In Indonesia, Lasem identities as a China Town are constructed and developed over time, and Chinese architectural heritage is one of the main qualities and identity of the city. Recently, these unique Chinese architectural heritages have been transformed for tourism needs. This paper aims to document the transformation of functions or adaptive reuse, and its impact to forms and meanings of the Chinese architectural heritage of the city, and focuses on whether the interventions occurred was by the principles of architectural conservation. In April 2019, the study surveyed and documented five Chinese historicbuildings in Karangturi area in Lasem to understand how the architectural heritage has transformed. The result shows that tourism has a direct influence on changes in the building functions in Lasem, such as the Oei House and Little China that have changed from residences to homestays to accommodate the needs of tourists lodgings. The other two buildings, namely House of Nyah Giok and Nyah Lasem museum have also changed their functions from residences to a batik home industry and a museum related to tourism attractions. Interventions on the four buildings with sensitive usesare following the principle of minimum intervention that preserved the original main buildings and changed only in the wings buildings, and new buildings for lodgings were infilled in vacant land of the site for the Oei House case. For one building, however, tourism has no direct influence on changes in the building functions, it has changed from a residence to an Islamic boarding school for the development of Islamic education that had nothing to do with preserving Chinese culture. Indirectly, the building remains a tourist destination because of its unique Chinese architectural features. Findings showsthat for the four Chinese owners, the meaning or significance for the adaptation of the building is preserving historic values of the Chinese architecture, and economic values as well by developing commercial spaces and historic areas for tourist attractions
Conservation of the Urban Heritage to Conserve the Sense of Place, a Case Stu...drboon
The sense of place can only be achieved if the urban heritage is still intact and preserved whilst accommodating for new development. In the past Misurata city center where the traditional areas and historical significance are located did not have any positive consideration and appreciation from government which, were destroyed to build a new commercial buildings within business district area of city center. This paper intends to highlight on urban heritage "historical significance & activity pattern" that still survive in the city center of Misurata and reflects the sense of place. The study adapted the visual survey field method for data collection and this approach adopted techniques namely photograph and diagrams or maps. The results of the study indicate that there are some urban areas and buildings with historical or traditional significance and conducive sense of belonging and identity that must be renewed, restored, reused and conserved; for instance the marketplace, Allfah Square and the old city center.
The Study of Safavi Northern Chahar-Bagh Street of Shiraz, Iran; from the Sta...Dorna Eshrati
The historical urban landscape is a new approach towards the historical city as the product
of human interaction with micro ecosystem over the passage of time that has recently gained a special
position in urban conservation. This paper begins with raising the question that how this approach can
be used to solve the challenges of conservation and development of historical cities. Exploring the
conservation documents indicate that viewpoint to historical city has shifted from ‘the atomistic perspective
to holistic’, ‘static to dynamic’, ‘product-oriented to process-oriented’, ‘conflict with micro-ecosystem
to interact with micro-ecosystem’, and ‘the contrast of conservation and development’ to the integration
of them. The purpose of this paper is to review the northern Safavi Chahar-Bagh street of shiraz in the
city master plan to find out how the street conservation and development is based on historical urban
landscape. The data for this research were collected through observations and documents review and
were analyzed qualitatively. The survey results show that the new doctrines of urban conservation seek
to integrate conservation and development based on historical urban landscape; however, the definition
of the Historical city boundary in the master plan of shiraz is still based on static and atomistic doctrines
that consider historical cities limited to the historical wall. This is while the northern Chahar-Bagh street
of shiraz which was the main historical axis of the city during the Safavi period was located outside the
historical wall of the city. Not paying attention to this street has caused the gradual destruction of this
historical urban landscape, despite the individual protection of some of its elements. Reviewing the case
study based on the historical urban landscape approach reveals the need for a reconsideration and revision
of the developments urban plans.
A B S T R A C T
Industrial buildings as an example of cultural heritage transforms our cultural identity from past to the present and even for the future. Unfortunately, there are lots of industrial building which lost its function by converting the place to live and identifiable place. This research will clarify the reasons of conserving of the industrial heritage and by classification of international charters which are dealing with industrial heritage will introduce conservation methods for adaptive reuse of industrial buildings. As a case study, the research will focus on Energy Museum in Istanbul. To assess the building based on reusing principals. The study concludes that Energy Museum is one of the successful examples of reuse of the building. It also concludes that less intervention in reusing a building can save the identity of the building.
Conservation of the Urban Heritage to Conserve the Sense of Place, a Case Stu...drboon
The sense of place can only be achieved if the urban heritage is still intact and preserved whilst accommodating for new development. In the past Misurata city center where the traditional areas and historical significance are located did not have any positive consideration and appreciation from government which, were destroyed to build a new commercial buildings within business district area of city center. This paper intends to highlight on urban heritage "historical significance & activity pattern" that still survive in the city center of Misurata and reflects the sense of place. The study adapted the visual survey field method for data collection and this approach adopted techniques namely photograph and diagrams or maps. The results of the study indicate that there are some urban areas and buildings with historical or traditional significance and conducive sense of belonging and identity that must be renewed, restored, reused and conserved; for instance the marketplace, Allfah Square and the old city center.
The Study of Safavi Northern Chahar-Bagh Street of Shiraz, Iran; from the Sta...Dorna Eshrati
The historical urban landscape is a new approach towards the historical city as the product
of human interaction with micro ecosystem over the passage of time that has recently gained a special
position in urban conservation. This paper begins with raising the question that how this approach can
be used to solve the challenges of conservation and development of historical cities. Exploring the
conservation documents indicate that viewpoint to historical city has shifted from ‘the atomistic perspective
to holistic’, ‘static to dynamic’, ‘product-oriented to process-oriented’, ‘conflict with micro-ecosystem
to interact with micro-ecosystem’, and ‘the contrast of conservation and development’ to the integration
of them. The purpose of this paper is to review the northern Safavi Chahar-Bagh street of shiraz in the
city master plan to find out how the street conservation and development is based on historical urban
landscape. The data for this research were collected through observations and documents review and
were analyzed qualitatively. The survey results show that the new doctrines of urban conservation seek
to integrate conservation and development based on historical urban landscape; however, the definition
of the Historical city boundary in the master plan of shiraz is still based on static and atomistic doctrines
that consider historical cities limited to the historical wall. This is while the northern Chahar-Bagh street
of shiraz which was the main historical axis of the city during the Safavi period was located outside the
historical wall of the city. Not paying attention to this street has caused the gradual destruction of this
historical urban landscape, despite the individual protection of some of its elements. Reviewing the case
study based on the historical urban landscape approach reveals the need for a reconsideration and revision
of the developments urban plans.
A B S T R A C T
Industrial buildings as an example of cultural heritage transforms our cultural identity from past to the present and even for the future. Unfortunately, there are lots of industrial building which lost its function by converting the place to live and identifiable place. This research will clarify the reasons of conserving of the industrial heritage and by classification of international charters which are dealing with industrial heritage will introduce conservation methods for adaptive reuse of industrial buildings. As a case study, the research will focus on Energy Museum in Istanbul. To assess the building based on reusing principals. The study concludes that Energy Museum is one of the successful examples of reuse of the building. It also concludes that less intervention in reusing a building can save the identity of the building.
