This document discusses the radiographic classification and interpretation of dental lesions. It describes three main categories of lesions seen on dental radiographs: radiolucent lesions, radioopaque lesions, and those with a combination of radiolucency and radioopacity. Within each category, it lists and provides examples of specific lesion types that may present with characteristic radiographic appearances related to location, margins, and other imaging features. Common inflammatory lesions, cysts, tumors, and dental anomalies that are most frequently observed on dental radiographs are also outlined.
The document discusses inflammatory jaw lesions seen on dental radiographs. It begins by stating that inflammatory jaw lesions are the most common pathologic conditions of the jaws, usually due to infected pulp or periodontal infection. It then covers the radiographic features and diagnosis of different types of inflammatory jaw lesions including periapical inflammatory lesions (apical periodontitis, periapical abscess, granuloma, cyst), pericoronitis, periodontal lesions, osteomyelitis, and osteoradionecrosis. It provides details on features, causes, and radiographic presentations of these conditions.
The document discusses inflammatory jaw lesions, describing their causes, classifications, and radiographic features. It states that inflammatory jaw lesions are usually due to infected pulp or periodontal infection, and may also be caused by trauma or hematological disease. The major classifications covered are periapical inflammatory lesions, pericoronitis, periodontal lesions, and osteomyelitis. Diagnostic features on radiographs include location of the lesion, changes inside the lesion, and effects on surrounding structures. Specific conditions like apical periodontitis, periapical abscess, granuloma, cysts, and pericoronitis are then discussed in more detail.
The document discusses extra-oral radiography. It describes the different types of extra-oral films including screen films and non-screen films. It also discusses extra-oral film equipment such as intensifying screens and cassettes. Various extra-oral radiographic projections are listed including lateral skull, posteroanterior, mandibular lateral oblique, and Waters' view projections. The use of the Frankfort plane and canthomeatal line in radiographic positioning is explained.
The document discusses extra-oral radiography techniques. It describes the equipment used, including extra-oral films, intensifying screens, and cassettes. Intensifying screens absorb x-rays and emit visible light to expose the film, reducing exposure time. Cassettes hold the film sandwiched between two intensifying screens. Common extra-oral projections described are lateral skull, posteroanterior, and mandibular oblique views. Plain radiographs are guided by the Frankfort plane and canthomeatal line.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Eye prosthetic consideration/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian d...Indian dental academy
The document discusses the anatomy and structures of the eye. It describes the layers of the eye including the sclera, cornea, choroid, ciliary body, iris, aqueous humour, lens, vitreous body, and retina. It also discusses the extraocular muscles that control eye movement and details the anatomy and function of individual muscles like the recti, oblique, and levator palpebrae superioris muscles. Prosthetic rehabilitation of the anophthalmic socket requires collaboration between an ophthalmologist and maxillofacial prosthodontist to successfully return patients to society with a normal appearance.
This document discusses various imaging techniques used in the maxillofacial region. It begins by providing an overview of maxillofacial imaging anatomy seen on CT and MRI scans. It then describes different types of jaw cysts that can be identified on imaging, including periapical, residual, paradental, lateral periodontal, and incisive canal cysts. Finally, it discusses some interventional radiology procedures performed in the maxillofacial region, such as temporomandibular joint arthrography and sialography.
Acompanhe este resumo do Implante de Anel de Ferrara para correção do Ceratocone. Característica, Mecanismo de Ação, técnica Cirúrgica, os diferentes arcos e efeitos são alguns dos tópicos abordados
The document discusses inflammatory jaw lesions seen on dental radiographs. It begins by stating that inflammatory jaw lesions are the most common pathologic conditions of the jaws, usually due to infected pulp or periodontal infection. It then covers the radiographic features and diagnosis of different types of inflammatory jaw lesions including periapical inflammatory lesions (apical periodontitis, periapical abscess, granuloma, cyst), pericoronitis, periodontal lesions, osteomyelitis, and osteoradionecrosis. It provides details on features, causes, and radiographic presentations of these conditions.
The document discusses inflammatory jaw lesions, describing their causes, classifications, and radiographic features. It states that inflammatory jaw lesions are usually due to infected pulp or periodontal infection, and may also be caused by trauma or hematological disease. The major classifications covered are periapical inflammatory lesions, pericoronitis, periodontal lesions, and osteomyelitis. Diagnostic features on radiographs include location of the lesion, changes inside the lesion, and effects on surrounding structures. Specific conditions like apical periodontitis, periapical abscess, granuloma, cysts, and pericoronitis are then discussed in more detail.
The document discusses extra-oral radiography. It describes the different types of extra-oral films including screen films and non-screen films. It also discusses extra-oral film equipment such as intensifying screens and cassettes. Various extra-oral radiographic projections are listed including lateral skull, posteroanterior, mandibular lateral oblique, and Waters' view projections. The use of the Frankfort plane and canthomeatal line in radiographic positioning is explained.
The document discusses extra-oral radiography techniques. It describes the equipment used, including extra-oral films, intensifying screens, and cassettes. Intensifying screens absorb x-rays and emit visible light to expose the film, reducing exposure time. Cassettes hold the film sandwiched between two intensifying screens. Common extra-oral projections described are lateral skull, posteroanterior, and mandibular oblique views. Plain radiographs are guided by the Frankfort plane and canthomeatal line.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Eye prosthetic consideration/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian d...Indian dental academy
The document discusses the anatomy and structures of the eye. It describes the layers of the eye including the sclera, cornea, choroid, ciliary body, iris, aqueous humour, lens, vitreous body, and retina. It also discusses the extraocular muscles that control eye movement and details the anatomy and function of individual muscles like the recti, oblique, and levator palpebrae superioris muscles. Prosthetic rehabilitation of the anophthalmic socket requires collaboration between an ophthalmologist and maxillofacial prosthodontist to successfully return patients to society with a normal appearance.
This document discusses various imaging techniques used in the maxillofacial region. It begins by providing an overview of maxillofacial imaging anatomy seen on CT and MRI scans. It then describes different types of jaw cysts that can be identified on imaging, including periapical, residual, paradental, lateral periodontal, and incisive canal cysts. Finally, it discusses some interventional radiology procedures performed in the maxillofacial region, such as temporomandibular joint arthrography and sialography.
Acompanhe este resumo do Implante de Anel de Ferrara para correção do Ceratocone. Característica, Mecanismo de Ação, técnica Cirúrgica, os diferentes arcos e efeitos são alguns dos tópicos abordados
Radiographic evaluation of midface fracturejyoti sharma
This document discusses the radiographic evaluation of midface fractures. It describes the LeFort classifications of midface fractures including LeFort I, II, and III fractures. LeFort I involves a horizontal maxillary fracture. LeFort II is a pyramidal fracture through the maxilla and nasal bones. LeFort III is a craniofacial disjunction that separates the midface from the cranium. Clinical features and radiographic findings are provided for each type of fracture. Radiographic evaluation includes panoramic imaging, CT scans, and MRI which are useful for detecting fractures and complications. Physical examination involves inspecting the head, eyes, ears, nose, throat, and neck for signs of midface trauma.
This document provides an outline and discussion of imaging approaches for facial trauma, including fractures of the maxilla and mandible. It describes various types of maxillary fractures such as sagittal, alveolar process, and LeFort fractures. LeFort fracture types I, II, and III are defined based on the anatomical structures involved. Examples of maxillary sagittal, alveolar process, LeFort I and II fractures are shown through imaging case studies. The document concludes with an overview of mandibular fractures and their clinical presentation.
04 radiology in maxillofacial trauma.ppt. new presentationJamil Kifayatullah
1. The document discusses the role of various imaging modalities like plain radiographs, CT, and MRI in evaluating maxillofacial injuries.
