This document provides the requirements for immersion type concrete vibrators in India. It summarizes the key details of immersion vibrators including materials used, sizes, construction requirements, performance testing, and marking requirements. The document was revised in 1992 to incorporate modifications based on experience and to include provisions for pendulum type vibrators. It aims to provide guidance for both manufacturing and purchasing immersion vibrators to ensure satisfactory performance.
Is 4000 high strength bolts in steel structuresVishal Mistry
This document provides guidelines for the use of high-strength bolts in steel structures. It covers the design, fabrication, assembly and inspection of structural joints using high-strength bolts that meet the specifications in IS 3757. The document establishes requirements for bolt size and properties, permissible tensile and shear forces, types of joints (friction and bearing), surface preparation, hole size, tightening methods and quality control. It seeks to enable the effective and safe use of high-strength bolts in structural connections as an alternative to welding.
This document provides specifications for reinforced concrete poles used for overhead power and telecommunication lines. It outlines materials, design requirements, manufacturing process, testing procedures, sampling, inspection and marking. Some key points:
- Concrete poles must be at least 6m long and maximum 9m, in 0.5m increments. Depth of planting depends on pole length, from 1.2m to 1.5m.
- Reinforcement bars and wires must meet specifications. Concrete minimum grade is M25.
- Poles are designed to withstand specified wind loads without failure. Transverse strength must be at least 1/4 of required strength in line direction.
- Manufacturing involves accurate reinforcement placement, proper cover
This document is the Indian Standard for foundation bolts. It provides specifications for foundation bolts sized M8 to M72. It specifies requirements for dimensions, tolerances, material, mechanical properties, marking, and other technical supply conditions. Foundation bolts are designed for use in masonry and concrete foundations. The standard specifies a property class of 4.6 and allows for hot-dip galvanized coatings if agreed by the supplier and purchaser. It provides typical shank forms and their dimensions in an appendix. The standard is intended to promote the dissemination of public safety information to disadvantaged communities and those engaged in education and knowledge.
This document provides the specification for prestressed concrete poles used in overhead power transmission and telecommunication lines. It outlines various definitions related to pole design loads and failure conditions. It specifies requirements for materials like cement, aggregates, prestressing steel, and concrete strength. It also describes design considerations such as minimum depth of planting, transverse strength, and load factors. The document outlines manufacturing requirements including placement of reinforcement, prestressing, curing, and earthing. It specifies tests to be conducted during and after manufacture along with sampling and inspection criteria.
This document specifies requirements for flexible shafts used in concrete vibrators. It defines terminology such as inner shaft, outer casing, and end fittings. It outlines two types of flexible shafts based on end fitting form. Dimension requirements include diameters of 10-15 mm and lengths of 4-6 meters for the inner shaft. Material requirements specify spring steel for the inner shaft and rubber with a steel liner for the outer casing. Tests are described to check for flaws, flexibility, and locking diameter. Markings must include the designation and manufacturer. Figures provide examples of assembly configurations and end fitting dimensions.
Unit 5 Design of Threaded and Welded JointsMahesh Shinde
1) The document discusses different types of threaded and welded joints. It describes various threaded fasteners like bolts, studs, screws and their characteristics.
2) For threaded joints subjected to eccentric loads, it explains how to calculate the primary and secondary shear forces on each bolt. This involves finding the center of gravity of the bolt system and determining the forces based on the load direction.
3) Sample problems are included to demonstrate how to select the bolt size based on the maximum resultant shear force and required factor of safety. Calculations are shown for eccentrically loaded bolted joints with the load in the plane of bolts.
This document provides the specification for high tensile steel bars used in prestressed concrete. It outlines the requirements for the manufacture, chemical composition, sizes, tolerances, physical properties including tensile strength, proof stress and elongation. It also describes the testing methods for these properties, including tensile testing and constant strain relaxation testing. Finally, it specifies the sampling and criteria for conformity, delivery, inspection, and required testing facilities.
Bolts are widely used as critical load transferring components. Despite the importance to integrity and safety, little attention has been paid to the correct use of bolts and bolting materials.