Adaptive reuse is a dynamic concept that breathes new life into old structures, transforming them into functional spaces that serve a different purpose from their original design. As sustainability becomes a paramount concern and urban landscapes continue to evolve, the practice of adaptive reuse has gained considerable momentum. In this article, we will explore the numerous benefits of adaptive reuse and how it contributes to sustainable development, preservation of cultural heritage, economic growth, and community revitalization.
Factors influence on conservation of heritage building in MalaysiaMohd Umzarulazijo Umar
The presentation purposely to highlight the theories and preliminaries research finding from the field works.The result from spss analysis indicates a significant finding for further investigation.
Planning Model of Religious Cultural Heritage Buildings as a Concept to Inten...drboon
The issue of heritage buildings is an important part in the development of a city. Historic buildings have high value tourism, if managed properly. Unfortunately, the government is less concerned about the presence of historic buildings. Urban development is more focused on commercial activities and generates high revenue for the region. Many historic buildings in the city of Jakarta is not properly maintained. Several historic buildings that have religious values often lead to conflict. The buildings are supposed to have an atmosphere of worship and sacred environment, even more immersed in line with the development of the city. This study is to identify the problems of the religious cultural heritage buildings in Jakarta that will be processed based on the Physical Components and Socio-Cultural Components. The result of the study is the mapping of potential problems and give solution about a model of cultural heritage buildings in the area, especially religious building. This model hopefully can solve the problem of disharmony between the religious value of cultural heritage buildings and its environment surrounding.
Adaptive Reuse of the Industrial Building:
A case of Energy Museum in Sanatistanbul, Turkey
MA. Najmaldin Hussein
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University, Turkey
A B S T R A C T
Industrial buildings as an example of cultural heritage transforms our cultural identity from past to the present and even for the future. Unfortunately, there are lots of industrial building which lost its function by converting the place to live and identifiable place. This research will clarify the reasons of conserving of the industrial heritage and by classification of international charters which are dealing with industrial heritage will introduce conservation methods for adaptive reuse of industrial buildings. As a case study, the research will focus on Energy Museum in Istanbul. To assess the building based on reusing principals. The study concludes that Energy Museum is one of the successful examples of reuse of the building. It also concludes that less intervention in reusing a building can save the identity of the building.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2017) 1(1), 24-34.
https://doi.org/10.25034/1761.1(1)24-34
Protection of traditional architecture and ancient city wall of heratNAAR Journal
This investigation inspected the issues militating against the preservation of Persian customary design that includes an investigation of the Herat city antiquated walls. The reason and criticalness of saving the noteworthy manufactured condition were analyzed to explain their legitimacy to the investigation zone while additionally assessing the degree of rot of the walls. Field studies, meetings and perceptions were led and from the information gathered it was uncovered that walls and entryways were restored in 2015/2016 and significant pieces of the antiquated walls and gates are not in presence. The examination presumed that the antiquated city walls and entryways are significantly undermined by demolition and continuously coming to finish eradication while preservation is the best way to forestall it. At last, the Insurance of the memorable structures advancement of the travel industry in order to produce income for the upkeep of the landmarks in the midst of other were suggested.
Considering three- dimensional process of sustainability (physical- economical and social), the aim of conservation for making historic urban environment sustainable should be matched with these dimensions. Therefore, earlier conservation policies have progressed from a simple and restrictive concern with preservation to an increased concern for revitalization and enhancement. This means a physical revitalization may be short-lived and un-sustained. Within the process of revitalization, historic environments become the main locations of gentrification induced by urban revitalization which may involve social cost. Accordingly, this paper develops theoretical concepts on “sustainability in historic urban environment” with a particular emphasis on social issue in terms of gentrification. Also with the result derived from theoretical parts concludes that social changes through gentrification contribute to sustain the historic environments.
Conservation Techniques of Architectural Heritage and Private Property Legal ...IEREK Press
Conservation projects of architectural heritage primarily aim at preserving the cultural character and protecting the historical and value buildings through a set of techniques/approaches and concepts that deal with valuable urban heritage. These concepts and approaches are sometimes a majorobstacle to community development. Thus, for a better understanding of the debate over conservation versus development in terms of ownership and private property legal rights, the study will review the classification of different techniques by applying them at the level of architecture, urban and society. Hence, these have been classified into three basic levels: building, urban and community, whereby policies for each type will be reviewed. These arguments will be discussed within the Alexandrian experience in architectural heritage listing and management. Moreover, the study also explores evaluation criteria of historical and value buildings, clarifying the attempts to conserve the architectural heritage in Alexandria. The study focuses mainly on the conflict between conservation techniques and concept of private property legal rights, and hence, proposing some future measure to address the conflict of interests between conservation on one hand and private property ownership legal rights on the other. In addition, it will present some recommendations for preserving the unique architectural style of the Mediterranean Sea that distinguishes the city of Alexandria. It will also adhere to the remains of this heritage by taking into consideration the legal rights of private property, which can contribute to the conservation techniques of architectural heritage for Alexandria.
Use of Architectural Elements in Evolution of Traditional StyleSHUBHAM SHARMA
The research paper prepared by me gives a brief idea about traditional and architectural components of rajasthan. This features can be used as a basic components in modern and contemporary architecture to achieve extents of sustainability.
Short paper on Adaptive Reuse and Heritage Selection Criteria. Also, looking at Bangalore as the spatial context as it was during the colonial period and how it is today.
Brownfield Sites as Catalysts for Sustainable Urban Regenerationand the Deman...IEREK Press
Almost two decades today, the topic of brownfields has extensively been researched in urban sociology, urban planning, and human geography, and numerous Western-Centric studies have linked the redevelopment of the abandoned, contaminated, vacant or derelict sites to sustainable urban regeneration and achieving smart cities and sustainability goals in general. Yet, until this day, the concept has received little academic and practical attention in Middle Eastern contexts. Western contexts on the other hand including Europe, UK and USA continue to offer unique perspectives on approaching brownfields in ways that reduce the alarming spatial cluttering and address socio-spatial disparities and spatial segregation in addition to achieving economic and environmental goals, and similar to the global scene, brownfield sites make a large portion of the post-industrial city of Amman, the capital of Jordan. However, with the lack of a systematic definition for the urban phenomenon objectives, methods to identifying potential brownfield sites and evaluating the prioritisation of their redevelopment that takes into consideration context particularities, and with the absence of participative approaches that include the local community in the decision-making regarding these spaces, city planners fail to include the increasingly growing number of brownfield site that proliferate their cities in the urban planning practice. Through the examination of literature discussions on objectives, approaches, classification systems, methodologies, assessment and evaluation tools for the support of design and prioritising decisions for brownfield regeneration indifferent contexts, and through looking at the numerous potential alternatives for brownfield sites regeneration these contexts highlight, this paper bids to emphasise the importance of developing context specific, localised tools tailored for the Middle Eastern case. Building on the above, this paper identifies five potential brownfield typologies in the context of Amman; (1)residual planning outcomes; (2) discontinued mines and quarries; (3) unfinished mega-projects; (4) contaminated and hazardous sites, and; (5) miscellaneous abandoned sites and buildings, and ends on the note that looking at the increasing demand to meeting smart growth and sustainability needs, these urban landscapes may function as catalysts for achieving comprehensive sustainable urban regeneration.