2. As a radiologist, the author's aim is to provide useful input to clinicians by utilizing different available imaging tools and appreciates feedback on clinician requirements.
3. A team effort between radiologists and clinicians is important as teams are more effective than individuals in managing maxillofacial trauma cases.
This document discusses congenital anophthalmia and recent advances in its management. It describes how the introduction of hydrogel socket expanders and orbital expanders has modified the rehabilitation approach. The goals of treatment are to simultaneously expand soft tissues and orbital bones to replace lost volume, maintain orbital structure, and allow prosthesis motility. Various types of orbital implants and expanders are discussed, including advantages and disadvantages. Guidelines for successful socket reconstruction with adequate volume, fornices, eyelid tone and prosthesis motility and comfort are provided.
The document discusses the assessment and management of maxillofacial injuries. It begins with the primary assessment of airway, breathing, circulation, disability and exposure. It then covers airway control and management, breathing issues and types of injuries that can cause inadequate ventilation. Circulation and hemorrhagic shock classification is reviewed. Neurological examination and secondary assessment of specific body regions is also outlined. The document focuses on fractures of the mandible, including epidemiology, classification, diagnosis using history, exam and radiographs, and various treatment modalities like closed/open reduction, internal fixation techniques including miniplates, and principles of fracture healing. Multiple case examples are provided to illustrate concepts.
This document provides an outline and introduction to imaging facial trauma. It discusses the epidemiology and types of facial fractures, the use of CT versus radiography in evaluation, normal facial anatomy, and an imaging approach. Standard radiographic views of the face are described including Waters, Caldwell's, and Towne's views. Key anatomical structures and lines of reference are identified for each view. The biomechanics of typical fracture patterns are also covered.
Management of soft tissue injuries in facial traumaAhmed Adawy
Management of soft tissue injuries in facial trauma
Dr. Ahmed M. Adawy.
Professor Emeritus, Dept. Oral & Maxillofacial Surg.
Former Dean, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Al-Azhar University.
Soft-tissue injuries are the most common presentation following maxillofacial trauma. In general, injuries can initially be classified as open or closed wounds. A closed wound is one that damages underlying tissue and/or structures without breaking the skin. Examples of closed wounds include hematomas, contusions, and crush injuries. In contrast, open wounds involve a break in the skin, which exposes the underlying structures to the external environment. Open wounds include simple and complex lacerations, avulsions, punctures, abrasions, accidental tattooing, and retained foreign body. Detailed description of management is presented. The principles of repair is discussed.
- The document discusses maxillofacial trauma, providing details on triage, the ABCDE approach to assessment, and management of maxillofacial fractures.
- Key aspects include rapid assessment of airway, breathing, circulation, and disability (ABCD approach) as the primary survey, followed by a secondary survey involving patient history and physical examination of the head, eyes, and maxillofacial bones.
- Management principles focus on hemorrhage control, fracture reduction, fixation, and immobilization to allow healing while preventing infection and restoring function.
This document discusses orbital implants used to replace an eye after removal (enucleation or evisceration). It describes the history and types of implants, including porous (e.g. hydroxyapatite) and non-porous (e.g. acrylic) varieties. Porous implants allow tissue ingrowth while non-porous are inert. Integrated implants directly connect to a prosthetic eye while non-integrated are fully buried. Selection depends on factors like age and defect. The goal is a natural-appearing, comfortable socket that retains a prosthesis and transfers motility.
Presentation revealing several main concepts regarding management of anophthalmic socket. It includes orbital implants during amputation surgery (evisceration or enucleation), managing the socket immediately after the removal of the eye; fitting the artificial eye and taking care of it during rest of the time. What the ophthalmic nurse and general ophthalmologist should know about artificial eye?
This document outlines surgical assessments for various rhinoplasty patients. It describes pre-operative conditions such as hump deformities, nasal tip issues, and septal deviations. For each patient, it provides a 3 sentence surgical assessment outlining the planned procedures such as hump removal, osteotomies, grafting, and tip work to correct the deformities and achieve the desired postoperative results. Examples of pre- and post-operative photos are also included to demonstrate treatment outcomes. The assessments are intended to train colleagues in surgical planning and studying postoperative outcomes of different rhinoplasty techniques.
This document discusses the application of panoramic radiography (OPG) in orthodontics. It provides examples of what can be seen on panoramic x-rays including tooth eruption patterns, missing or extra teeth, tooth fractures, and root resorption. Normal anatomy of the jaws is also displayed with labels pointing out various bony landmarks visible on panoramic radiographs. A variety of dental anomalies and orthodontic problems that can be identified and monitored with OPG images are presented.
Methods of conservative and operational treatment of the facial skull fracturesLinda Jenhani
The document discusses various types of facial fractures including maxillary, orbital, nasal, and mandibular fractures. It describes the classification, symptoms, signs, imaging, and treatment methods for each type of fracture. Common treatment approaches mentioned include open reduction with plates and screws or intermaxillary fixation. Complications from facial fractures like hemorrhage, shock and tissue damage are also summarized.
The document discusses the history of artificial eyes from ancient Egypt to modern times. It covers early artificial eyes made of materials like bronze, silver and gold. It then summarizes the development of glass eyes in the 1800s in Germany, the use of plastic eyes after World War II, and current fabrication techniques using impressions and stock or custom prosthetics. The document provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of artificial eye technology.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document discusses the radiological aspects of oral and maxillofacial surgery. It begins by introducing oral and maxillofacial radiology and classifying radiographic techniques into conventional and specialized radiography. Under conventional radiography, it describes various intraoral and extraoral techniques like periapical, occlusal, panoramic, and cephalometric radiographs. It then explains specialized radiography techniques like CT, MRI, ultrasound and sialography. It provides details on the indications, anatomy visualized, and appearance of common pathologies on different radiographs. In conclusion, the document emphasizes that radiographs are important diagnostic tools in oral and maxillofacial surgery for evaluating diseases, fractures and designing treatment plans.
The document discusses dental radiographic anatomy and interpretation. It begins by outlining the basic principles of radiographic interpretation, including localization, observation, general considerations, interpretation, and correlation. It then describes in detail how to analyze teeth and bone on a radiograph, noting changes in density, margins, internal structure, and effects on surrounding tissues. The document concludes by listing common anatomical landmarks seen on dental radiographs, such as the median palatine suture, nasal fossa, and maxillary sinus.
This document provides a radiographic overview of normal dental anatomy. It describes the appearance of teeth, roots, supporting structures like the lamina dura and periodontal ligament space. It also outlines maxillary and mandibular landmarks like the nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, mandibular canal and other radiopaque features. The document concludes by describing the radiographic appearance of various dental restorative materials and appliances.
Radiographic evaluation of midface fracturejyoti sharma
This document discusses the radiographic evaluation of midface fractures. It describes the LeFort classifications of midface fractures including LeFort I, II, and III fractures. LeFort I involves a horizontal maxillary fracture. LeFort II is a pyramidal fracture through the maxilla and nasal bones. LeFort III is a craniofacial disjunction that separates the midface from the cranium. Clinical features and radiographic findings are provided for each type of fracture. Radiographic evaluation includes panoramic imaging, CT scans, and MRI which are useful for detecting fractures and complications. Physical examination involves inspecting the head, eyes, ears, nose, throat, and neck for signs of midface trauma.
This document provides an outline and discussion of imaging approaches for facial trauma, including fractures of the maxilla and mandible. It describes various types of maxillary fractures such as sagittal, alveolar process, and LeFort fractures. LeFort fracture types I, II, and III are defined based on the anatomical structures involved. Examples of maxillary sagittal, alveolar process, LeFort I and II fractures are shown through imaging case studies. The document concludes with an overview of mandibular fractures and their clinical presentation.
