetapi usaha kita tetap berjalan sempurna? Saya yakin kita dengan bijak memilih pilihan terakhir. Mari kita buat SOPnya!
Kapan SOP Dibuat ?
Kita baru bisa membuat SOP kalau usahanya sudah jalan atau setidaknya kita memiliki prototipe bisnisnya (contoh usaha yang sudah berjalan). Jika usaha belum berjalan sama sekali, bahkan tempat usahanya belum ada, SOP yang kita buat bisa jadi hanya novel picisan. Tidak ada gunanya. Berhati-hatilah jika ditawari usaha yang belum berjalan meskipun sudah ad SOP-nya. Maksudnya sudah jlan adalah usaha tersebut sudah memiliki satu atau dua tempat usaha yang beroperasional mandiri dan bisa diibuktikan secara kasat mata. Kecuali jika Anda memang berniat membeli sebuah konsep bisnis.
Siapa yang Membuat SOP?
SOP sifatnya individual, sangat privat. Jika Anda m
LATAR BELAKANG
1. Peran pengelolaan SDM kini tak lagi jadi dominasi manager SDM, karena mulai banyak perusahaan yang menerapkan pendelegasian fungsi manajemen SDM kepada manager fungsional.
2. Setiap kegiatan yang melibatkan kerja tim adalah suatu proses pengelolaan SDM.
3. Setiap pemimpin otomatis melakukan matching people to jobs, managing performance, coaching & counseling, rewarding, hingga firing dalam setiap tugasnya.
4. Pada dasarnya setiap manager juga merupakan manager SDM karena mereka pasti memiliki anak buah yang harus dikelola.
5. Secara konsep SDM, para manager non-SDM seharusnya juga bisa memainkan peranan sebagai manager SDM.
6. Orang-orang SDM kini diarahkan untuk menjadi mitra bisnis bagi Perusahaan: pengelola SDM akan mendukung kebutuhan bisnis dengan tren ke depan dalam dunia kerja.
7. Manager SDM akan lebih berkonsentrasi untuk melihat perkembangan perusahaan ke depan yang disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan bisnis.
8. Manager SDM berfungsi sebagai agen perubahan yang memberikan saran kepada perusahaan mengenai langkah-langkah yang harus diambil untuk mencapai tujuan.
9. Memberikan sarana pendukung berupa Personnel Manual yang berisikan: prosedur Karyawan, seperti pengobatan, klaim medikal, koperasi, pensiun dan jamsostek.
10. Dilakukannya HR-Audit oleh bagian SDM ke setiap departemen, cabang atau bagian lain di Perusahaan untuk memastikan bahwa setiap manager memenuhi standar SDM yang diharapkan
KAJIAN MANAJEMEN SDM
1. Fokus kajian MSDM adalah masalah tenaga kerja manusia yang diatur menurut urutan fungsi-fungsinya, agar efektif dan efisien dalam mewujudkan tujuan perusahaan, karyawan dan masyarakat.
2. Karyawan adalah perencana, palaku dan selalu berperan aktif dalam setiap aktifitas perusahaan
Demand Supply analysis...Explanations for Law of Demand Degree of scarcity of one good relative to another helps determine each good’s relative price Definition of demand includes the “other things constant” assumption Among the “other things” are the prices of other goods Substitution Effect When the price of a good falls, its relative price makes consumers more willing to purchase this good When the price of a good increases, its relative price makes consumers less willing to purchase this good Changes in the relative prices – the price of one good compared to the prices of other goods – causes the substitution effect…you substitute toward the less expensive good.
Demand supply analysis...
Explanations for Law of Demand Degree of scarcity of one good relative to another helps determine each good’s relative price Definition of demand includes the “other things constant” assumption Among the “other things” are the prices of other goods Substitution Effect When the price of a good falls, its relative price makes consumers more willing to purchase this good When the price of a good increases, its relative price makes consumers less willing to purchase this good Changes in the relative prices – the price of one good compared to the prices of other goods – causes the substitution effect…you substitute toward the less expensive good.
Supply and Demand GuideTo solve the homework problems do the f.docxpicklesvalery
Supply and Demand Guide
To solve the homework problems do the following:
1. Identify the determinant change
2. Shift the appropriate curve in the correct direction
3. Change price appropriately
4. Move along the other curve (the one that did not shift) in response to the price change.
The following information will tell you the determinants and how the change, as well as definitions of the key terms.
Demand
Demand: The amount that consumers are willing and able to purchase at various prices.
Law of Demand: Price and Quantity Demanded vary inversely.
Quantity Demanded: The amount that consumers are willing and able to buy at a particular price.
Change in Quantity Demanded: Changes in price change the quantity demanded. This is a Movement Along a Demand Curve in Response to a Price Change.
Change in Demand: This is a shift in the position of the demand curve, either upward or downward. If the curve shifts upward, consumers are saying they will pay more for all quantities of the good or service. If it shifts downward, consumers are saying they will pay less for all quantities of the good or service.
Determinants of Demand: The Demand Curve will shift only when one (or more) of the Determinants of Demand changes. These determinants are:
1. Size of Market: the number of consumers in the market for the good or service. If this factor increases, the curve shifts upward (increase in demand). If this decreases, the curve shifts downward (decrease in demand).