Natural Urban Heritage and Preservation Policies: the Case of Kyoto’s Waterways.IEREK Press
The value of natural heritage within urban areas is nowadays gaining recognition, but there are still no clear reference frameworks to confront the complexities of their management. In this discussion, the challenges of the association of historical preservation and urban nature are explored through the analysis of the management of Kyoto’s waterways. The conflicts caused by the rapid modernization of Japan at the end of 19thcentury find in Kyoto a remarkable expression in the tensions between renovation and conservation, providing a fertile frame for discussion. Relevant achievements and shortcomings of Kyoto ́s experience are here analyzed, considering how the preservation of historic landscapes affected the protection of urban rivers, the relationship between sustainability and heritage, and the new environmentally aware approaches to river improvement.
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Adaptive reuse is a dynamic concept that breathes new life into old structures, transforming them into functional spaces that serve a different purpose from their original design. As sustainability becomes a paramount concern and urban landscapes continue to evolve, the practice of adaptive reuse has gained considerable momentum. In this article, we will explore the numerous benefits of adaptive reuse and how it contributes to sustainable development, preservation of cultural heritage, economic growth, and community revitalization.
Factors influence on conservation of heritage building in MalaysiaMohd Umzarulazijo Umar
The presentation purposely to highlight the theories and preliminaries research finding from the field works.The result from spss analysis indicates a significant finding for further investigation.
Planning Model of Religious Cultural Heritage Buildings as a Concept to Inten...drboon
The issue of heritage buildings is an important part in the development of a city. Historic buildings have high value tourism, if managed properly. Unfortunately, the government is less concerned about the presence of historic buildings. Urban development is more focused on commercial activities and generates high revenue for the region. Many historic buildings in the city of Jakarta is not properly maintained. Several historic buildings that have religious values often lead to conflict. The buildings are supposed to have an atmosphere of worship and sacred environment, even more immersed in line with the development of the city. This study is to identify the problems of the religious cultural heritage buildings in Jakarta that will be processed based on the Physical Components and Socio-Cultural Components. The result of the study is the mapping of potential problems and give solution about a model of cultural heritage buildings in the area, especially religious building. This model hopefully can solve the problem of disharmony between the religious value of cultural heritage buildings and its environment surrounding.
Adaptive Reuse of the Industrial Building:
A case of Energy Museum in Sanatistanbul, Turkey
MA. Najmaldin Hussein
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University, Turkey
A B S T R A C T
Industrial buildings as an example of cultural heritage transforms our cultural identity from past to the present and even for the future. Unfortunately, there are lots of industrial building which lost its function by converting the place to live and identifiable place. This research will clarify the reasons of conserving of the industrial heritage and by classification of international charters which are dealing with industrial heritage will introduce conservation methods for adaptive reuse of industrial buildings. As a case study, the research will focus on Energy Museum in Istanbul. To assess the building based on reusing principals. The study concludes that Energy Museum is one of the successful examples of reuse of the building. It also concludes that less intervention in reusing a building can save the identity of the building.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2017) 1(1), 24-34.
https://doi.org/10.25034/1761.1(1)24-34
Protection of traditional architecture and ancient city wall of heratNAAR Journal
This investigation inspected the issues militating against the preservation of Persian customary design that includes an investigation of the Herat city antiquated walls. The reason and criticalness of saving the noteworthy manufactured condition were analyzed to explain their legitimacy to the investigation zone while additionally assessing the degree of rot of the walls. Field studies, meetings and perceptions were led and from the information gathered it was uncovered that walls and entryways were restored in 2015/2016 and significant pieces of the antiquated walls and gates are not in presence. The examination presumed that the antiquated city walls and entryways are significantly undermined by demolition and continuously coming to finish eradication while preservation is the best way to forestall it. At last, the Insurance of the memorable structures advancement of the travel industry in order to produce income for the upkeep of the landmarks in the midst of other were suggested.
Considering three- dimensional process of sustainability (physical- economical and social), the aim of conservation for making historic urban environment sustainable should be matched with these dimensions. Therefore, earlier conservation policies have progressed from a simple and restrictive concern with preservation to an increased concern for revitalization and enhancement. This means a physical revitalization may be short-lived and un-sustained. Within the process of revitalization, historic environments become the main locations of gentrification induced by urban revitalization which may involve social cost. Accordingly, this paper develops theoretical concepts on “sustainability in historic urban environment” with a particular emphasis on social issue in terms of gentrification. Also with the result derived from theoretical parts concludes that social changes through gentrification contribute to sustain the historic environments.
Conservation Techniques of Architectural Heritage and Private Property Legal ...IEREK Press
Conservation projects of architectural heritage primarily aim at preserving the cultural character and protecting the historical and value buildings through a set of techniques/approaches and concepts that deal with valuable urban heritage. These concepts and approaches are sometimes a majorobstacle to community development. Thus, for a better understanding of the debate over conservation versus development in terms of ownership and private property legal rights, the study will review the classification of different techniques by applying them at the level of architecture, urban and society. Hence, these have been classified into three basic levels: building, urban and community, whereby policies for each type will be reviewed. These arguments will be discussed within the Alexandrian experience in architectural heritage listing and management. Moreover, the study also explores evaluation criteria of historical and value buildings, clarifying the attempts to conserve the architectural heritage in Alexandria. The study focuses mainly on the conflict between conservation techniques and concept of private property legal rights, and hence, proposing some future measure to address the conflict of interests between conservation on one hand and private property ownership legal rights on the other. In addition, it will present some recommendations for preserving the unique architectural style of the Mediterranean Sea that distinguishes the city of Alexandria. It will also adhere to the remains of this heritage by taking into consideration the legal rights of private property, which can contribute to the conservation techniques of architectural heritage for Alexandria.
Use of Architectural Elements in Evolution of Traditional StyleSHUBHAM SHARMA
The research paper prepared by me gives a brief idea about traditional and architectural components of rajasthan. This features can be used as a basic components in modern and contemporary architecture to achieve extents of sustainability.
Short paper on Adaptive Reuse and Heritage Selection Criteria. Also, looking at Bangalore as the spatial context as it was during the colonial period and how it is today.