Is 4000 high strength bolts in steel structuresVishal Mistry
This document provides guidelines for the use of high-strength bolts in steel structures. It covers the design, fabrication, assembly and inspection of structural joints using high-strength bolts that meet the specifications in IS 3757. The document establishes requirements for bolt size and properties, permissible tensile and shear forces, types of joints (friction and bearing), surface preparation, hole size, tightening methods and quality control. It seeks to enable the effective and safe use of high-strength bolts in structural connections as an alternative to welding.
This document provides specifications for reinforced concrete poles used for overhead power and telecommunication lines. It outlines materials, design requirements, manufacturing process, testing procedures, sampling, inspection and marking. Some key points:
- Concrete poles must be at least 6m long and maximum 9m, in 0.5m increments. Depth of planting depends on pole length, from 1.2m to 1.5m.
- Reinforcement bars and wires must meet specifications. Concrete minimum grade is M25.
- Poles are designed to withstand specified wind loads without failure. Transverse strength must be at least 1/4 of required strength in line direction.
- Manufacturing involves accurate reinforcement placement, proper cover
This document is the Indian Standard for foundation bolts. It provides specifications for foundation bolts sized M8 to M72. It specifies requirements for dimensions, tolerances, material, mechanical properties, marking, and other technical supply conditions. Foundation bolts are designed for use in masonry and concrete foundations. The standard specifies a property class of 4.6 and allows for hot-dip galvanized coatings if agreed by the supplier and purchaser. It provides typical shank forms and their dimensions in an appendix. The standard is intended to promote the dissemination of public safety information to disadvantaged communities and those engaged in education and knowledge.
This document provides the specification for prestressed concrete poles used in overhead power transmission and telecommunication lines. It outlines various definitions related to pole design loads and failure conditions. It specifies requirements for materials like cement, aggregates, prestressing steel, and concrete strength. It also describes design considerations such as minimum depth of planting, transverse strength, and load factors. The document outlines manufacturing requirements including placement of reinforcement, prestressing, curing, and earthing. It specifies tests to be conducted during and after manufacture along with sampling and inspection criteria.
This document specifies requirements for flexible shafts used in concrete vibrators. It defines terminology such as inner shaft, outer casing, and end fittings. It outlines two types of flexible shafts based on end fitting form. Dimension requirements include diameters of 10-15 mm and lengths of 4-6 meters for the inner shaft. Material requirements specify spring steel for the inner shaft and rubber with a steel liner for the outer casing. Tests are described to check for flaws, flexibility, and locking diameter. Markings must include the designation and manufacturer. Figures provide examples of assembly configurations and end fitting dimensions.
Unit 5 Design of Threaded and Welded JointsMahesh Shinde
1) The document discusses different types of threaded and welded joints. It describes various threaded fasteners like bolts, studs, screws and their characteristics.
2) For threaded joints subjected to eccentric loads, it explains how to calculate the primary and secondary shear forces on each bolt. This involves finding the center of gravity of the bolt system and determining the forces based on the load direction.
3) Sample problems are included to demonstrate how to select the bolt size based on the maximum resultant shear force and required factor of safety. Calculations are shown for eccentrically loaded bolted joints with the load in the plane of bolts.
This document provides the specification for high tensile steel bars used in prestressed concrete. It outlines the requirements for the manufacture, chemical composition, sizes, tolerances, physical properties including tensile strength, proof stress and elongation. It also describes the testing methods for these properties, including tensile testing and constant strain relaxation testing. Finally, it specifies the sampling and criteria for conformity, delivery, inspection, and required testing facilities.
Bolts are widely used as critical load transferring components. Despite the importance to integrity and safety, little attention has been paid to the correct use of bolts and bolting materials.
This document is the Indian Standard Specification for plain hard-drawn steel wire for prestressed concrete. It outlines the requirements for the manufacture, supply, and testing of steel wire used in prestressed concrete. Some key points:
- The wire must be cold drawn from steel produced by various processes like open hearth or basic oxygen process. The steel composition limits sulfur and phosphorus.
- Wires have nominal diameters between 2.5-8 mm. Tolerances on diameter are specified.
- Physical requirements include minimum tensile strengths specified for each diameter wire. Wire must also meet elongation, relaxation, and stress corrosion requirements.
