2-Properties of Materials.pdf

Lecturer:
Dr. Aryanfar H. Sherwani
Department of Civil Engineering
February 2023
Properties of Materials
Departmentt of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Soran University
Dr. Aryanfar H. Sherwani 1

Introduction
• In the general environment for humans’ survival, all the
materials or products used in structures or buildings are
called building materials which are the material
foundation for all the construction engineering.
2

Introduction
• Civil and construction engineers are responsible for the
selection, specification, and quality control of materials
to be used in a job. These materials must meet certain
classes of criteria or materials properties. These classes
of criteria include:
• Economic factors.
• Mechanical properties.
• Non mechanical properties.
• Production/construction considerations.
• Aesthetic properties.
3

Introduction
• There is a wide variety of building materials. They are
usually classified from different angles for the sake of
study, application and description. The most common
classifications are based on their chemical components
and functions.
1) According to the chemical components of building
materials, they can be classified into inorganic materials,
organic materials and composite materials.
4

Introduction
2) According to the functions of materials, they can be
divided into structural materials and functional materials:
I. Structural Materials: mainly used as load-bearing
members, such as the materials used for beams, plates
and columns.
II. Functional Materials: mainly possessing some special
functions in construction, such as waterproof,
ornamental and heat-insulating functions, etc..
5

The Basic Properties of Building Materials
 The Physical Properties of Materials
1. Density (
is the mass of a unit volume of homogeneous material denoted by:
(g/ )
where: M = is the dry mass (g)
V = is the volume under absolute compact conditions ( )
Density of some building materials is as follows:
Material Density (g/cm3)
Brick 2.5–2.7
Granite 2.6–2.9
Portland cement 3.0–3.2
Wood 1.5–1.6
Steel 7.8–7.9 6

1. Density (
The volume under absolute compact conditions refers to
the solid volume without the volume of inner pores.
Except steel, glass, asphalt and a few other materials,
most materials contain some pores in natural state.
7

1. Density (
2. Apparent Density ( 𝒐)
Apparent density is the dry mass per unit volume of a substance under natural
conditions. It is defined by:
(Kg/ )
where: M = mass under dry conditions (Kg)
= volume of specimen in its natural state )
Material Apparent density (kg/m3)
Brick 1500–1800
Granite 2500–2850
wood 400–800
Steel 7850
8

1. Density (
2. Apparent Density ( 𝒐)
3. Bulk Density ( ˴)
is the dry mass per unit volume of a substance under the conditions that powdery
or granular materials are packed. It is defined by:
˴
˴ (Kg/ )
where: M = mass under dry conditions (Kg)
˴ = volume under packing conditions )
9

For most materials, bulk density is less than density but for liquids
and materials like glass and dense stone materials, these parameters
are practically the same. Properties like strength and heat
conductivity are greatly affected by their bulk density. Bulk
densities of some of the building materials are as follows:
Material Bulk density (kg/m3)
Gravel 1400–1700
Sand 1450–1700
Cement 1300–1700
10

• Bulk density is measure by volumetric container. The size of
volumetric container depends on the size of particles. For
example, 1L volumetric container is used to measure sand and
I0L, 20L, 30L volumetric containers are used in the
measurement of stone.
11

4. Porosity
Porosity (P) is the percentage of the pores volume to the total volume of a
substance. It is defined by
* 100
12

13

5. Water Absorption
Is the ability of the material to absorb and retain water. It is expressed
as percentage in weight or of the volume of dry material:
* 100
= mass of saturated material (g)
M = mass of dry material (g)
6. Weathering Resistance is the ability of a material to endure alternate wet and
dry conditions for a long period without considerable deformation and loss of
mechanical strength.
14

10. Thermal Expansion Practically all materials expand as
temperature increases and contract as temperature falls.
11. Fire Resistance is the ability of a material to resist the action of
high temperature without any considerable deformation and
substantial loss of strength.
12. Chemical resistance is the ability of a material to withstand the
action of acids, alkalis, seawater and gases.
13. Durability is the ability of a material to resist the combined
effects of atmospheric and other factors.
15

 Mechanical Properties of Materials
 The mechanical behavior of materials is the response of the material to
external loads.
 All materials deform in response to loads; however, the specific response of a
material depends on its properties, the magnitude and type of load, and the
geometry of the element.
 The important mechanical properties considered for building materials are:
strength, compressive, tensile, bending, impact, hardness, plasticity, elasticity
and abrasion resistance.
16

1. Strength of Materials

.
17

2. Stress-Strain relations
•

2
2 2 2
18

19
Typical tensile stress–strain curves for some
structural materials.
Definitions of tensile and shear stress and strain

3. Elastic behavior

20

3. Elastic behavior
 The elastic modulus is a measure of the ability to resist deformation. The
bigger E is, means more resistance against deformation .

21

3. Elastic behavior
22

3. Elastic behavior


23

3. Elastic behavior

24

3. Elastic behavior
25

4. Elastoplastic Behavior
26



27


28


29


30

5. Brittleness and Toughness
 Brittleness describes the property of a material that fractures when subjected
to stress but has a little tendency to deform before rupture.
 Brittle materials are characterized by little deformation, poor capacity to
resist impact and vibration of load, high compressive strength, and low
tensile strength.

ductile
31

32



33

6. Failure and Safety:
Failure occurs when a member or structure stops to perform the function for
which it was designed. Failure of a structure can take several modes including
fracture, yielding, buckling, and excessive deformation.
A brittle material typically fractures suddenly when the static stress reaches the
strength of the material. On the other hand, a ductile material may fracture due
to excessive plastic deformation. Long member subjected to axial compressive
loads, may fall due to buckling.
Sometimes excessive deformation could be defined as failure.
34

6. Failure and Safety:
35

7. Hardness and Abrasive Resistance

 Abrasive resistance refers to the capacity of a material to resist abrasion. It is
expressed by the abrasion ratio, calculated as:
36

 Decorativeness of Materials
 Decorative materials are mainly used as facing for the inside and
outside walls of buildings, columns, floors, and ceilings.
 They play decorative, protective, and other specific roles (such
as insulation, moisture-resistance, fireproofing, sound-
absorption, and sound-insulation).
 And decorative effects primarily depend on colors, textures and
line types of the decorative materials.
37

1. Color
 Color is an important factor for the appearance of buildings,
even impacting on the environment.
 As living conditions, climates, traditions, and customs are
different, people have various feelings and evaluations on colors.
38

2. Texture
 Texture is a comprehensive impression given by the appearance of
a material, such as roughness, grain, and patterns.
For example, the rough surface of concrete or brick appears relatively
massy and rough; and the surface of glass or aluminum alloy is
smooth and delicate which seems light and bright.
39

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