Brownfield Sites as Catalysts for Sustainable Urban Regenerationand the Deman...IEREK Press
Almost two decades today, the topic of brownfields has extensively been researched in urban sociology, urban planning, and human geography, and numerous Western-Centric studies have linked the redevelopment of the abandoned, contaminated, vacant or derelict sites to sustainable urban regeneration and achieving smart cities and sustainability goals in general. Yet, until this day, the concept has received little academic and practical attention in Middle Eastern contexts. Western contexts on the other hand including Europe, UK and USA continue to offer unique perspectives on approaching brownfields in ways that reduce the alarming spatial cluttering and address socio-spatial disparities and spatial segregation in addition to achieving economic and environmental goals, and similar to the global scene, brownfield sites make a large portion of the post-industrial city of Amman, the capital of Jordan. However, with the lack of a systematic definition for the urban phenomenon objectives, methods to identifying potential brownfield sites and evaluating the prioritisation of their redevelopment that takes into consideration context particularities, and with the absence of participative approaches that include the local community in the decision-making regarding these spaces, city planners fail to include the increasingly growing number of brownfield site that proliferate their cities in the urban planning practice. Through the examination of literature discussions on objectives, approaches, classification systems, methodologies, assessment and evaluation tools for the support of design and prioritising decisions for brownfield regeneration indifferent contexts, and through looking at the numerous potential alternatives for brownfield sites regeneration these contexts highlight, this paper bids to emphasise the importance of developing context specific, localised tools tailored for the Middle Eastern case. Building on the above, this paper identifies five potential brownfield typologies in the context of Amman; (1)residual planning outcomes; (2) discontinued mines and quarries; (3) unfinished mega-projects; (4) contaminated and hazardous sites, and; (5) miscellaneous abandoned sites and buildings, and ends on the note that looking at the increasing demand to meeting smart growth and sustainability needs, these urban landscapes may function as catalysts for achieving comprehensive sustainable urban regeneration.
Natural Urban Heritage and Preservation Policies: the Case of Kyoto’s Waterways.IEREK Press
The value of natural heritage within urban areas is nowadays gaining recognition, but there are still no clear reference frameworks to confront the complexities of their management. In this discussion, the challenges of the association of historical preservation and urban nature are explored through the analysis of the management of Kyoto’s waterways. The conflicts caused by the rapid modernization of Japan at the end of 19thcentury find in Kyoto a remarkable expression in the tensions between renovation and conservation, providing a fertile frame for discussion. Relevant achievements and shortcomings of Kyoto ́s experience are here analyzed, considering how the preservation of historic landscapes affected the protection of urban rivers, the relationship between sustainability and heritage, and the new environmentally aware approaches to river improvement.
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Implementing sustainable principles when landscaping parks is vital for the development of the built environment, and should take into account environmental, social, economic, and cultural aspects, in order to eliminate conflict between developmental requirements, and the need to preserve cultural and natural resources. This paper reviews the guidelines that should be considered for current and future sustainable parks in regions with a moderate climate, in order to ensure that they incorporate ecotourism, cost effective operation and maintenance, a clean environment, the promotion of renewable energy, and resource preservation. A number of parks, located in moderate climate zones, are studied in terms of aspects such as their location, topography, operation, and landscaping characteristics, to demonstrate the prevailing normative values that can be applied to sustainable park design. Prince Meshari Park, in Al-Baha city, Saudi Arabia, is employed as a case study for applying all of the guidelines proposed in this investigation, and to highlight some of their merits and limitations in terms of the current situation of the park.
Load Shifting Assessment of Residential Heat Pump System in JapanIEREK Press
With the economic growth and increasing requirement of indoor thermal comfort, the load of building sector presents a greater variability. This paper aims at analyzing the energy consumption characteristics and influencing factors of the residential heat pump system. Firstly, we selected residential households as investigated objective in Kitakyushu, Japan, and compared the energy saving performances of heat supply systems between heat pump and natural gas boiler. The results were based on real measured residential load during winter period, and calculated the cost saving performance of residential heat pump system compared with traditional natural gas boiler. We also did a survey of residential occupation behavior for the 12 selected residential customers. The result indicated that there was low relationship between power consumption and occupation hours, and the number of family members had a significant impact on the power consumption. The results indicate that residential heat pump system presented promising energy saving and cost reduction potential
A Model Proposed for the Prediction of Future Sustainable Residence Specifica...IEREK Press
In Egypt, people are unable to determine the qualities of appropriate residence that achieves quality and occupant satisfaction, and contributes to sustainability of residential conglomerations. In general, developing countries lack housing information which can be used to enhance quality of residence. Also, the methods of assessing and identifying the appropriate criteria for future residence quality remain traditional ones that cannot address the multiple, conflicting, overlapping aspects to reach a good decision. This calls for using the Analytical Network Process (ANP), an effective tool for specifying the relative importance of all factors impacting a specific issue for making an appropriate residential decision. In addition, this method provides results for the decision element impacts network within the decision structure; thus contributing to more understanding of the mechanisms and requirements of residence selection. The proposed decision structure comprises a two-level network: main clusters, main elements, and sub-elements included in the demographic characteristics group, the residence criteria group, the demand parameters group, the supply parameters group, the residence specifications group, and the alternatives group which representing, in total, the decision and specifying the percentage needed for each housing level. Results of the model showed complete capacity in smoothly addressing complexities and overlapping in the decision structure. The decision structure showed that 52% chose luxury residence, 28% chose middle-class residence, and 19.5% chose the economic residence. Mechanisms of decision making were analyzed; particularly in terms of relationship to demographic characteristics and residence specifications. Also, the importance and impact of demand / supply parameters in reaching decision were analyzed
Development of an Open-Source Water Consumption Meter for HousingIEREK Press
This article reports on the project "Design and development of water and gas P.L. measurement devices in the housing: an approach to sustainable consumption in Mexico", prepared at the Metropolitan Autonomous University in the Department of the Environment, whose objective was to develop a device to measure water consumption in the housing, which allows users to know their spending and can make decisions in favor of efficiency through the reduction of water use in household activities. The meter is made up of open source, programmable or reconfigurable software, which receives the signal from a water flow sensor and a casing designed to contain the hardware and facilitate the user's installation. Both the hardware and the casing can be purchased, downloaded, manufactured and assembled at home (Do It Yourself). As specific results were obtained: hardware programming and housing design and as a final result: the assembly of the functional prototype with which measurements of water consumption were made in a housing in Mexico. With this work we conclude that through the development of new accessible and common measurement technologies for the users of a house, it will be possible to promote efficiency in the use of natural resources in cities, increasing availability and promoting a more sustainable urban development.
Multi-Scale Assessment of Urban Gardens as Constructed Habitats for Biodivers...IEREK Press
Biodiversity in arid urban environments depends upon habitat formation that balances both bioclimatic and biophysical environment needs. There is the potential for urban gardens to establish symbiotic ecosystem services from microhabitat formation that collectively form an assemblage of ecological patches to connect a diverse range of flora and fauna, and establish community driven nursery and seed collection initiatives. This study of urban garden habitats situated within a new urban district of Jeddah Saudi. The analysis concentrates on the ability of garden spatial formations to construct a heterogeneous spatial morphology of sub-patch within the larger urban landscape patch. Patch and subpatch formations are examined based on the criteria of (I) assemblage of the spatial habitat (characterized by shape and spatial organization); (II) integration of spatial, functional and vegetation plantation patterns; (III) connectivity. Findings reveal that garden layout is structured by the integration and layering of plant types to generate cool understory habitat with seedling establishment, and water conservation. Designed layout of the garden as a spatial pattern is augmented with a range of microclimate mediators to dim solar exposure within the plantation habitat. A strong heterogeneity in plant formations and combinations is seen to dominant the garden formations.