04 radiology in maxillofacial trauma.ppt. new presentationJamil Kifayatullah
1. The document discusses the role of various imaging modalities like plain radiographs, CT, and MRI in evaluating maxillofacial injuries.
2. As a radiologist, the author's aim is to provide useful input to clinicians by utilizing different available imaging tools and appreciates feedback on clinician requirements.
3. A team effort between radiologists and clinicians is important as teams are more effective than individuals in managing maxillofacial trauma cases.
This document discusses congenital anophthalmia and recent advances in its management. It describes how the introduction of hydrogel socket expanders and orbital expanders has modified the rehabilitation approach. The goals of treatment are to simultaneously expand soft tissues and orbital bones to replace lost volume, maintain orbital structure, and allow prosthesis motility. Various types of orbital implants and expanders are discussed, including advantages and disadvantages. Guidelines for successful socket reconstruction with adequate volume, fornices, eyelid tone and prosthesis motility and comfort are provided.
The document discusses the assessment and management of maxillofacial injuries. It begins with the primary assessment of airway, breathing, circulation, disability and exposure. It then covers airway control and management, breathing issues and types of injuries that can cause inadequate ventilation. Circulation and hemorrhagic shock classification is reviewed. Neurological examination and secondary assessment of specific body regions is also outlined. The document focuses on fractures of the mandible, including epidemiology, classification, diagnosis using history, exam and radiographs, and various treatment modalities like closed/open reduction, internal fixation techniques including miniplates, and principles of fracture healing. Multiple case examples are provided to illustrate concepts.
This document provides an outline and introduction to imaging facial trauma. It discusses the epidemiology and types of facial fractures, the use of CT versus radiography in evaluation, normal facial anatomy, and an imaging approach. Standard radiographic views of the face are described including Waters, Caldwell's, and Towne's views. Key anatomical structures and lines of reference are identified for each view. The biomechanics of typical fracture patterns are also covered.
Management of soft tissue injuries in facial traumaAhmed Adawy
Management of soft tissue injuries in facial trauma
Dr. Ahmed M. Adawy.
Professor Emeritus, Dept. Oral & Maxillofacial Surg.
Former Dean, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Al-Azhar University.
Soft-tissue injuries are the most common presentation following maxillofacial trauma. In general, injuries can initially be classified as open or closed wounds. A closed wound is one that damages underlying tissue and/or structures without breaking the skin. Examples of closed wounds include hematomas, contusions, and crush injuries. In contrast, open wounds involve a break in the skin, which exposes the underlying structures to the external environment. Open wounds include simple and complex lacerations, avulsions, punctures, abrasions, accidental tattooing, and retained foreign body. Detailed description of management is presented. The principles of repair is discussed.
- The document discusses maxillofacial trauma, providing details on triage, the ABCDE approach to assessment, and management of maxillofacial fractures.
- Key aspects include rapid assessment of airway, breathing, circulation, and disability (ABCD approach) as the primary survey, followed by a secondary survey involving patient history and physical examination of the head, eyes, and maxillofacial bones.
- Management principles focus on hemorrhage control, fracture reduction, fixation, and immobilization to allow healing while preventing infection and restoring function.
This document discusses orbital implants used to replace an eye after removal (enucleation or evisceration). It describes the history and types of implants, including porous (e.g. hydroxyapatite) and non-porous (e.g. acrylic) varieties. Porous implants allow tissue ingrowth while non-porous are inert. Integrated implants directly connect to a prosthetic eye while non-integrated are fully buried. Selection depends on factors like age and defect. The goal is a natural-appearing, comfortable socket that retains a prosthesis and transfers motility.
Presentation revealing several main concepts regarding management of anophthalmic socket. It includes orbital implants during amputation surgery (evisceration or enucleation), managing the socket immediately after the removal of the eye; fitting the artificial eye and taking care of it during rest of the time. What the ophthalmic nurse and general ophthalmologist should know about artificial eye?
This document outlines surgical assessments for various rhinoplasty patients. It describes pre-operative conditions such as hump deformities, nasal tip issues, and septal deviations. For each patient, it provides a 3 sentence surgical assessment outlining the planned procedures such as hump removal, osteotomies, grafting, and tip work to correct the deformities and achieve the desired postoperative results. Examples of pre- and post-operative photos are also included to demonstrate treatment outcomes. The assessments are intended to train colleagues in surgical planning and studying postoperative outcomes of different rhinoplasty techniques.
This document discusses the application of panoramic radiography (OPG) in orthodontics. It provides examples of what can be seen on panoramic x-rays including tooth eruption patterns, missing or extra teeth, tooth fractures, and root resorption. Normal anatomy of the jaws is also displayed with labels pointing out various bony landmarks visible on panoramic radiographs. A variety of dental anomalies and orthodontic problems that can be identified and monitored with OPG images are presented.
Methods of conservative and operational treatment of the facial skull fracturesLinda Jenhani
The document discusses various types of facial fractures including maxillary, orbital, nasal, and mandibular fractures. It describes the classification, symptoms, signs, imaging, and treatment methods for each type of fracture. Common treatment approaches mentioned include open reduction with plates and screws or intermaxillary fixation. Complications from facial fractures like hemorrhage, shock and tissue damage are also summarized.
The document discusses the history of artificial eyes from ancient Egypt to modern times. It covers early artificial eyes made of materials like bronze, silver and gold. It then summarizes the development of glass eyes in the 1800s in Germany, the use of plastic eyes after World War II, and current fabrication techniques using impressions and stock or custom prosthetics. The document provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of artificial eye technology.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document discusses the radiological aspects of oral and maxillofacial surgery. It begins by introducing oral and maxillofacial radiology and classifying radiographic techniques into conventional and specialized radiography. Under conventional radiography, it describes various intraoral and extraoral techniques like periapical, occlusal, panoramic, and cephalometric radiographs. It then explains specialized radiography techniques like CT, MRI, ultrasound and sialography. It provides details on the indications, anatomy visualized, and appearance of common pathologies on different radiographs. In conclusion, the document emphasizes that radiographs are important diagnostic tools in oral and maxillofacial surgery for evaluating diseases, fractures and designing treatment plans.
The document discusses dental radiographic anatomy and interpretation. It begins by outlining the basic principles of radiographic interpretation, including localization, observation, general considerations, interpretation, and correlation. It then describes in detail how to analyze teeth and bone on a radiograph, noting changes in density, margins, internal structure, and effects on surrounding tissues. The document concludes by listing common anatomical landmarks seen on dental radiographs, such as the median palatine suture, nasal fossa, and maxillary sinus.
This document provides a radiographic overview of normal dental anatomy. It describes the appearance of teeth, roots, supporting structures like the lamina dura and periodontal ligament space. It also outlines maxillary and mandibular landmarks like the nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, mandibular canal and other radiopaque features. The document concludes by describing the radiographic appearance of various dental restorative materials and appliances.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Panoramic radiography, also called a panoramic x-ray, captures a single image of the entire mouth, including teeth, jaws, and surrounding structures. It is commonly used by dentists and oral surgeons to evaluate bones, teeth, and check for issues like tumors, cysts, or impacted teeth. The procedure involves a rotating x-ray tube that projects a beam through the patient's head and onto a rotating film or detector. It is painless, fast, and provides a wider view than intraoral x-rays. While it does not show the same detail as other imaging tests, panoramic x-rays are useful for initial evaluation of dental problems.
