The Roman Empire originated in Italy in the 8th century BC and went on to dominate much of Europe and parts of Asia and North Africa for over 500 years. Some key aspects of Roman culture included their advanced architecture like aqueducts, amphitheaters and baths built from materials like stone, brick and concrete. Their city planning involved a grid layout with public services centered around a forum. The Romans also had developments in civil engineering, transportation technology and medicine. Their society was stratified with patricians, plebeians and slaves having distinct roles and lifestyles. Roman culture was also influenced by Greek mythology and traditions and their art, literature and entertainment reflected this.

1. ROMAN PERIOD
A PRESENTATION BY :
04. Vaishnavi
09. Pralay
13. Narayan
42. Ishrat
Elective II
Evolution of Art, Culture and Technology

2. Structure of the presentation
• Overview and Location
• History of Roman Empire
• Architecture and City Planning
• Technology
• Occupation
• Trade and Commerce
• Art and Culture

4. LOCATION OF ROME

5. > Rome was established near the
Tiber river and Alban hills.
> This site offered many benefits as
the river was a natural border.
> The hills gave a safe defensive
position.
> The site was also located on an
intersection between two principal
roads leading to the sea coming
from Sabinum in the Northeast &
Etruria in the Northwest.
GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES

7. > According to Greek mythology,
Romulus & Remus, twin sons
of Rhea Silvia & Mars, the God of
war were born in 771 BC.
> Due to prophecy, they were
abandoned after birth on Tiber
river.
> A she wolf took care of them.
> Faustulus and his wife Acca
Larentia raised them further.
> Romulus killed Remus and founded
the city of Rome.
ORIGIN

9. 753 BC
• Romulus founded Rome, became first ruler
753 BC –
509 BC
• Rome ruled by kings
509 BC
• Rome becomes a republic
• Senators administered the city
218 BC
• Hannibal invades Italy
• Second Punic War
73 BC
• Spartacus leads slaves
45 BC
• First dictator – Julius Caesar
• Civil war – end of Roman republic
44 BC
• Assassination of Julius Caesar by Brutus
• Second civil war
HISTORY

10. 27 BC
• Roman empire begins.
• Caesar Augustus – 1st Roman emperor
80 AD
• Colosseum was built
121 AD
• The Hadrian Wall was built
306 AD
• Constantine becomes emperor
• Spread of Christianity.
380 AD
• Rome splits into two empires.
476 AD
• End of western Roman empire
• Romulus Augustus – Last Roman emperor
HISTORY

11. HISTORY

13. FATHER OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE – M. Vergilius Eurysaces
‘ All buildings
must be executed
in such a way as to
take account of
durability, utility &
beauty. ‘
ARCHITECTURE

14. • Architectural ideals
• Building materials
• Structures
- Walls
- Bridges
- Arches & Vault
- Dome
- Aqueducts
- Theatres, Circuses & Arenas
- Bath
- Temples & Pantheons
- Basilicas
- Tomb
ARCHITECTURE

15. • ARCHITECTURAL IDEALS
- SPACE :
> To the Romans, the space inside a structure was just
as important as the exterior.
> Interior space was the primary focus of Roman
architecture and was shaped by vaults, arches and
walls.
- EXTRAVAGANCY :
> Architecture for the powerful was gaudy and
colourful, not like the ruins seen today.
ARCHITECTURE

16. • BUILDING MATERIALS USED
- STONES :
> Volcanic tufa - walls
> Limestone - sculptures
> Travertine - aqueducts and tiling
> White marble - sculptures
- BRICK
- CEMENT
> Made from pozzolanic ash / pozzolana
- CONCRETE
ARCHITECTURE

17. Masonary
Travertine White Marble
Volcanic Tufa Limestone

18. Masonry
Opus Incertum Opus Testaceum Opus Mixtum

19. • STRUCTURES
- Walls :
> For defense purpose
> Minimum height of 3.5m
> Width ranged from 1.8m to 6m
ARCHITECTURE

20. • STRUCTURES
- BRIDGES :
> Generally lower in height and broader than
aqueducts
> Two important Roman bridges :
1. Pons Fabricus
2. Pons Milvius
ARCHITECTURE

21. • STRUCTURES
- ARCHES :
> More intricate than a simple post-and-lintel system.
> Formed by a multitude of small elements that curve
over space by resting against each other in a
delicate balance.
ARCHITECTURE

22. ARCHITECTURE

23. • STRUCTURES
- VAULTS :
> Created by extending an arch along its axis (merely
an extended arch).
> Supports and provides a roof for a given area.
> Types of vaults :
1. Barrel / Tunnel vaults
2. Cross / Groin vaults
ARCHITECTURE

24. ARCHITECTURE
Barrel / Tunnel Vault Cross / Groin Vault

25. • STRUCTURES
- DOME :
ARCHITECTURE
Cloister Dome True Dome

26. • STRUCTURES
- AQUEDUCTS :
> Used to supply the civilization with water from afar.
> Utilized an arch to create a continuous line of
decent of water.
> Built using stone, brick or concrete.
> Aqua Claudia :
~ Brought water over solid masonry from some ten
miles into Rome
ARCHITECTURE

27. ARCHITECTURE

28. • STRUCTURES
- Basilicas :
> Pure Roman style of architecture
> Means, a roofed hall rectangular in plan,
sometimes with an apse.
> Basilica Ulpia
~ Finest example of the columner basilica
> Basilica in Trier, Germany
~ Built by Constantine
~ Served as an important model in the
Roman period of architecture
ARCHITECTURE