Architectural Education for Sustainable Urban RegenerationIEREK Press
Urban regeneration is one of the important agendas of Turkey as a developing country. Rapid urbanization problems have been causing vital social and economic problems together with physical and spatial ones especially in big cities of Turkey. Thus, national and local governments handled urban regeneration as a practical method for solution of these problems. However, they unfortunately don’t implement urban regeneration according to its real requirements. Instead, this multi-dimensional and complex process is seen as a pull down and built up operation. Considering this situation and being in awareness of the responsibilities of architects throughout urban regeneration process, the authors think that urban regeneration should be discussed in the scope of architectural education. This paper presents the purpose, the process and the products of an undergraduate architectural design studio that was undertaken at Bursa Uludağ University, Faculty of Architecture. The architectural and urban design projects of the students of which aim was to offer a livable and sustainable mixed used living environments are discussed together with their conceptual backgrounds. Putting stress on the differences between theory and practice, the conclusion introduces a critical evaluation of urban regeneration and sustainable housing concepts in Turkey.
Typology and Solar Gain Analysis: Vernacular Courtyard Houses of Tabriz, IranIEREK Press
The study presents the results of typological analysis and simulation modeling analysis of traditional courtyard residential houses in the cold semi-arid climate of Iran. The purpose of the research has been to analyze and evaluate traditional passive environmental strategies and their elements to provide implications for the design of sustainable residential buildings in contemporary time. Five existing traditional courtyard houses in the city of Tabriz, Iran, are used as case-studies to analyze the typology and the solar zoning conditions and to develop simulation models. The Ecotect simulation program is used to calculate the solar gains of the buildings and to analyze the effectiveness of the natural passive systems along with native design strategies in terms of potential solar gains of main and secondary living spaces. However, in the vernacular, not only the awareness of the climatic and topological considerations is important, but also the values, rituals, and beliefs that shape the design of the dwellings need to be considered. The research is based on the hypothesis that vernacular buildings (courtyard houses) of Iran have been environmentally sustainable structures. However, an important challenge of the study has been to avoid the technological bias and to consider the cultural and social aspects and embodiment of the studied houses, as well. The study also addresses the potential short comings that limit the reliability of Iranian vernacular architecture at present in order to arrive at a more holistic understanding of the sustainability of the vernacular architecture in the country.
Lessons Learned from the First Passivhaus Building in QatarIEREK Press
Energy efficient models have become the path to reduce energy consumption and Greenhouse gas emissions in the built environment in many developed countries. According to the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), new buildings constructed within the European Union (EU) countries are expected to be nearly zero energy buildings (nZEBs) by 2020, while new public buildings are expected to adhere to this target by 2018. The Passivhaus approach has been identified by several researchers as a possible roadmap to achieve nZEBs. The meticulous engineering and high standards of the Passivhaus building fabric, in addition to the high comfort levels, are the main reasons behind the success and widespread of the standard. Recently, in 2013 the Passivhaus principles have been applied to an experimental residential project in the hot and arid climate of Qatar. The project is composed of two identical buildings, one built according to the Passivhaus standard and the other according to normal practices in the country. The thermal performance and comfort levels of both buildings were assessed through dynamic simulation and on-site measurements. Results indicated that at least 50% reduction in annual operational energy, water consumption, and CO2 emissions were achieved in the Passivhaus model in comparison to the standard model. This paper aims to highlight the lessons learned through the Passivhaus project; first by exhibiting the Passivhaus criteria that have been met, second by showcasing the outcomes of the project, and third by displaying the barriers and difficulties that have been associated with building according to the standard in Qatar. Finally, recommendations and general guidelines are suggested towards a possible adoption of the Passivhaus standard in Qatar and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries
Optimal Sizing and Design of Isolated Micro-Grid systemsIEREK Press
Micro-grid and standalone schemes are emerging as a viable mixed source of electricity due to interconnected costly central power plants and associated faults as well as brownouts and blackouts in additions to costly fuels. Micro-Grid (MG) is gaining very importance to avoid or decrease these problems. The objective of this paper is to design an optimal sizing and energy management scheme of an isolated MG. The MG is suggested to supply load located in El-shorouk Academy, Egypt between 30.119 latitudes and 31.605 longitudes. The components of the MG are selected and designed for achieving minimum Total Investment Cost (TIC) with CO2 emissions limitations. This is accomplished by a search and optimization MATLAB code used with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) techniques. The use of Diesel Generators (DGs) is minimized by limiting the gaseous CO2 emissions as per targeted allowable amount. A comparison is accomplished for investigating the CO2 emissions constraints effects on the TIC in $/year and annual cost of energy in $/kWh. The obtained results verified and demonstrated that the designed MG configuration scheme is able to feed the energy entailed by the suggested load cost effectively and environmental friendly.
Regenerative Mobility: Disruption and Urban EvolutionIEREK Press
Mobility plays an important role in the cities by enabling people to carry out the most varied activities across the territory, as well as to ensure the city fully function. In addition, analogies to the human organism can be made by this urban dynamic, looking for solutions to specific issues. Moreover, this paper has been based by the premise that phenomena and urban elements could be conceptualized, explained and transformed from contemporary and innovative approaches applied in the medical field. For this reason, this paper aims to develop and present a new concept associated with urban mobility, based on the principles of regenerative medicine: the Regenerative Mobility, a concept with disruptive and evolutionary purposes. Furthermore, the structure of this paper is summarized by the introduction which contextualizes the theme, presents and characterizes the techniques used in the research. Additionally, the following chapters explore essential aspects of the city, explaining why it needs a mobility change and new concepts. Therefore, the concept of Regenerative Mobility is presented as a potential of mobility and cities improvement, followed by pragmatic cases, capable of illustrating some of its principles.
Unlocking the Potentials of Urban Architecture in Enhancing the Quality of Ur...IEREK Press
Currently more than half of world population are living in cities, while world is witnessing a rapid urbanization process particularly in cities of the developing and emerging countries, where urban poverty areas (UPA) with low quality of urban life (QUL) and lack of the usual urban spaces are the most significant urban phenomena that characterized those cities. In such an urban context there is a need for an efficient tool that contributes positively to the enhancement of the QUL, meanwhile to provide the best use of the rare vacant lands. This study argues that urban architecture as a design field offers a distinctive approach to a special type of buildings made for an urban setting, thus it can enhance the QUL in UPA through community projects. The study is based on an analytical study of selected cases of community projects in UPA that represents examples of how urban architecture through its potentials has a positive impact on its urban context, notably through community projects that strongly linked to real community needs. The results showed that urban architecture as a design approach for community projects have multiple roles that boost the socio-economic daily life, as well it supports various environmental issues towards better QUL.