Dr. Nermine Ramadan Mahmoud will present on the pharmacology of local anesthesia. The presentation will cover the constituents of local anesthetic cartridges, including the anesthetic drug, vasoconstrictor, preservative, vehicle, and distilled water. It will also discuss the pharmacology of local anesthetic drugs and vasoconstrictors, including their mechanisms of action, classifications, and effects. The presentation will summarize the factors that influence the uptake, potency, duration, biotransformation, and excretion of local anesthetics.
The document provides an overview of various dental pathologies including:
1. Types of dental caries at different stages and locations such as enamel caries, dentin caries, and beaded dentinal tubules.
2. Stages of pulpitis from focal reversible to chronic open hyperplastic pulpitis.
3. Types of periapical pathologies like acute and chronic periapical abscesses and periapical granulomas.
4. Cysts that can occur in the oral cavity including dentigerous cysts, odontogenic keratocysts, eruption cysts, and radicular cysts.
5. Infections like osteomyel
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides detailed information about the anatomy and morphology of the permanent maxillary first molar tooth. It describes the general features including that there are 12 molars total, they are the largest teeth without deciduous predecessors, and are multi-rooted. Specific details are then given about the surfaces, roots, chronology of development, and anatomical landmarks of each surface including elevations and depressions. Comparisons are made between the maxillary first and second molars, noting differences in their occlusal outlines, root structures, and morphological features.
Infections of oral & para-oral tissuesMona Shehata
This document discusses various infectious agents that can infect oral and para-oral tissues. It begins by classifying infectious agents into metazoa, protozoa, fungi, bacteria, viruses, and prions. For each category, examples of important infectious diseases are provided along with brief descriptions. Specific oral infections caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses are then discussed in more detail, including acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, Vincent's angina, pericoronitis, diphtheria, and anthrax. Clinical features and treatment for many of these infections are summarized.
This document provides an overview of Dr. Elhawary's clinical tips for dental local anesthesia. It discusses pre-anesthetic evaluation of patients, classification of patients' physical condition, sensitivity testing, innervation of teeth, pharmacology of local anesthesia, anesthetic techniques including infiltration, nerve blocks, and variations. Specific techniques are outlined for maxillary and mandibular injections like buccal infiltration, palatal infiltration, infraorbital nerve block, and inferior alveolar nerve block. Confirmation of effective anesthesia is also addressed.
This document discusses fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws, which are benign bone disorders characterized by the replacement of bone with fibrous tissue and varying degrees of mineralization. It covers the classification, clinical features, radiographic appearance, histopathology, differential diagnosis, and treatment of several specific fibro-osseous lesions including ossifying fibroma, fibrous dysplasia, cemento-osseous dysplasia, central giant cell granuloma, cherubism, aneurysmal bone cyst, and solitary bone cyst.
This document discusses various extraoral radiographic techniques used in dentistry. It provides details on patient and image receptor positioning, location of the central x-ray beam, and landmarks visualized for lateral skull projections, submentovertex projections, Waters projections, posterioanterior skull projections, and reverse Towne projections. Proper positioning is important to obtain diagnostic images and visualize anatomic structures symmetrically.
Single photon emission computed tomography (spect)Syed Hammad .
brief but informative knowledge about what basically SPECT is and what is the phenomenon behind this machine ... easy to understand as well as presenting during lectures and in classes . share it
This document provides information on extraoral radiographic techniques. It discusses various extraoral views including lateral oblique, cephalometric, submentovertex, and zygomatic arch views. For each view, it describes the positioning of the patient's head, placement of the radiographic cassette and film, and path of the x-ray beam. It also discusses the components and function of screen-film systems used in extraoral radiography, including intensifying screens, screen speeds, and the advantages of Ektavision film over T-Mat film. Common cephalometric landmarks and their use in orthodontic assessment are also summarized.
The document identifies common errors that can occur when taking panoramic dental x-rays. These include the teeth being positioned too far anterior or posterior to the focal trough, the patient's head being turned or tipped in various directions, issues with the placement of the lead apron, and other errors like patient movement, double exposures, or using incorrect exposure settings. Proper patient positioning and technique are necessary to avoid these errors and ensure diagnostic quality panoramic dental x-rays.
This document discusses various extra-oral radiographic techniques including:
1. Mandibular oblique lateral, true lateral, submento-vertex, occipitomental, postero-anterior, and reverse Towne projections.
2. The occipitomental view shows the facial skeleton, maxillary sinuses, and avoids superimposition of dense skull bones.
3. Linear tomography creates a tomographic cut where structures above and below are blurred while the focal plane is sharp. Multidirectional tomography is needed for a thin tomographic layer.
The document describes the composition and uses of intraoral and extraoral films and intensifying screens used in dental radiography. It discusses the components of intraoral and extraoral films, including the plastic base, double emulsion containing silver halide crystals, and protective layers. It also describes the composition and function of intensifying screens containing rare earth phosphor crystals that emit light when exposed to x-rays. The document provides details on different film types, speeds, sizes and storage as well as cassette, barrier packets and processing.
mixed radiolucent and radiopaque lesions / oral surgery coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The document discusses radiology of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It describes the anatomy of the four paranasal sinus groups and details their development. It provides imaging techniques for visualizing the sinuses including lateral, Caldwell's view, Waters' view, submentovertex view. CT scanning is described as the gold standard for providing detailed bony anatomy and assessing sinus pathology or planning surgery. Key anatomical structures seen on coronal and axial CT cuts are outlined.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Clinical aspects of cleft lip & palate reconstructionAnjan Deb
This document discusses clinical aspects of cleft lip and palate reconstruction. It covers relevant anatomy, embryology of facial clefting, classification of clefts, epidemiology, principles of management including preoperative assessment and surgical techniques. Surgical techniques discussed include Millard, Tennison-Randall, Wardill-Kilner, Z-plasty, speech assessment, pharyngioplasty, and alveolar bone graft. Post-operative management and complications are also addressed.
1. External root resorption in orthodontics is the gradual loss of dental root tissue caused by the inflammatory process during orthodontic tooth movement. It commonly affects the maxillary incisors and can reduce root length by up to half.
2. Risk factors include hereditary predisposition, local anatomical factors like short roots, impacted teeth, and parafunctional habits that cause intermittent tooth movement like bruxism.
3. Radiographic examination is important for diagnosis and monitoring the progression of external root resorption during and after orthodontic treatment. Cone beam computed tomography provides more accurate assessment compared to traditional radiographs.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses clinical aspects of cleft lip and palate reconstruction. It covers relevant anatomy, embryology of facial clefting, classification and epidemiology of clefts, principles of management including assessment, surgical techniques such as Millard and Wardill-Kilner, and post-operative management and follow up. The key topics include causes of clefts during embryological development, variations in cleft types and locations, principles of multidisciplinary management, and surgical repair techniques for cleft lip.
This document discusses various apical lesions that can be seen on dental radiographs. It describes periapical granulomas, radicular cysts, apical abscesses, apical scars, surgical defects, and how periodontal disease can sometimes present with periapical radiolucencies. Key signs on radiographs are discussed such as lesion borders, surrounding bone changes, and differentiating true lesions from anatomical variations. Common inflammatory pulpal and periapical lesions are also compared.
1) The document discusses impacted teeth, which are teeth that fail to fully erupt. It describes common causes and locations of impactions as well as classification systems.
2) Surgical removal of impacted teeth involves asepsis, anesthesia, incisions, bone removal, tooth sectioning, elevation and extraction while protecting surrounding structures.
3) Radiographs aid in determining the depth, orientation and relationship to nearby anatomy to assess difficulty prior to surgery. Careful treatment planning is important for safe and effective removal of impacted teeth.
