Strength of materials is the study of stress and strain in solid bodies subjected to external loads. Stress is related to material strength while strain measures deformation. The subject also examines stability of loaded columns. Understanding mechanics of materials principles is important because engineering design codes are based on them.
The field originated in the 17th century with Galileo's experiments on loaded rods and beams. In the 18th century, improved testing methods led to important theoretical studies, primarily in France. Over time, advanced math and computing were needed to solve more complex problems, expanding mechanics into other areas like elasticity and plasticity. Research continues to meet engineering challenges.
An introduction to the module is given, including forces, moments, and the important concepts of free-body diagrams and static equilibrium. These concepts will then be used to solve static framework (truss) problems using two methods: the method of joints and the method of sections.
Whenever a body is subjected to an axial tension or compression, a direct stress comes into play at every section of body. We also know that whenever a body is subjected to a bending moment a bending moment a bending stress comes into play.
Dynamic force analysis – Inertia force and Inertia torque– D Alembert’s principle –Dynamic Analysis in reciprocating engines – Gas forces – Inertia effect of connecting rod– Bearing loads – Crank shaft torque
In physics, a force is any interaction which tends to change the motion of an object.
In other words, a force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (which includes to begin moving from a state of rest), i.e., to accelerate.
Force can also be described by intuitive concepts such as a push or a pull.
A force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity. It is measured in the SI unit of newtons and represented by the symbol F.
The original form of Newton's second law states that the net force acting upon an object is equal to the rate at which its momentum changes with time.
If the mass of the object is constant, this law implies that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object, is in the direction of the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
As a formula, this is expressed as:
Related concepts to force include: thrust, which increases the velocity of an object; drag, which decreases the velocity of an object; and torque which produces changes in rotational speed of an object. In an extended body, each part usually applies forces on the adjacent parts; the distribution of such forces through the body is the so-called mechanical stress.
Pressure is a simple type of stress. Stress usually causes deformation of solid materials, or flow in fluids.
Aristotle famously described a force
An introduction to the module is given, including forces, moments, and the important concepts of free-body diagrams and static equilibrium. These concepts will then be used to solve static framework (truss) problems using two methods: the method of joints and the method of sections.
Whenever a body is subjected to an axial tension or compression, a direct stress comes into play at every section of body. We also know that whenever a body is subjected to a bending moment a bending moment a bending stress comes into play.
Dynamic force analysis – Inertia force and Inertia torque– D Alembert’s principle –Dynamic Analysis in reciprocating engines – Gas forces – Inertia effect of connecting rod– Bearing loads – Crank shaft torque
In physics, a force is any interaction which tends to change the motion of an object.
In other words, a force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (which includes to begin moving from a state of rest), i.e., to accelerate.
Force can also be described by intuitive concepts such as a push or a pull.
A force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity. It is measured in the SI unit of newtons and represented by the symbol F.
The original form of Newton's second law states that the net force acting upon an object is equal to the rate at which its momentum changes with time.
If the mass of the object is constant, this law implies that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object, is in the direction of the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
As a formula, this is expressed as:
Related concepts to force include: thrust, which increases the velocity of an object; drag, which decreases the velocity of an object; and torque which produces changes in rotational speed of an object. In an extended body, each part usually applies forces on the adjacent parts; the distribution of such forces through the body is the so-called mechanical stress.
Pressure is a simple type of stress. Stress usually causes deformation of solid materials, or flow in fluids.
Aristotle famously described a force
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. Strength of Materials
Strength of materials is a branch of mechanics that studies the internal
effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to an
external loading. Stress is associated with the strength of the material
from which the body is made, while strain is a measure of the
deformation of the body. In addition to this, mechanics of materials
includes the study of the body’s stability when a body such as a column
is subjected to compressive loading. A thorough understanding of the
fundamentals of this subject is of vital importance because many of the
formulas and rules of design cited in engineering codes are based upon
the principles of this subject.
3. Historical Development
The origin of mechanics of materials dates back to the beginning of the
seventeenth century, when Galileo performed experiments to study the
effects of loads on rods and beams made of various materials. However,
at the beginning of the eighteenth century, experimental methods for
testing materials were vastly improved, and at that time many
experimental and theoretical studies in this subject were undertaken
primarily in France, by such notables as Saint-Venant, Poisson, Lamé,
and Navier.
Over the years, after many of the fundamental problems of mechanics
of materials had been solved, it became necessary to use advanced
mathematical and computer techniques to solve more complex
problems. As a result, this subject expanded into other areas of
mechanics, such as the theory of elasticity and the theory of plasticity.
Research in these fields is ongoing, in order to meet the demands for
solving more advanced problems in engineering.
4. Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
External Loads.
A body is subjected to only two types
of external loads:
• Surface forces are caused by the
direct contact of one body with the
surface of another.
• Body force is developed when one
body exerts a force on another body
without direct physical contact
between the bodies. Examples
include the effects caused by the
earth’s gravitation or its
electromagnetic field
5. Support Reactions.
The surface forces that develop at the supports or points of contact
between bodies are called reactions. For two-dimensional problems,
i.e., bodies subjected to coplanar force systems, the supports most
commonly encountered are shown in the table below. Note carefully the
symbol used to represent each support and the type of reactions it
exerts on its contacting member. As a general rule, if the support
prevents translation in a given direction, then a force must be
developed on the member in that direction. Likewise, if rotation is
prevented, a couple moment must be exerted on the member.
6. Equations of Equilibrium
Equilibrium of a body requires both a balance of forces, to prevent the
body from translating or having accelerated motion along a straight or
curved path, and a balance of moments, to prevent the body from
rotating. These conditions can be expressed mathematically by two
vector equations:
Often in engineering practice the loading on a body can be represented
as a system of coplanar forces.
Successful application of the equations of equilibrium requires
complete specification of all the known and unknown forces that act on
the body, and so the best way to account for all these forces is to draw
the body’s free-body diagram.
7. In mechanics of materials, statics is primarily used to determine the resultant
loadings that act within a body
• Normal force, N. This force acts
perpendicular to the area. It is developed
whenever the external loads tend to push or
pull on the two segments of the body.
• Shear force, V. The shear force lies in the
plane of the area and it is developed when
the external loads tend to cause the two
segments of the body to slide over one
another.
• Torsional moment or torque, T. This effect
is developed when the external loads tend to
twist one segment of the body with respect to
the other about an axis perpendicular to the
area.
• Bending moment, M. The bending moment
is caused by the external loads that tend to
bend the body about an axis lying within the
plane of the area.
Internal Resultant Loadings
8. Coplanar Loadings.
If the body is subjected to a coplanar system of forces, then only
normal-force (N), shear-force (V) and bending-moment (M)
components will exist at the section. If we use the x, y, z coordinate
axes, then N can be obtained by applying Fx = 0, and V can be
obtained from Fy = 0, Finally, the bending moment (Mo) can be
determined by summing moments about
point O (the z axis), Mo = 0
9. Procedure for Analysis
The resultant internal loadings at a point located on the section of a body
can be obtained using the method of sections. This requires the following
steps.
Support Reactions.
• First decide which segment of the body is to be considered. If the
segment has a support or connection to another body, then before the
body is sectioned, it will be necessary to determine the reactions
acting on the chosen segment. To do this draw the free-body diagram
of the entire body and then apply the necessary equations of
equilibrium to obtain these reactions.
10. Free-Body Diagram.
• Keep all external distributed loadings, couple moments, torques, and
forces in their exact locations, before passing an imaginary section
through the body at the point where the resultant internal loadings
are to be determined.
• Draw a free-body diagram of one of the “cut” segments and indicate
the unknown resultants N, V, M, and T at the section. These
resultants are normally placed at the point representing the
geometric center or centroid of the sectioned area.
• If the member is subjected to a coplanar system of forces, only N, V,
and M act at the centroid.
• Establish the x, y, z coordinate axes with origin at the centroid and
show the resultant internal loadings acting along the axes.
11. Equations of Equilibrium.
• Moments should be summed at the section, about each of the
coordinate axes where the resultants act. Doing this eliminates the
unknown forces N and V and allows a direct solution for M (and T).
• If the solution of the equilibrium equations yields a negative value
for a resultant, the assumed directional sense of the resultant is
opposite to that shown on the free-body diagram.
12. EXAMPLE 1. Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the
cross section at C of the cantilevered beam shown in the figure below.
13. Solution:
The support reactions at A do not have to be determined if segment
CB is considered.
The intensity of the distributed loading
at C is found by proportion
270
9
=
𝑤
6
w=180 N/m
The magnitude of the resultant of the distributed load is equal to the area
under the loading curve (triangle) and acts through the centroid of this
area (i.e 𝐹 = 0.5 × 6𝑚 × 180𝑁/𝑚 = 540 𝑁) act at (
1
3
6𝑚 = 2𝑚)
15. EXAMPLE 2. Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross
section at C of the machine shaft shown in the figure below. The shaft is
supported by journal bearings at A and B, which only exert vertical forces on
the shaft.
18. EXAMPLE 3. The 500-kg engine is suspended from the crane boom in the
figure below. Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross
section of the boom at point E.