Urban Public Space Axis Rector of Green Infrastructure in the Current City of...IEREK Press
The current city calls for the reconsideration of a close relationship between gray infrastructure and public spaces, understanding the infrastructure as a set of items, equipment, or services required for the functioning of a country, a City. Ambato, Ecuador, is a current intermediate city, has less than 1% of the urban surface with use of public green spaces, which represents a figure below the 9m2/ hab., recommended by OMS. The aim of this paper was to identify urban public spaces that switches of green infrastructure in the city today, applying a methodology of qualitative studies. With an exploratory descriptive level analysis, in three stages, stage of theoretical foundation product of a review of the existing literature, which is the theoretical support of the relationship gray infrastructure public spaces equal to green infrastructure. Subsequent to this case study, discussed with criteria aimed at green infrastructure and in the public spaces of the study area. Finally, after processing and analysis of the results, we provide conclusions for urban public space as a definition of the green infrastructure of the current city of Latin America; in the latter, the focus is to support this article.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
2. Kwanda/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
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has developed an urban design guidelines for three conservation areas (62 ha) in Lasem to create new tourism
attractions, such as (1) the mosque, the city square, Karangturi Chinese area, Little China Heritage, and Po An
Kiong temple (25 ha); (2) the Opium house, Tjoe An Kiong temple, Islamic boarding school (17.5 ha); and (3)
Lasem batik area, and Gedongmulyo Chinese area (19.5 ha). Recently, however, in 2019 the rapid growth of the
tourism sector in the city will pose a threat to the transformation of the shape and meaning of Chinese architectural
heritage. For this reason, conservation efforts are needed, namely through preservation, protection, development
and appropriate use to reduce the threat of physical interventions that are not following the principles of
conservation (Kwanda, 2013 & 2015).
This study aims to document the building transformation of functions, and its impact on forms and meanings that
occur in the heritage buildings in Lasem to support tourist needs, and to identify the physical intervention on the
heritage buildings that under conservation principles. The study seeks to enrich and fill the existing knowledge gaps
in building conservation disciplines, especially in the adaptation of Chinese architectural culture in the city of
Lasem. Later on, it is hoped that the conservation guidelines especially for adaptive reuse will be proposed based on
the conservation principles for cultural heritage buildings in the city.
2. Adaptation and Interventions
The term conservation was firstly mentioned in the Venice Charter 1964, however, no description for the term.
Afterward, the term is described in many Charters, such as in the Burra Charter 2013 an internationally known for
its comprehensive and detailed contents. In this Charter article 1.4, conservation means ‘all the process of looking
after a place to retain its cultural significance’. For Feilden (2003), conservation is defined as ‘the action taken to
prevent decay and manage change dynamically’, and all of these acts are to ‘prolong the life of our cultural and
natural heritage’. Lastly, to revise the outdated existing principles with the new notion of values advocated by the
Burra Charter, English Heritage (2008) produced the Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance for the
Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment, and conservation is defined in principle 4.2 as ‘the process
of managing change to a significant place in its setting in ways that will best sustain its heritage values, while
recognising opportunities to reveal and reinforce those values for present and future generations’.
Substantially, the above definitions are all alike that have come to see conservation as the management of change,
seeking to retain what people value about places extending the concept of conservation from mere preservation to
embrace enhancement or positive change. Thus, conservation can be defined as managing change in which actions
taken or process of looking after a place is to prevent decay and retain or sustain cultural significance or values. The
action taken or intervention may include a combination one or more of the ascending degrees of intervention: (1)
prevention of deterioration or maintenance, preferred as the best representing the minimum intervention principle,
(2) preservation of the existing state, (3) consolidation of the fabric, (4) restoration, (5) rehabilitation, (6)
reproduction, (7) reconstruction, (8) adaptation.
Response to the adaptation of Chinese architectural heritage in Lasem, the interventions of forms must be by the
principles of architectural conservation. As a reference for the study, three conservation principles were taken
according to Orbasli (2008), firstly, historic values in buildings or historic sites, namely architecture and history, if
it is lost will reduce its value. Secondly, historical integrity whereas historic buildings are relics of the past that hold
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details and information about the past; and thirdly authenticity that does not mean returning the building to its
original form but all changes that occur honestly (authentic) must be disclosed.
For adaptation or new functions, the heritage buildings must be related to the environment and surrounding
communities, namely meeting the needs of the community as a place to work, live and play (Rozov, 2013). In terms
of meaning or reasons for adaptation, Agustiananda (2012) argues that motivation for the adaptation of buildings is
economic potential by developing commercial spaces for tourist attractions, and sustainable and commercial
building functions can make historic areas become lively tourist attractions (Yıldırım & Turan, 2012).
3. Methods
The first stage of the study is data collection through a field survey done in April 2019 in the city of Lasem. Five
Chinese architectural heritages have been chosen in the Karangturi area as the largest Chinese settlement where
tourism is growing rapidly, namely, the Oei House, Little China also well known as the Red House, Batik House of
Nyah Kiok, Nyah Lasem Museum, and Kauman Islamic Boarding School. The buildings were chosen because they
have changed the original function, such as from the original function as a residence to a homestay, to a museum, to
a batik home industry, and a school. The buildings were documented through field surveys to identify the physical
change through photographs, measuring, and interviewed with the owners or occupants. Based on the result of
documentation, drawings were made to show changes in the existing physical condition of the buildings.
To examine the extent to which adaptation and transformation of form have occurred, a comparison is made
between the drawings of the existing condition of the buildings and the basic typologies of similar architecture. The
typology of the building used about the object of study selected is the typology of a traditional Chinese house with a
courtyard (Fig. 1). Chinese architecture of shelter in Lasem in particular also demonstrates this Chinese
architectural style, such as produce a basic plan of the si-he-yuan courtyard with the main axis of the symmetrical
building, symbolizing the axis of the universe connecting the earth (axis Mundi) and the fixed point of the northern
star. The orientation of facing north-south is also identified with the seat of the king who is considered the son of
the sky facing south, supported by the north star which is considered the center of the universe and the seat of the
ruler of the sky Tian or gods (Kustedja, Sudikno & Salura, 2012). This is then widely imitated by the community,
although there is freedom to build in the other direction according to the feng-shui analysis by linking the time of
birth of the building owner.
Figure 1. Typology of traditional Chinese house with courtyards. Source: Wang, 2012.
Besides, the shape of a rectangular floor plan found also in Lasem is a visualization of the division of space into 4
segments that follows the theory of cosmology coupled with the philosophy of yin-yang, the five phases and season,
and four 4 mythological animals ruling the sky. Facing the four wind directions, south symbolizes warmth, growth,
fire phases or summer and the red bird; east side towards the sun as the symbol of birth, wood phase or spring, and
the green-blue dragon; west side as a symbol of the end of the day or life, metal phase or autumn and the white
tiger; and the north side is the worst direction facing the cold wind, dark region direction, water phase or winter and
the snake and black turtles; and the ground phase is human as the midpoint of a cosmological map (Knapp, 1992).