The document describes a case study of a 12-year-old girl diagnosed with juvenile aggressive ossifying fibroma. She presented with a large swelling on the right side of her face that had been growing over the past 3 years. Imaging and biopsy revealed a benign bone tumor composed of proliferating fibroblastic tissue with psammoma-like cementum masses. The tumor involved the right maxillary sinus and other local structures. The patient underwent surgical removal of the tumor. Juvenile aggressive ossifying fibroma is a rare bone lesion that typically occurs in the jaw bones of children and can be difficult to diagnose due to variable presentation.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses several craniofacial anomalies including DiGeorge Syndrome, Treacher-Collins Syndrome, Apert Syndrome, Crouzon Syndrome, Branchiootorenal Syndrome, Down Syndrome, Goldenhar Syndrome, and Pierre-Robin Sequence. It provides the genetic causes, characteristic features, and figures to illustrate each condition. Craniosynostosis and cloverleaf skull syndrome are discussed in more detail, with craniosynostosis defined as the premature fusion of cranial sutures, which can be primary, secondary, or syndromic, and the roles of specific sutures explained.
This case report describes a rare case of primary corneal hemangiosarcoma in a cat. The cat presented with chronic keratitis and ocular discharge in one eye that worsened over several months. Examination found a vascularized mass in the cornea. Histopathology of a keratectomy sample found highly cellular spindle and polygonal cells lining blood-filled spaces, consistent with hemangiosarcoma. The eye was eventually enucleated due to risk of recurrence and metastasis. This represents the first reported case of primary corneal hemangiosarcoma in a cat.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses the Le Fort classification system for facial bone fractures. It was named after French surgeon René Le Fort, who studied fractures by dropping cannon balls on cadaver heads. There are three main types of Le Fort fractures: Type 1 is a horizontal maxillary fracture separating the teeth from the upper face; Type 2 is a pyramidal fracture with the teeth at the base and the nasofrontal suture at the apex; Type 3 is a craniofacial disjunction with the fracture line passing through the nasofrontal suture, maxillo-frontal suture, orbital wall, and zygomatic arch.
This document provides a classification and descriptions of various radiolucent lesions according to their diagnostic features. It describes lesions located at the apex of teeth, in the midline of the maxilla, around missing or impacted teeth, and soap bubble-like or multiple radiolucencies. Specific lesions are defined, including their typical locations, appearances on radiographs, effects on surrounding teeth or bone, patient demographics, and recommended treatments.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document reports on 3 cases of unicystic ameloblastoma that were initially misdiagnosed. Case 1, in a 58-year-old female, was diagnosed clinically as a residual cyst but was found to be a unicystic ameloblastoma. Case 2, in a 25-year-old female, was diagnosed as a dentigerous cyst but was also a unicystic ameloblastoma. Case 3, in a 13-year-old female, was diagnosed as a keratocystic odontogenic tumor but was additionally a unicystic ameloblastoma. The document emphasizes that unicystic ameloblastoma can mimic features of odontogenic cysts and should
This document discusses the radiographic differential diagnosis of common oral diseases. It provides classifications of radiolucencies and radiopacities based on anatomical and pathological features. Key radiolucent lesions discussed include periapical granulomas, radicular cysts, dentoalveolar abscesses, osteomyelitis, and periapical cementomas associated with teeth. Other radiolucencies described include follicular cysts, dentigerous cysts, ameloblastomas located near teeth. Radiolucencies not associated with teeth include interradicular, furcation, and lateral radicular cysts. Important radiolucent pathologies such as primordial cysts, odontogenic kerat
Jc 1 cbct findings of periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia-dr. priyadershinipriyadershini rangari
This case report describes CBCT findings of periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia (PCOD) in a 45-year-old woman. CBCT imaging revealed a mixed radiolucent-radiopaque lesion extending from the right lateral incisor to the left lateral incisor. Axial and cross-sectional CBCT images showed expansion and thinning of the buccal cortex in two areas. 3D reconstructed images showed erosion of the buccal and lingual cortices. Based on the radiographic and clinical features, PCOD was diagnosed and no treatment was required, only periodic follow-up. CBCT provided improved visualization of the lesion compared to conventional radiography for diagnosis.
Similar to 3 radioraphic anatomy&interpretation part ii (20)
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Radiolucent lesionsRadiolucent lesions
1-1-Lesions related to tooth apexLesions related to tooth apex
2-2-Lesions related to side of rootsLesions related to side of roots
3-3-Lesions related to crown of unerupted orLesions related to crown of unerupted or
impacted toothimpacted tooth
4-4-Unilocular lesions in midline of maxilla.Unilocular lesions in midline of maxilla.
5-5-Unilocular lesions lateral to midline of maxilla.Unilocular lesions lateral to midline of maxilla.
6-6-Solitary RL lesion with either well or ill- definedSolitary RL lesion with either well or ill- defined
margins.margins.
7-7-Multilocular RL lesion with either well or ill-Multilocular RL lesion with either well or ill-
defined margins.defined margins.
8-8-Multiple but separate RL with well-defined orMultiple but separate RL with well-defined or
punched out marginspunched out margins
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2-2-Radiolucent lesions related toRadiolucent lesions related to
sides of roots:sides of roots:
1- Lateral periodontal cyst1- Lateral periodontal cyst
2- Periodontal abscess.2- Periodontal abscess.
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3-3-Lesions related to crown ofLesions related to crown of
unerupted or impacted toothunerupted or impacted tooth
Pericoronal R.L, uni or multilocularPericoronal R.L, uni or multilocular
A-Pericoronal or follicular space.A-Pericoronal or follicular space.
B-Dentigerous cyst.B-Dentigerous cyst.
C-AmeloblastomaC-Ameloblastoma
D-Odontogenic keratocyst.D-Odontogenic keratocyst.
E-Odontogenic fibroma.E-Odontogenic fibroma.
F-Odontogenic myxoma.F-Odontogenic myxoma.
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4-4-RL lesions in the midline of maxilla.RL lesions in the midline of maxilla.
1-Median palatine cyst.1-Median palatine cyst.
2-Incisive canal cyst.2-Incisive canal cyst.
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5-5-RL lesions lateral to midline ofRL lesions lateral to midline of
maxilla.maxilla.
1- Globulomaxillary cyst1- Globulomaxillary cyst
2- Residual cyst2- Residual cyst
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6-6-Solitary R.L lesions with either wellSolitary R.L lesions with either well
or ill-defined margins and notor ill-defined margins and not
necessarily containing teeth.necessarily containing teeth.
Well-defined marginWell-defined margin
1-Residual cyst1-Residual cyst
2-Traumatic bone cyst2-Traumatic bone cyst
3-Primordial cyst3-Primordial cyst
4-Odontogenic keratocyst4-Odontogenic keratocyst
5- Ameloblastoma5- Ameloblastoma
6-Central giant cell6-Central giant cell
granulomagranuloma
7-Central odontogenic7-Central odontogenic
fibromafibroma
Ill-defined marginIll-defined margin
1-Residual infection1-Residual infection
2-bone loss due to PD2-bone loss due to PD
3-Myloma3-Myloma
4-carcinoma4-carcinoma
5-Ameloplastoma5-Ameloplastoma
6-metastasis6-metastasis
7-osteomylitis7-osteomylitis
8-odontoenic fibroma8-odontoenic fibroma
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77-Multilocular RL lesion with either well-Multilocular RL lesion with either well
or ill-defined margins.or ill-defined margins.
