2. Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 2
What is Civil Engineering?
"...the art of directing the great sources of power in
nature for the use and convenience of man”*
* Institution of Civil Engineers, www.ice.org.
3. Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 3
Engineering Structures-
Requirements
Engineering structures have to be-SSE;
• Safe,
• Servicable,
• Economical
These depend on a sound knowledge of
materials.
4. Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 4
Engineering Knowledge
The engineer should know:
1. how to select the most appropriate materials,
2. properties of materials, including mechanical properties
and behavior under different environmental conditions,
3. the standard specifications relevant with selected
materials,
4. the most appropriate testing method for measuring the
quality of materials, and the procedures for inspecting the
performance of the materials.
5. Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 5
Selection of Materials-
Considerations
-Types and properties of the available materials,
-Initial and maintenance costs of the available
materials,
-Methods of preparation or manufacture of
materials,
-Methods of testing and inspection of the
materials according to relevant specifications.
6. Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 6
Concrete Asphalt
Initial Cost – +
Useful Life + –
Frequency of Repair + –
Cost of Repair – +
Comfortability – +
Example: Comparison of concrete
pavement vs. asphalt pavement
7. Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 7
Internal Structure & Chemical
Composition Classification
1. Metals : (formed by metallic bonds)
A. Ferrous (iron, cast iron, steel)
B. Non-ferrous (aluminum, copper, zinc, lead)
2. Polymers : (long chains having molecules of C, H, O, N
which are formed by covalent bonding. The chains are
bound to each other either by covalent bonds or Van der
Waal’s forces.)
A. Natural (rubber, asphalt, resins)
B. Artificial (plastics)
8. Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 8
3. Ceramics : (mainly aluminosilicates formed
by mixed bonding, covalent and ionic)
A.Structural clay products (bricks, tiles, pipes)
B.Porcelains
4. Composite Materials :
A.Natural (agglomerates)
B.Artificial (Portland cement concrete)
Internal Structure & Chemical
Composition Classification
9. Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 9
5. Reinforced Composite Materials :
(reinforced concrete, reinforced plastics)
One of the most important task of an
engineer is to select the most suitable
material for a given civil engineering
structure.
Internal Structure & Chemical
Composition Classification
11. Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 11
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
2) Physical
-Dimensions, shape, surface texture
-Density or specific gravity
-Porosity
-Moisture content, absorption
-Macrostructure
-Microstructure
3) Chemical
-Oxide or compound composition
-Acidity, alkalinity
-Resistance to corrosion, sulfates, acids, etc.
12. Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 12
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
4) Physico-chemical
-Water-absorptive or water-repellent action
-Shrinkage, swelling
5) Thermal
-Specific heat
-Expansion
-Conductivity
6) Electrical
-Conductivity
-Galvanic action
13. Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 13
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
7) Acoustical
Sound transmission
Sound reflection
8) Optical
Color
Light transmission
Light reflection
14. Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 14
Mechanical Properties of
Engineering Materials
Mechanical Properties define the behavior
of the materials under various types of
loads.
The mechanical properties are affected
mainly by the physical, chemical and
thermal properties of the material.
15. Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 15
Durability of Engineering
Materials
Durability is the ability of a material to resist
weathering action, chemical attack, corrosion,
abrasion, and other destructive forces during
the useful life of the structure.
The durability of materials is affected by their
physical, chemical, physico-chemical, thermal,
electrical and mechanical properties.
16. Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 16
Standard Specifications
A specification is a written detailed description of
something, or of a plan or proposal for that
something.
Various organizations have established
definitions, testing procedures and evaluation
of test results of materials. These descriptions
are presented as standards.
17. Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 17
Standardization Bodies
Relevant Standards
Institutes (Agencies) Relevant Standards or
Specifications
Turkish Standards Institute
(TSE)
Turkish Standards (TS)
American Society for Testing
and Materials (ASTM)
ASTM Specifications
American Concrete Institute
(ACI)
ACI Specifications or
Recommendations
International Standards
Organization (ISO)
ISO Standards
European Committee for
Standardization (CEN)
European Norms (EN)
18. Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 18
Standards - Advantages
Standards,
- reduce misunderstandings between the producer and
the consumer,
- help the manufacturer to produce more uniform and
cheaper products,
- allow the designers to select materials with
reasonable assurance of obtaining,
- provide testing procedures for material characteristics
or to evaluate the test results for accepting or rejecting
the materials.
19. Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering 19
Materials Testing
Materials may show variations in their
characteristics and performance.
Therefore, testing and inspection of quality
and performance of a material are of vital
importance.