Similar to ancient Chinese architecture, wood is the main material and most of the buildings are in the wood frame
structure of Chinese architecture in Lasem. Some typical features of Chinese architecture found in Lasem are gable
walls retaining fire which are built to exceed the height of the roof that aims at preventing the spread of fire; an
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exposed roof construction frame inside of the building where the entire frame beam is visible; a queen post is a
short pole on the roof construction, this pole rests on the beam, to bear the purlin beam on it; and Dou Gong, a
wood construction that combined of dou (a bearer beam for a short beam rests on it) with gong system of
architectural style (a beam bearing an arc sitting on a column) of the Qing dynasty (Guo, 2002).
4. The Chinese Settlements in Lasem
Chinese immigrants to Southeast Asia have primarily come from only three of the southernmost provinces, which
are Hainan, Guangdong, and Fujian. Chinese immigrants came to Indonesia in several waves. While some date the
earliest immigration of Chinese to Indonesia as far back as the fourth century, however, some argue that the first
Chinese immigrants which predominantly Hokkien traders from Fujian province in Indonesia in 800–900 AD (Lim
& Mead, 2011). It was not until the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century, however, that large
numbers of immigrants from the southern provinces began arriving, especially at the ports in Java. The motivating
force behind immigration appears to have been adversity at home, political oppression under the Manchurian Qing
Dynasty, and economic hardships following the Opium Wars (Jones, 2009).
Figure 2. The Chinese settlements and architectural heritage in Lasem
The transformation of the city of Lasem has also influenced by several immigration waves in the city. Lasem City is
a subdistrict city on the north coast of Java in the Regency of Rembang. Since the 16th century, many Chinese
residents have settled in Lasem city, and they are acculturated with the indigenous people, this is evidenced by the
existence of the Chinese residential areas that grew side by side with the local community. The first of the Chinese
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pg. 72
settlement in Lasem was originally located only around the pier on the edge of Lasem river with the center of the
settlement at the Tjoe An Kiong temple in Dasun district (Fig. 2).
After 1600, there was a great deal of Chinese immigration, especially from Fujian Province to Lasem, because it
was felt that many relatives and friends had lived there. So Chinese settlements in Lasem develop towards the south
of the highway (the Daendels road), on the edge of Lasem River. This new settlement is called Karangturi, and soon
after, a new temple was founded called Poo An Bio temple in the area, and followed by another new Chinese
settlement in Babagan area developed towards the west of Karangturi with another new temple called Gie Yong Bio
(Figure 2). The Dutch (VOC) took control of Lasem in 1679. The center of power in the palace in front of the city
square began under the control of Dutch power and established their fortress in the Tulis area.
In 1750, the Dutch fort was moved to Rembang, 13 km west from Lasem, and in the following year Lasem was
downgraded from the regency town to the subdistrict town until now. The government center in front of the city
square then turned into a trading center. Consequently, in the 19th century, the peak of Lasem city's glory was at the
end. At the same time, a new residential area is called Gedongmulyo was developed towards the west of Lasem
river and to the north of the highway. In this new area, temples were not established, and Gedungmulyo settlement
is the last Chinese settlement in Lasem.
5. Adaptation and Interventions of the Chinese Architectural Heritage
In general, a survey was done by Aini, Antariksa and Turniningtyas (2016) shows that there are 239 historic
buildings in five districts of Lasem, and more than half of the buildings are Chinese architecture that comprises of
121 Chinese architecture styles (51%), 87 buildings of the Dutch Indies styles (36%), 13 buildings of Chinese
Indies styles (5.4%), and 15 Javanese raised timber floor houses styles or gladak style (6.3%), 2 buildings of
Chinese Javanese styles (0.85 %), and 1 building of Javanese-Indies style (0.45%). Most of the physical condition
of these buildings are in poor condition without maintenance (43%), and with maintenance that carried out only by
repairing damaged ornaments, and some buildings have been damaged and left unoccupied. The five historic
buildings in Karangturi Chinese area were surveyed and documented in April 2019 to understand the physical
changes to the buildings as follows.
5.1. The Oei House (Roemah Oei)
In 1823, Oei Am migrated from Fujian to Lasem, and in 1818 he built as a residence. Later on, his son, Oei Thian
Ho, used the building for tapioca and black sticky rice trading place. a batik production house. The third generation
of the family used the building for a horse-drawn carriage. In 2016, according to Oei Ling Hiem, the seventh
generation of the family, the main building was restored by the Oei family museum. The main building is a typical
Chinese architecture with a rectangular floor plan and a strong symmetrical axis with the main gate in the middle of
the wall (Fig. 3). Wood is the main material especially for the floor and wood frame structure for the roof, and an
exposed roof construction frame inside of the building where the entire frame beam is visible, usually decorated
beautifully (Fig. 4). In 2018, a two-story new building with Chinese architecture style was built at the backyard
functioned as a homestay of 15 rooms named as Wisma Pamilie, and a café was opened using the terrace at the
front section of the house (Fig. 5). Despite the changes in the function, the new buildings do not disturb the original
main building that is still intact. It has a strong cultural tourist attraction with this unaltered form, which is one of
the most popular tourism objects in Lasem.
6. Kwanda/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
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Figure 3. The transformation of the Oei House: (A) the site plan of the existing condition, (B) the floor plan of the existing
condition, and (C) the floor plan of the original condition
Figure 4. The original main building of the Oei House: (a) the main gate, (b) the exposed roof construction frame, (c) the
main hall in the main building, (d) the front terrace functions as a café, and (e) the Oei family museum
g
f e
d
b
c
b
a. The main gate
b. Kios/new buildings
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
A B C
a
b
c
d e
a
7. Kwanda/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 74
Figure 5. The new two-story building for homestay: (a) the gate to the homestay called Wisma Pamilie, (b) the front façade of
the new two-story building for homestay, and (c) the backside of the new oen and two-story building for homestay
5.2. Little China (Tiongkok Kecil)
Little China is also well known as Red House as it is painted with red color. In the 1800s, it was used as an opium
house, and later on it was used for a swallow's nest. In 2017, the building on the left side was restored and used for
a homestay of only four rooms, a batik store on the middle building, a café, and parking area were added at a vacant
land next to the batik store (Fig. 6). Currently, as a response to increasing demand on bedrooms requests, the owner
plans to extend the complex to the land next to it. The building is a typical Chinese architecture with a rectangular
floor plan and a strong symmetrical axis with the main gate in the center of the homestay building; wood is the
main material especially for the floor and wood frame structure for the roof. It is a hybrid of Chinese and the Dutch
Indies style with a neo-classic column at the front terrace (Fig. 7). Despite the changes in the function, the owner
maintained the original form of the buildings. Little China has a strong cultural tourist attraction with this unaltered
form, both of which are quite popular tourism objects in Lasem.
Figure 6. Little China is a large complex with three main buildings: (b) a homestay, (c) a batik store, (d) a new building for café and parking at
a vacant land, and (e) the residence
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
a b c
b
e
8. Kwanda/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
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Figure 7. The three main buildings of Little China: (a) the main gate to the homestay building, (b) the entrance of the homestay, (c) the façade of
the batik store, (d) the owner’s residence at the backside of the batik store, and (e) the new building for café and parking area
5.3. The Nyah Kiok Batik House
It was built in the 1900s as a residence for the Kiok family with a main building and two wings, and since 1973 it
has been used for batik home industry. The building is a typical Chinese architecture with a rectangular floor plan
and a strong symmetrical axis with the main gate in the center of the boundary wall, and gable wall (Fig. 8).