Well-definedWell-defined
1-Ameloblastoma1-Ameloblastoma
2-Odontogenic keratocyst2-Odontogenic keratocyst
3-Central g. cell granuloma3-Central g. cell granuloma
4-Odontogenic myxoma4-Odontogenic myxoma
5-Central hemangioma5-Central hemangioma
6-Fibrous dysplasia6-Fibrous dysplasia
7-Cherubism7-Cherubism
8-Anneyrsmal bone cyst8-Anneyrsmal bone cyst
9-Central fibroma9-Central fibroma
10-Traumatic bone cyst10-Traumatic bone cyst
Ill-definedIll-defined
1-Ameloblastoma (late stage)1-Ameloblastoma (late stage)
2-Central myxoma (late2-Central myxoma (late
stage)stage)
3-Fibrous dysplasia3-Fibrous dysplasia
4-Cherubism4-Cherubism
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8-8- Multiple but separate RL with well-Multiple but separate RL with well-
defined or punched out marginsdefined or punched out margins
Well-defined marginWell-defined margin
1-Multible myloma.1-Multible myloma.
2-Metastatic carcinoma2-Metastatic carcinoma
3-Histocytosis-X3-Histocytosis-X
4-Cherubism4-Cherubism
Punched out marginsPunched out margins
1-Multible myloma1-Multible myloma
2-Metastatic carcinoma2-Metastatic carcinoma
3-Histocytosis-X3-Histocytosis-X
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2-2-SolitarySolitary R.O lesions notR.O lesions not
contacting teethcontacting teeth
1- All the above item (Periapical R.O)1- All the above item (Periapical R.O)
8-Osteoma8-Osteoma
9-Salivary gland stone9-Salivary gland stone
10-Osteomlitis10-Osteomlitis
11-Remeaning root11-Remeaning root
12-Unerupted tooth12-Unerupted tooth
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3-3-MultipleMultiple separate radio-separate radio-
opacities.opacities.
1-All the first item1-All the first item
8-Paget’s disease8-Paget’s disease
9-osteogenic sarcoma9-osteogenic sarcoma
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Most common lesions as seen inMost common lesions as seen in
dental radiographsdental radiographs
1-1- Inflammatory lesions.Inflammatory lesions.
2-2-Cysts and pseudocystsCysts and pseudocysts
3-3- Odontogenic tumors.Odontogenic tumors.
4-4- Non Odontogenic tumors.Non Odontogenic tumors.
5-5- Developmental anomalies of teeth.Developmental anomalies of teeth.
6-6- Foreign bodies.Foreign bodies.
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Periapical inflammatory lesions.Periapical inflammatory lesions.
Ill defined RL area, widening of PM space,
loss of LD
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Periapical Inflamatory LesionsPeriapical Inflamatory Lesions
Bone destruction around apexBone destruction around apex
of tooth, mostly secondary toof tooth, mostly secondary to
pulp exposure due to cariespulp exposure due to caries
or trauma.or trauma.
Bacterial invasion of pulpBacterial invasion of pulp
produces toxic metabolitesproduces toxic metabolites
which escape to thewhich escape to the
periapical bone through apicalperiapical bone through apical
foramen and causeforamen and cause
inflammation. The followinginflammation. The following
may occur:may occur:
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Periapical GranulomaPeriapical Granuloma
Radiographically,Radiographically,
widening of PDL orwidening of PDL or
variable size ofvariable size of
periapicalperiapical
radiolucency mayradiolucency may
be presentbe present
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Cysts affecting oral cavityCysts affecting oral cavity
Cyst;Cyst; is a pathological cavity contains fluid oris a pathological cavity contains fluid or
semi-solid materialssemi-solid materials
Cysts can be true or pseudo according its liningCysts can be true or pseudo according its lining
tissues:tissues:
True cysts:True cysts: cysts which lined with epitheliumcysts which lined with epithelium
Pseudo-cysts:Pseudo-cysts: cysts whichcysts which notnot lined withlined with
epithelium but lined with connective tissueepithelium but lined with connective tissue
membranemembrane
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Classification of true Cysts of interest toClassification of true Cysts of interest to
the dentistthe dentist
I- Odontogenic cystsI- Odontogenic cysts
1-1-Radicular cysts….Radicular cysts….a-a- Apical…..Apical…..b-b- LateralLateral
2-2-Periodontal cystsPeriodontal cysts
3-3-Primordial cysts (Before formation of hard toothPrimordial cysts (Before formation of hard tooth
structures)structures)
4-4-Keratocysts.Keratocysts.
5-5-DentigerousDentigerous cystcyst
-Follicular cyst-Follicular cyst
- Eruption cysts.- Eruption cysts.
- Coronal cysts.- Coronal cysts.
-Lateral cysts.-Lateral cysts.
6-6-Residual cysts of all typesResidual cysts of all types..
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II- Non-odontogenic cysts.II- Non-odontogenic cysts.
Fissural cystsFissural cysts
1- Median palatine cyst.1- Median palatine cyst.
2- Nasoalveolar cyst2- Nasoalveolar cyst
3- Globulomaxillary cyst3- Globulomaxillary cyst
4- Median mandibular4- Median mandibular
cyst.cyst.
Non-fissural cystsNon-fissural cysts
1- Nasopalatine cysts1- Nasopalatine cysts
2- Median alveolar cyst2- Median alveolar cyst
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PseudocystsPseudocysts
(not lining with epithelial)(not lining with epithelial)
Solitary bone cyst.Solitary bone cyst.
Aneurysmal bone cyst.Aneurysmal bone cyst.
Latent bone cyst.Latent bone cyst.
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Radicular cystsRadicular cysts
It developed around apexIt developed around apex
of a diseases tooth orof a diseases tooth or
around an accessoryaround an accessory
canal from the pulpcanal from the pulp
(lateral radicular cyst)(lateral radicular cyst)
The radiographicThe radiographic
appearance of aappearance of a
clinically symptom-freeclinically symptom-free
cyst reveals a clear, ROcyst reveals a clear, RO
borders that surroundborders that surround
the radiolucency.the radiolucency.
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Radicular cystsRadicular cysts
Rounded RL with RORounded RL with RO
margin at periapicalmargin at periapical
region.region.
Apex of the tooth isApex of the tooth is
within the cystic cavity.within the cystic cavity.
Adjacent teeth andAdjacent teeth and
structures are displaced.structures are displaced.
Infected cysts exhibitsInfected cysts exhibits
poorly demarcatedpoorly demarcated
bordersborders
Small, clinically symptom-Small, clinically symptom-
free radicular cyst that isfree radicular cyst that is
expanding towards the floorexpanding towards the floor
of maxillary sinusof maxillary sinus
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Small, symptomSmall, symptom
free radicular cystfree radicular cyst
with typical ROwith typical RO
boundariesboundaries
Infected radicular cyst, hasInfected radicular cyst, has
lost its typical radiographiclost its typical radiographic
signs as a result of seroussigns as a result of serous
infiltration of theinfiltration of the
surrounding tissue.surrounding tissue.
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This infected radicular cystThis infected radicular cyst
arising from second premolararising from second premolar
and displaces the floor ofand displaces the floor of
maxillary sinusmaxillary sinus
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Atypical manifestation of a
radicular cyst
-This cyst emanates from
the remaining root of
lower canine
-The radiograph showing
a multi-locular pattern
-This picture may
misdiagnosed as
ameloblastoma or
keratocyst
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Radicular maxillary cyst extending from
central and lateral incisors.
The cyst expanded in horizontal plane, which
is clear in the occlusal view.
From the panoramic view we can notice its
relation to max.sinus.
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Lateral Periodontal CystLateral Periodontal Cyst
Arises directly fromArises directly from
epithelial cells inepithelial cells in
PDL on lateral aspectPDL on lateral aspect
of tooth. Origin: cellof tooth. Origin: cell
rests of Mallasez orrests of Mallasez or
remnants of dentalremnants of dental
lamina.lamina.
Tooth is VITAL.Tooth is VITAL.
