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1. IMMUNIZATION

2. Definition
▪It may be defined as a process of protecting an
individual from a disease through introduction of
live or killed or attenuated organism in the
individual body. Immunization against disease
helps to reduce the child morbidity, mortality and
handicapped conditions.

3. •Immunization is the process by which
individual develop immunity after vaccination.
•Vaccination is the process in which we are
giving vaccine to individual.

4. ▪WHO launched global immunization programme
in 1974 also known as Expanded Programme on
Immunization (EPI) to protect the children from 6
killer disease. (BCG, DPT, Polio, Measles)
▪In India EPI was launched in January 1978.
▪UNICEF renamed the EPI as Universal
Immunization Programme (UIP) and it was
launched in India in November 1985.

5. Immunity
▪Immunity is concerned with reaction of
body against any foreign antigen.
▪It is the capacity of the human body to
resist and destroy the invading organisms or
toxins.

7. Vaccine
•Vaccine is immune biological substance design
to produce specific protection against particular
disease.
❑An ideal vaccine:
➢Should not be toxic.
➢Should not cause problem
➢Should not contaminated the environment
➢Should be cost effective

8. Vaccine are prepared from :
➢Live attenuated organisms
➢Killed organisms
➢Toxoids
➢Combined vaccine

9. Live Attenuated Vaccine
▪Attenuation : Removing pathogenic structure
of microbes.
▪Use live microbes in vaccine.
▪These are more immunogenic and less
reactogenic.
▪Need strict cold chain.
▪Should not given to immune compromised
child.

10. Live Attenuated Vaccine
B BCG
O OPV
L Live influenza
T Typhoid
E E-coli
L Live plague
Y Yellow fever
M Measles
M Mumps
R Rubella

11. Killed vaccine
▪Use killed microbes in vaccines.
▪Microbes killed by formalin and acetone.
▪Less immunogenic and more reactogenic.

12. Killed vaccine
R Rabies
I IPV (Inactivated polio vaccine)
P Pertusis
J Japanese Encephalitis
K Kyasanur forest disease
C Cholera
M Meningococcal
P Pneumococcal
H Hepatitis-B
H Hib (Hemophilic influenza type B)

13. Toxoids
▪Certain organism like diphtheria bacilli and
tetanus bacilli produce exotoxins which are
detoxicated and used in preparation of vaccine.
▪Toxigenicity is removed by the application of
moderate heat and some chemical treatment
such as formalin for this 0.3% formalin are used.
▪Examples : Diphtheria toxoid and Tetanus
toxoid

14. Combination vaccine
▪If more than one kind of immunizing agent
is included in the vaccine it is called as
combination vaccine.
▪Examples : DPT, MMR, Pentavalent etc.

15. National immunization schedule
for infants,
children and pregnant women

16. Vaccine When to give Dose Route Site
For Pregnant Women
Td-1 Early in pregnancy 0.5 ml IM Upper
Arm
Td-2 4 weeks after Td-1st 0.5 ml IM Upper
Arm
Td-
Booster
If received 2 Td doses
in a pregnancy within
the last 3 years
0.5 ml IM Upper
Arm

17. Vaccine When to give Dose Route Site
For Infants
BCG At birth or as early
as possible till one
year of age
0.1ml (0.05
ml until 1
month of
age)
Intra-
dermal
Left
Upper
Arm
Hepatitis-B
(Birth dose)
At birth or as early
as possible within 24
hours
0.5 ml IM
Antero-
lateral
side of
mid-thigh
OPV-0 At birth or as early
as possible within 2 drops Oral Oral

18. Vaccine When to give Dose Route Site
For Infants
OPV 1, 2
and 3
At 6 weeks, 10 weeks
and 14 weeks (OPV can
be given till 5 years of
age)
2 drops Oral Oral
Pentavalent
1, 2 and 3
At 6 weeks, 10 weeks
and 14 weeks ( can be
given till 1 year of age)
0.5 ml IM
Antero-
lateral
side of
mid-thigh
Rota virus At 6 weeks, 10 weeks
and 14 weeks ( can be 5 drops Oral Oral

19. Vaccine When to give Dose Route Site
For Infants
Pneumococcal
Conjugate
Vaccine (PCV)
Two primary
doses at 6 and
14 weeks
followed by
Booster dose at
9-12 months
0.5 ml IM
Antero-
lateral
side mid
thigh

20. Vaccine When to give Dose Route Site
For Infants
IPV At 6 weeks
and 14 weeks
0.1 ml ID Right
upper Arm
MR 1st
dose
9 completed
months-12
months
0.5 ml Sub-
cutaneous
Right
upper Arm
Vitamin
A
(1st dose)
9 completed
months with
measles
1 ml
(1 lakh
IU)
Oral Oral

21. Vaccine When to give Dose Route Site
For Infants
Japanese
Encephalitis
(JE)-1
9 completed
months-12
months
0.5 ml IM
Anterolateral
aspect of mid
thigh (killed
vaccine)

22. Vaccine When to give Dose Route Site
For children
DPT booster-
1
16-24 month 0.5 ml IM
Antero-
lateral side
of mid-thigh
MR 2nd dose 16-24 month 0.5 ml Sub-
cutaneous
Right upper
Arm
OPV booster 16-24 month 2 drops Oral Oral

23. Vaccine When to give Dose Route Site
For Infants
Japanese
Encephali
tis (JE)-2
16-24 months 0.5 ml IM
Anterolatera
l aspect of
mid thigh
(killed
vaccine)

24. Vaccine When to give Dose Route Site
For children
Vitamin A
(2nd to 9th
dose)
16-18 months. Then
one dose every 6
months up to the
age of 5 years.
2 ml (2
lakh IU)
Oral Oral
DPT
Booster-2
5-6 years 0.5 ml IM Upper
Arm
Td 10 years and 16
years
0.5 ml IM Upper
Arm

25. •PCV is selected states/districts: Bihar, Himachal
Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Utter Pradesh, and
Rajasthan
•JE in endemic districts only (Assam, West Bengal,
Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka)

26. Thank you