29. ARCHITECTURE
Basilica in Ulpia Basilica in Trier

30. • STRUCTURES
- THEATRES :
> Roman theatres were closed while Greeks had open,
outside theatre.
ARCHITECTURE

31. • STRUCTURES
- CIRCUSES :
ARCHITECTURE
Circus Maximus

32. • STRUCTURES
- ARENAS :
> Emperors fought gladiators and wild animals
> Deadly sports like Chariot racing, etc.
ARCHITECTURE

33. Colosseum
ARCHITECTURE

34. • STRUCTURES
- BATHS :
> Strenuous daily life promoted the Romans to
construct large public baths.
> Wealthy citizens also constructed private baths in
their domiciles.
> Featured elaborate heating systems
~ Furnaces beneath floors
~ Heat was transmitted to rooms by tile ducts,
warming the floors and the walls.
ARCHITECTURE

35. Apodyterium Tepedarium
Caldarium Frigidarium

36. • ARCHITECTURAL IDEALS
- Temples :
> Earliest Roman temples resembled Etruscan temples
and Greek temples
~ Axial plan
~ Deep porch
~ Widely spaced columns
~ High podiums
> Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus
> Pantheon :
~ Immense, domed cella
~ Deep, octastyle Corinthian porch
~ Block-like intermediate structure
ARCHITECTURE

37. Temples

38. • STRUCTURES
- Tombs :
ARCHITECTURE

39. > Lower classes in meagre, cramped apartments
> Middle classes on the lower floors. Their housing
was called as INSULAS.
> Upper classes usually owned a house known as
DOMUS.
Housing
Ancient Insulas

40. Housing

41. Housing
Modern Ancient

42. Roads
Road Pavement Structure

43. Roads
Modern Ancient

44. Water Supply & Sanitation

45. City Planning

46. > The basic city plan consisted of a central forum with other
city services.
> It was surrounded by a wall for defense purpose.
> The wall also marked city limits & was covered by a
PORTCULLIS.
> Streets were laid at right angles, in a square grid.
> All roads were equal in length & width.
> Each squared marked by 4 roads was called an INSULA.
City Planning

47. > Most Roman cities had a population between between
5,000 & 15,000 people.
> Cities were more important to the Roman Empire
because they were where the empire collected taxes.
> The Ancient Roman city planning still is very clear in
modern Rome & it has influenced many towns across
Europe & the world.
City Planning

48. City Planning

49. City Planning
CITY OF TIMGAD

50. CITY OF POMPEII
City Planning

51. City Planning

53. > Romans technologically excelled in :
- Civil Engineering
- Engineering construction materials
- Transport technology
- Inventions such as the mechanical reaper.
- Rome was also medically advanced.
~ GALEN (129 to 217 AD.) was the first physician
~ Father of Medicine in Rome
~ excelled in both surgery & herbal medicines.
~ He served as a physician of the Roman Emperor
Marcus Aurelius.
- Roman Arenas
Technology

54. Technology

55. Technology

57. • Types of jobs :
- Farmer
- Soldier
- Merchant
- Craftsmen
- Entertainers
- Lawyers, teachers & engineers
- Government
Occupation

59. > City served as a central point for commerce.
> Farmers brought produce into the city for good
coins.
> Cheating was prevented.
Trade & Commerce

60. Trade & Commerce

62. Patricians
Plebeians
Slaves
Social Structure

64. LIFESTYLE
> Daily life
> Clothing
> Food
Culture & Tradition

65. LIFESTYLE
> Food
Culture & Tradition

66. LIFESTYLE
> Clothing :
Culture & Tradition

67. RELIGION
Ancient Roman deity Role Ancient Greek deity
Jupiter King of the Gods Zeus
Juno Wife of the king, Goddess
of women & childbirth
Hera
Neptune God of the sea Poseidon
Mars God of war Ares
Venus Goddess of love & beauty Aphrodite
Bacchus God of wine & pleasure Dionysus
Vesta Goddess of the hearth Hestia
1. DERIVED FROM GREEK
MYTHOLOGY
2. CHRISTIANITY
LANGUAGE : Greek & Latin
Culture & Tradition

68. Funeral Customs
Cremations Burial
Culture & Tradition

69. LITERATURE
> Philosophy :
INDUSTRIA- to
work hard,
diligence
CLEMENTIA-
equity of rights
VIRTUS- courage,
honour, desire
to excel
FIDES- honesty,
believability,
dependability
GRAVITAS- self
control, dignity,
seriousness,
responsibility
PIETAS- respect,
dutifulness, good
living,
VALUES
Culture & Tradition

70. ~ Virgil (70 BC to 19 BC) : History poems
~ Horace (65 BC to 8 BC) : Satires
~ Ovid (43 BC to 117 AD) : Love poems
> Poetry :
> Speeches : Rhetorics
LITERATURE
Ovid Horace
Culture & Tradition

71. VISUAL ARTS
> Sculptures :
Culture & Tradition

72. > Bust :
VISUAL ARTS
Culture & Tradition

73. > Paintings :
VISUAL ARTS
Culture & Tradition

74. Paintings

75. > Mosaics :
VISUAL ARTS
Culture & Tradition

76. > Theatres :
ENTERTAINMENT
Culture & Tradition

77. > Arenas & Circuses :
ENTERTAINMENT
Culture & Tradition

78. SPECIAL THANKS TO
OMKAR SIR
PRESENTED BY
04. Vaishnavi
09. Pralay
13. Narayan
42. Ishrat
THANK YOU