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Lateral Periodontal CystLateral Periodontal Cyst
How do youHow do you
differentiate this cystdifferentiate this cyst
from radicular cystfrom radicular cyst
which may develop inwhich may develop in
this location?this location?
Seen as a unilocular,Seen as a unilocular,
well-definedwell-defined
radiolucency on lateralradiolucency on lateral
aspect of a vitalaspect of a vital
tooth.tooth.
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Odontogenic KeratocystOdontogenic Keratocyst
Originate before tooth development from a remnantsOriginate before tooth development from a remnants
of epithelium has the capacity to produce keratin.of epithelium has the capacity to produce keratin.
it appears asit appears as multilocularmultilocular well-defined RL lesion withwell-defined RL lesion with
an ability for root divergence and cortical expansion.an ability for root divergence and cortical expansion.
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Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC)Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC)
Can cause severe bone destruction.Can cause severe bone destruction.
Can displace teeth and cause root resorption.Can displace teeth and cause root resorption.
Should be followed for recurrence for 5-10 years.Should be followed for recurrence for 5-10 years.
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Dentigerous Cyst (Follicular Cyst)Dentigerous Cyst (Follicular Cyst)
Always associatedAlways associated
with crown of anwith crown of an
impacted orimpacted or
unerupted (normal orunerupted (normal or
supernumerary) tooth.supernumerary) tooth.
Due to accumulationDue to accumulation
of fluid betweenof fluid between
layers of reducedlayers of reduced
enamel epithelium orenamel epithelium or
between epitheliumbetween epithelium
and crown.and crown.
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Dentigerous cystDentigerous cyst
Most common site,Most common site,
around the third molararound the third molar
and the midline of theand the midline of the
maxillamaxilla
Radiographically itRadiographically it
appears as wellappears as well
demarcated unilocular,demarcated unilocular,
radiolucent area,radiolucent area,
surrounding a crown ofsurrounding a crown of
unerupted tooth.unerupted tooth.
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Coronal Dentigerous cyst surrounding lateralCoronal Dentigerous cyst surrounding lateral
incisor with displaced of canine and retention ofincisor with displaced of canine and retention of
deciduous canine.deciduous canine.
Tooth 22 appears enlarged and overexposed.Tooth 22 appears enlarged and overexposed.
Tooth 23 is displaced in the vistibular direction.Tooth 23 is displaced in the vistibular direction.
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Eruption cyst on upper 8 as seen in Periapical film
It is a type of Dentigerous cysts developed after the
formation of dental hard tissues from the enamel
epithelium
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Or incisive canal cyst, Or
anterior maxillary cyst
It forms in incisive canal, causing
swelling of incisive papilla
It may enlarge and extend posteriorly,
where it called Median palatine cyst
It may extend anteriorly, between
central incisors, diverge them and
destroy the labial cortical plate,
(median alveolar cyst)
Nasopalatine cyst
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Nasopalatine cystNasopalatine cyst
Nasopalatine cyst in an earlyNasopalatine cyst in an early
stagestage
It developed between the rootsIt developed between the roots
of two central incisors, forcingof two central incisors, forcing
them apart.them apart.
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Typical nasopalatine cyst as seen in a panoramicTypical nasopalatine cyst as seen in a panoramic
radiograph.radiograph.
It appears as a typical heart-shape withoutIt appears as a typical heart-shape without
displacement of roots of central incisorsdisplacement of roots of central incisors
68. 2- Pericoronitis2- Pericoronitis
Inflammation of theInflammation of the
gingival tissues aroundgingival tissues around
the crown of the tooththe crown of the tooth
Associated with thirdAssociated with third
molarmolar
No radiographicNo radiographic
changes, but may bechanges, but may be
found in sever caseafound in sever casea
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69. 3- Osteomyelitis3- Osteomyelitis
The word “osteomyelitis” originates from the ancient GreekThe word “osteomyelitis” originates from the ancient Greek
words osteon (bone) and muelinos (marrow) and means infectionwords osteon (bone) and muelinos (marrow) and means infection
of medullary portion of the bone.of medullary portion of the bone.
It is an acute & chronic inflammatory process in the medullaryIt is an acute & chronic inflammatory process in the medullary
spaces or cortical surfaces of bone that extends away from thespaces or cortical surfaces of bone that extends away from the
initial site of involvement.initial site of involvement.
It is the inflammation of the bone as a result of spread ofIt is the inflammation of the bone as a result of spread of
inflammatory process to involve bone marrow, cortex cancellousinflammatory process to involve bone marrow, cortex cancellous
parts and periosteumparts and periosteum
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73. ONSET OF
DISEASE 4 WEEKS
Acute suppurative
osteomyelitis
Chronic suppurative
osteomyelitis
Onset of disease:
Deep bacterial invasion into medullary & cortical bone
Suppurative osteomyelitisSuppurative osteomyelitis
74. Suppurative osteomyelitisSuppurative osteomyelitis
Source of infection is usually an adjacent focus of infection
associated with teeth or with local trauma.
It is a polymicrobial infection, predominating anaerobes such
as Bacteriods, Porphyromonas or Provetella.
Staphylococci may be a cause when an open fracture is
involved.
panoramic
radiograph of
suppurative
osteomyelitis at the
right side of mandible.
75. ACUTE SUPPURATIVE OSTEOMYELITIS
Organisms entry into the jaw, mostly mandible, compromising the vascular supply
Medullary infection spreads through marrow spaces
Thrombosis in vessels leading to extensive necrosis of bone
Lacunae empty of osteocytes but filled with pus , proliferate in the dead tissue
Suppurative inflammation extend through the cortical bone to involve the
periosteum
Stripping of periosteum comprises blood supply to cortical plate, predispose to
further bone necrosis
Sequestrum is formed bathed in pus, separated from surrounding vital bone
76. Acute suppurative osteomyelitis
CLINICAL FEATURES
EARLY :
Severe throbbing, deep- seated
pain.
Swelling due to inflammatory
edema.
Gingiva appears red, swollen &
tender.
LATE :
Distension of periosteum with pus.
FINAL:
Subperiosteal bone formation cause
swelling to become firm.
77. Acute suppurative osteomyelitisAcute suppurative osteomyelitis
Radiographic featuers
May be normal in early stages of disease .
Do not appear until after at least 10 days.
After sufficient bone
resorption irregular, mot-
eaten areas of radiolucency
may appear.
Radiograph may demonstrate
ill-defined radiolucency.
79. CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE OSTEOMYELITIS
Inadequate treatment of acute osteomyelitis
Periodontal diseases, Pulpal infections, Extraction wounds
Infected fractures
Infection in the medulllary spaces spread and form granulation
tissue
Granulation tissue forms dense scar to wall off the infected area
Encircled dead space acts as a reserviour for bacteria & antibiotics
have great difficulty reaching the site
81. CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE OSTEOMYELITIS
RADIOLOGY
Patchy, ragged & ill defined radiolucency.
Often contains radiopaque sequestra.
• Sequestra lying close to
the peripheral sclerosis
& lower border.
• New bone formation is
evident below lower
border.
84. FOCAL SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS
Also known as “Condensing
osteitis”.
Localized areas of bone sclerosis.
Bony reaction to low-grade peri-
apical infection or unusually strong host defensive
response.
86. RADIOLOGY
Localized but uniform increased RO related to
tooth.
Widened periodontal ligament space or peri-
apical area.
Sometimes an adjacent radiolucent inflammatory
lesion may be present.
FOCAL SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITISFOCAL SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS
Increased areas of
radiodensity
surrounding
apices of nonvital
mandibular first
molar
90. DIFFUSE SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS
It is an ill-defined, highly
controversial type of osteomyelitis.
Bone metabolism tipped toward
increased bone formation.
91. RADIOLOGY
Increased radiodensity may be seen
surrounding areas of lesion.