2. Consumer Tastes and Preferences: if these shift in favor of a product, the demand curve shifts upward (demand increases); if these shift against a product, the demand curve shifts downward (demand decreases).
3. Consumer Income: as the income of consumers increase, consumers purchase more of all normal goods (assume all the goods in the homework are normal goods), this shifts the demand curve upward (demand increases); if income decreases, then consumers buy less of all normal goods, this shifts the demand curve downward (demand decreases).
4. Prices of Related Goods:
a. Complimentary Goods: These are goods that are used to together like peanut butter and jelly. If the price of peanut butter goes up, the Quantity Demanded of peanut butter will decrease (a movement along a demand curve in response to a price change). However, the Demand for jelly will decline (decrease in demand) as fewer people buy it to go with the peanut butter, since they are buying less peanut butter.
b. Substitute Goods: These are goods that are used in place of each other. If the price of Coke Cola goes up, the Quantity Demanded of Coke does down (a movement along the demand curve). But the Demand for Pepsi – the substitute good – goes up as people substitute the lower priced Pepsi for the higher priced Coke (the Pepsi demand curve shifts upward).
5. Expectations about the Future: If people have a positive view of the future they will consumer more and save less. This shifts th ...
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
15. Figure 1: The Demand Curve A B Rs4.00 2.00 D 40,000 60,000 Number of Bottles per Month Price per Bottle At Rs2.00 per bottle, 60,000 bottles are demanded (point B). When the price is Rs4.00 per bottle, 40,000 bottles are demanded (point A).
16.
17. Figure 3(a): Movements Along and Shifts of The Demand Curve P 2 Q 2 Q 1 Q 3 P 1 P 3 Quantity Price Price increase moves us leftward along demand curve Price increase moves us rightward along demand curve
18.
19. Figure 2: A Shift of The Demand Curve B C Rs2.00 60,000 80,000 D 1 D 2 An increase in income shifts the demand curve for maple syrup from D 1 to D 2 . Number of Bottles per Month Price per Bottle At each price, more bottles are demanded after the shift
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32. Figure 4: The Supply Curve F G 2.00 S 40,000 60,000 Rs4.00 At Rs4.00 per bottle, quantity supplied is 60,000 bottles (point G ). When the price is Rs2.00 per bottle, 40,000 bottles are supplied (point F ). Number of Bottles per Month Price per Bottle
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34. Figure 5: A Shift of The Supply Curve S 2 G J S 1 60,000 Rs4.00 80,000 A decrease in transportation costs shifts the supply curve for maple syrup from S 1 to S 2 . Number of Bottles per Month Price per Bottle At each price, more bottles are supplied after the shift
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38. Figure 6(a): Changes in Supply and in Quantity Supplied P 2 Q 3 Q 1 Q 2 P 1 P 3 S Quantity Price Price increase moves us rightward along supply curve Price increase moves us leftward along supply curve
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43. Figure 7: Market Equilibrium E H J 1.00 Rs3.00 D S 50,000 75,000 25,000 Excess Demand 4. until price reaches its equilibrium value of Rs3.00 . 2. causes the price to rise . . . 3. shrinking the excess demand . . . 1. At a price of Rs1.00 per bottle an excess demand of 50,000 bottles . . . Number of Bottles per Month Price per Bottle
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45. Figure 8: Excess Supply and Price Adjustment K L E 3.00 D S Rs5.00 50,000 35,000 65,000 Excess Supply at Rs5.00 3. shrinking the excess supply . . . 2. causes the price to drop, 4. until price reaches its equilibrium value of Rs3.00. Number of Bottles per Month Price per Bottle 1. At a price of Rs5.00 per bottle an excess supply of 30,000 bottles . . .
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49. Figure 9 E F' 3.00 D 1 D 2 S Rs4.00 50,000 60,000 1. An increase in demand . . . 3. to a new equilibrium. 5. and equilibrium quantity increases too. 2. moves us along the supply curve . . . Number of Bottles of Maple Syrup per Period Price per Bottle 4. Equilibrium price increases
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51. Figure 10: A Shift of Supply and A New Equilibrium E' E 3.00 D Rs5.00 50,000 35,000 S 2 S 1 Number of Bottles Price per Bottle
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53. Figure 12: The Market For Oil P 2 D E' P 1 E Q 2 Q 1 S 2 S 1 Barrels of Oil Price per Barrel of Oil
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55. Figure 13: The Market For Natural Gas P 4 P 3 F Q 3 Q 4 S D 2 F' D 1 Cubic Feet of Natural Gas Price per Cubic Foot of Natural Gas
56. Figure 11: Changes in the Market for Handheld PCs A B Rs400 D 2003 S 2002 S 2003 D 2002 Rs500 2.45 3.33 1. An increase in supply . . . 2. and a decrease in demand . . . 5. and quantity decreased as well. Millions of Handheld PCs per Quarter Price per Handheld PC 4. Price decreased . . . 3. moved the market to a new equilibrium.
Consider an example from our real life: the price of laptop decreases, how is the total number of computer bought changed?
Emphasize the “other things constant” Emphasize the price influence Exercise and example: - Illustrate the example of maple syrup in the textbook – how to draw the graph? what is the relations? Is it the linear relation?
Maple syrup example Horizontal axis; Vertical axis Points A and B, interpretation Negative relations Move along the curve – price change