Figure 8. The floor plan showing changes of functions and forms at the Nyah Kiok House
Wood is the main material especially for the wall, floor, and ceiling. It has a wood frame structure for the roof with
an exposed roof construction frame inside of the building where the entire frame beam is visible, a queen post to
bear the purlin beam on it, and dou gong wood construction system of Chinese architectural style (Fig. 9). The
a
b e
e
e
d
c
a. Main gate
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
b
a
c
j
9. Kwanda/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 76
main building of the Nyah Kiok Batik House although functioned as a working place for Batik artisans has not been
changed at all considering that it has the historical and cultural significance of batik in Lasem, therefore the Batik
House has become one of the important tourist destinations. The wing buildings on the left and right have changed a
lot, on the left side a new room for the residence was built.
Figure 9. The Chinese architectural features: (a) the main gate with the gable wall, (b) the verandah with wood frame structure,
(c) the addition of new building for residence, (d) Dou gong wood construction system at the verandah, and (e) the gable wall of
the main gate
5.4. The Nyah Lasem Museum
It was built in the 1850s as a residence with a main building with a Chinese style and one wing on the left side built
in the 1900s with the Dutch colonial style. Since the 1880s it has been used for batik production, and today it is
used for a museum of private collections, and accommodation for backpackers at the left-wing building. The main
building is a typical Chinese architecture with a rectangular floor plan and a strong symmetrical axis with the main
gate in the center of the boundary wall, and gable wall (Fig. 10).
Figure 10. The floor plan showing the transformation of the main building and the left wing of the Museum, (g) the exposed roof
construction frame, (h) the left wing with the Dutch colonial style, (i) the verandah with wood frame structure, (j) Dou gong wood
construction system, and (k) the museum room with the collections
a
d
c
b e
a.
b. The verandah
c.
d.
e.
f.
f
c
a
d
e
b
g
k
h
j
i
10. Kwanda/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 77
Wood is the main material especially for the wall, floor, and ceiling. It has a wood frame structure for the roof with
an exposed roof construction frame inside of the building where the entire frame beam is visible, a queen post to
bear the purlin beam on it, and dou gong Chinese wood construction system (Fig. 10). The deteriorated condition of
the main building is more due to the owner having no management power, hence the original building of this
museum tends to be vulnerable to damage.
5.5. Kauman Islamic Boarding School
It was built as a residence, and in 2001 it was bought by an Islamic cleric that changed it in 2005 for an Islamic
boarding school. The original building has changed a lot, in 2007 a new two-story building was built at the front
section that used to the main gate and boundary wall, and new structures at the left and right wings including the
backside of the building (Fig. 11). As with the Kauman Islamic Boarding School, the allocation of functions to an
Islamic boarding school made the owner changed many parts of his house. The interesting thing about the main
building of this boarding school is the cultural acculturation trail that is seen from the style of the main boarding
house which is a mixture of colonial and Chinese architecture styles. For this reason, tourists visited the boarding
school to see its unique architectural style. Currently, some bedrooms of the building are also used to accommodate
tourists, and a batik store is opened for tourists.
Figure 11. The first and second floor showing the transformation of the building for schools, (h) the entrance through the first floor of the
new building, (i) the terrace of the main building, (j) a prayer room on the first floor of the new building, (k) the lobby of the main
building seen from inside, and (l) the new structure for prayer room and classroom
f
c
g
f c
c
k
j
i
l
h
First Floor
Second Floor
11. Kwanda/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
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6. Analysis and Discussion
Von Meiss (1990) states that identification of changes in function and form by looking at architectural
elements can interpret the experience of space and architectural forms that generate memory and affect the
ambiance of an architectural work. The results of architectural elements identification of the cases show that
the changes in shape that occur due to the changes in function, from residences to lodgings as shown in the
Oei House and Little China. Despite the changes in the function, the owner maintained the original form of
their main buildings to keep the historic values of Chinese architecture (Fig. 3-10). Subsequently, the Oei
House (Fig. 3-5) and Little China (Fig. 6-7) have a strong cultural tourist attraction with this unaltered form,
both of which are popular objects in Lasem.
The main building of the Nyah Kiok Batik House although functioned as a place of work for batik artisans has
not been changed at all considering that it has the historical and cultural significance of batik in Lasem, in such
a manner the Batik House has become one of the important tourist destinations (Fig. 8-9). While the changes
in the original form of the traditional Chinese houses in the Nyah Lasem Museum is more due to the owner
having no funding to maintain, consequently the original timber building of this museum tends to be
vulnerable to damage (Fig. 10). As with the Kauman Islamic boarding school, the changes in functions from a
residence to an Islamic boarding school made the owner change many parts of the house (Fig. 11). The
interesting thing about the main building of this boarding school is the cultural acculturation trail that is seen
from the style of the main house that is a mixture of colonial and Chinese architectural styles.
Looking at the cases in Lasem, it can be concluded that adaptive reuse or the changes in the function of a
building should be based on cultural association to keep the historic value of Chinese architecture. Otherwise,
the adaptive reuse of the traditional Chinese house that has no cultural context to Chinese architecture such as
the Islamic boarding school, the interventions made were quite enormous and the minimum intervention
principle was ignored.
Meanwhile, the significance to retain the original form of the buildings are both the historical values by
maintaining its original form of the building that has created a high cultural attraction, and the economic
interest of the distinctive Chinese architectural heritage for tourism. The tug of war between the interests of
conservation to conserve the shape and meaning of the Chinese architectural heritage in Lasem with the
interests of the tourism industry that prioritizes functional and economic aspects becomes an issue of the city
losing its character as a China Town. For this reason, it is necessary to develop guidelines for physical
interventions on the site such as a proper infill design, and on these historic buildings (Kwanda, 2004).
7. Conclusion
It could be concluded that Chinese historic architecture in Lasem is a worthy heritage that has to be conserved
for its historic Chinese architecture values. Despite the recent conservation interventions done by the building
owners, the issue of buildings decaying is particularly vital since their condition in the last decades has
deteriorated immensely and evidently. The community, activists and authorities alike should address this
issue. This research is simply an effort to shed light on the value and historical importance of these Chinese
architectures, and to highlight the function and physical changes of these buildings for tourism and other uses.
In conservation, the changes of these Chinese heritage buildings are unavoidable which has to be managed. To
manage change in conservation is critical to identify appropriate new uses, such as adaptive reuse from the
original use of a residence to a homestay, to minimize the need for change to the existing fabric. While
adapting to new uses, it requires sensitivity in handling change and making minimum intervention to preserve
the original form of the historic fabric. Indeed, it is accepted that heritage buildings should continue to retain
their cultural significance and be prominence with adaptive reuse.
Acknowledgements
I gratefully acknowledge the financial support for presenting and publishing this paper from the Ministry of
Research, Technology, and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia.
12. Kwanda/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 79
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