DIFFUSE SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS
Diffuse area of
increased
radiodensity
of Rt. Side of
mandible
95. Proliferative periosteitis
Also known as “ Periostitis ossificans” &
“Garee’s osteomyelitis”.
It represents a periosteal reaction to the
presence of inflammation.
96. ““Garee’s osteomyelitis”.Garee’s osteomyelitis”.
CLINICAL FEATURES
Affected patients are
primarily children & young adults.
Incidence is mean age
of 13 years.
No sex predominance
is noted.
Most cases arise in the
premolar & molar area of mandible.
Hyperplasia is located
most commonly along lower border
of mandible.
Most cases are uni-
focal, multiple quadrants may be
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Odontogenic TumorsOdontogenic Tumors
They develops as neoplasias from the dental
lamina. They are usually benign but several
of them have the tendency towards
malignant transformation.
Because growth occurs only slowly,
asymptomatically and without any changes
in mucosal appearance, the existence of such
lesions in their early stages is usually
detected only by chance, or after the
development of some structural deformation.
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AmeloblastomaAmeloblastoma
Benign but locally invasive neoplasm.Benign but locally invasive neoplasm.
Arises from epithelial remnants of dentalArises from epithelial remnants of dental
lamina or dental organ.lamina or dental organ.
Cells do not differentiate enough to formCells do not differentiate enough to form
enamel.enamel.
Extreme expansion of bone,Extreme expansion of bone,
Resorption of adjoining roots.Resorption of adjoining roots.
May cause perforation of cortical bone.May cause perforation of cortical bone.
Average age at discovery: 35-40 years.Average age at discovery: 35-40 years.
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Ameloblastoma (Cont.)Ameloblastoma (Cont.)
Occasionally develops in the wall ofOccasionally develops in the wall of
dentigerous cyst (mural Ameloblatoma).dentigerous cyst (mural Ameloblatoma).
80% in mandible. ¾ of these in molar-80% in mandible. ¾ of these in molar-
ramus area.ramus area.
Pain and paresthesia not common.Pain and paresthesia not common.
Extremely high recurrence rate.Extremely high recurrence rate.
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Ameloblastoma (Cont.)Ameloblastoma (Cont.)
Most often a well-corticatedMost often a well-corticated
multilocular radiolucency.multilocular radiolucency.
““Honey-comb”, “soap-bubble” or “tennis-Honey-comb”, “soap-bubble” or “tennis-
racket” appearance.racket” appearance.
May be a well-corticated unilocularMay be a well-corticated unilocular
lesion resembling a cyst.lesion resembling a cyst.
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Ameloblastoma
Ameloblastoma at the
angle of the mandible.
Expansive form with
oval RL traversed by
few very thin septa
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Ameloblastoma
Large multilocular soap bubble appearance.
Typically located in the molar region, angle of the
mandible and ascending ramus
Thin not penetrated cortical plate.
Impacted or neighboring teeth are displaced with
roots often resorped.
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Honeycomb-like small ameloblastoma atHoneycomb-like small ameloblastoma at
early stage with evidence of root resorption.early stage with evidence of root resorption.
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Ameloblastic fibromaAmeloblastic fibroma
Appears as a follecularAppears as a follecular
cystic cavitycystic cavity
surrounding a crownsurrounding a crown
of a tooth.of a tooth.
In early stages appearsIn early stages appears
as a hat upon theas a hat upon the
occlusal surface ofocclusal surface of
affected toothaffected tooth
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More advanced case of ameloblastic fibroma
demonstrates how the follicular sac is opened.
Note also the displacement of the tooth bud of
lower 8 in the ascending ramus.
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Odontogenic myxomaOdontogenic myxoma
It is a benign, mucous-It is a benign, mucous-
containing tumor thatcontaining tumor that
originates from theoriginates from the
tooth bud.tooth bud.
It appears as a soapIt appears as a soap
bubble-likebubble-like
appearance.appearance.
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CementomaCementoma
Usually appears at lowerUsually appears at lower
anterior area.anterior area.
First appears as fibrousFirst appears as fibrous
tissue stage, which maytissue stage, which may
confused with aconfused with a
granuloma (vitality test).granuloma (vitality test).
The second stage isThe second stage is
characterized withcharacterized with
accumulation of calcifiedaccumulation of calcified
materials.materials.
The third stage consists ofThe third stage consists of
radio-opaque materials.radio-opaque materials. Early stageEarly stage
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CementoblastomaCementoblastoma
( True Cementoma )( True Cementoma )
Slow growingSlow growing
neoplasm composedneoplasm composed
of cementum.of cementum.
Usually solitaryUsually solitary
lesion seen as alesion seen as a
growth on root ofgrowth on root of
tooth. Most commontooth. Most common
in mandible,in mandible,
premolar or 1premolar or 1stst
molarmolar
(80%).(80%).
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Cementoblastoma
It not removed after
tooth extraction
Remarks the RL
related to canine and
second premolar, it is
another
cementoblastoma in
the fibrous stage.
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Cementoblastoma
Another case
remaining after tooth
extraction.
It surrounded by the
radiographic signs of
chronic inflammation.
Periapical cemental
dysplasia related to 4
tooth
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Central giant cell granuloma
Or Central Reparative Giant cell Granuloma,
this type of granuloma grows expansively
within the bone and occurs more frequently
in female under age of 25 than in males.
It characterized by asymptomatic swelling of
the affected jaw that is manifested by facial
asymmetry
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Radiographically appears as isolated or
multilocular radiolucences that are sharply
demarcated & exhibit soap-bubble like
structures with lobulated margin. It may
cause thinning of cortical plate
DD:
1- Ameloblastoma. It difficult to differentiate.
2- Eosinopilic granuloma.
3- Odontogenic cyst.
4- Aneurysmal & solitary bone cyst.
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Most common sites of central giant cell
granuloma (dark) and peripheral giant cell
granuloma (Light)
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Central Giant Cell Granuloma
With its characteristic appearance of soap-bubble
appearance which can confused as ameloblastoma
Note that the Periapical view cannot provide an
overview of the lesion extension
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The impacted ankylosed
canine and displacement
of the teeth may indicate
a signs of follicular cyst.
The fine septa and soap-
bubble like contour
resemble Ameloblastoma
Central Giant Cell Granuloma
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Central HemangiomaCentral Hemangioma
Tumor characterized byTumor characterized by
proliferation of bloodproliferation of blood
vessels.vessels.
Central hemangiomas ofCentral hemangiomas of
jaws uncommon.jaws uncommon.
50% occur in children50% occur in children
and teens.and teens.
More common in femalesMore common in females
and mandible.and mandible.
Well-defined or ill-Well-defined or ill-
defined, unilocular ordefined, unilocular or
multilocular radiolucency.multilocular radiolucency.
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Central Hemangioma (Cont.)Central Hemangioma (Cont.)
May cause expansion of bone andMay cause expansion of bone and
resorption of teeth.resorption of teeth.
Early treatment is desirable in orderEarly treatment is desirable in order
to avoid profuse bleeding due toto avoid profuse bleeding due to
accidental trauma. Aspiration prior toaccidental trauma. Aspiration prior to
surgical procedure is advised.surgical procedure is advised.
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Sarcoma
This tumor, which affects males twice as
females, exhibit a predilection for the
mandible.
Radiographically, bone destruction as well as
new bone formation and osteolysis can be
observed, along with perforation of the
compact bone with spicules (sunrays
effect), where the lesion borders on the
soft tissues
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Thank you all for listening
Dr. Ossama El-Shall
Chairman of Oral Medicine & Periodontology
department, Faculty of Dental Medicine for
girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
E-mail address: oelshall@hotmail.com