- Manufacturing process involves cold drawing rods to size, stress relie
This document provides an overview and index for a conveyor belt handbook. It describes various belt reinforcement materials and their properties, including fabrics made from polyester, nylon, cotton, and steel cord. It also discusses belt cover compounds made from materials like natural rubber, polybutadiene, styrene butadiene, and nitrile rubber that are suitable for general service, high heat, chemicals, and fire resistance. The index previews topics that will be covered in the handbook such as belt capacity calculations, power and tension, construction, pulley design, and special belt types for applications like mining.
This document discusses wire rope design and optimization. It analyzes different wire rope constructions, materials, and cores. Testing showed wire ropes with independent wire rope cores outperformed those with fiber cores, exhibiting 33% more fatigue cycles on average. Higher tensile wire ropes with more wires per strand and independent wire rope cores also performed better than lower tensile ropes with fiber cores. Modern tools and technologies have improved wire rope durability and lifetime by facilitating improved design and analysis.
This document provides information on selecting fastener materials and their mechanical properties. It discusses the most common material, carbon steel, and its various grades. It also covers stainless steel types including austenitic, martensitic, and ferritic, and provides examples of common grades for each type. Additional materials discussed include alloy steels and precipitation hardening stainless steel. The document aims to provide basic knowledge on fastener materials to help with evaluating the right material for an application.
This document is the Indian Standard for prestressed concrete pipes and specials. It specifies requirements for materials, dimensions, design criteria, and testing of prestressed concrete cylinder pipes and non-cylinder pipes. The standard covers pipes with nominal diameters between 200-2500 mm. It provides definitions of key terms, references other standards, and outlines design considerations and permissible stress limits for the longitudinal and circumferential prestressing of non-cylinder pressure pipes.
The document is the Indian Standard specification for hard-drawn steel wire for use as reinforcement in concrete. It outlines the requirements and tests for the wire including:
- The wire must be cold-drawn from mild steel and have less than 0.05% sulfur and phosphorus content.
- Wire sizes range from 2.65 to 10 mm in diameter.
- Tolerances on diameter are +/- 1%.
- Tensile strength must be at least 570 MPa, yield strength must be at least 480 MPa, and elongation must be at least 7.3%.
- Wire must pass a reverse bend test without fracturing.
- Testing requirements include tensile tests and bend
This document provides a summary of an Indian standard specification for steel pipe flanges. It includes:
1) The scope which outlines the different types of steel pipe flanges covered such as integral, welding neck, plate, screwed boss, slip-on boss, and loose flanges.
2) The material requirements including specifications for carbon steel, carbon molybdenum steel, chrome-molybdenum steel, and requirements for bolts and nuts.
3) The classification of flanges into different pressure-temperature classes ranging from Classes 0-1 to 16-0.
4) Tables providing material specifications and allowable stress values for different materials at various design temperatures.
This document provides information on various mechanical rebar splicing systems produced by Moment, including:
- Barbreak couplers which use tapered threads for easy alignment and achieve full strength with 4-5 turns.
- Jointec couplers which ensure full strength splicing through parallel threads and behave as continuous reinforcement.
- Reverse lock couplers which are designed for heavily congested areas and connect bent bars.
- Positioning couplers which are used when bars cannot rotate and comprise three components to connect non-rotating bars.
Technical specifications and installation procedures are provided for each coupler type. The couplers are designed to exceed requirements of international codes and provide alternatives to traditional lap splicing.
Automatic gauge control (AGC) regulates the thickness at a mill's exit by monitoring thickness and controlling the loading cylinder to achieve the target thickness. AGC relies on thickness feed-forward control using the entry thickness, thickness feedback control based on exit thickness measurements, mass flow control, and speed feed-forward control. The thickness feedback control strategy measures thickness deviations at the exit and uses a predictive model to improve response times given delays between the roll gap and thickness gauge. Thickness feed-forward control further improves accuracy by compensating for deviations caused by changing entry thicknesses.
A111 99a(2014) standard specification for zinc-coated (galvanized) “iron” tel...Shakerqaidi
This document specifies requirements for zinc-coated iron telephone and telegraph line wire. It defines three classes (A, B, C) of zinc coatings with minimum weight requirements. The wire must meet standards for adherence, breaking strength, elongation, ductility, resistivity, size variations, workmanship and visual appearance. Sampling and testing procedures are provided to ensure specifications are met.
This document discusses bolted connections and their design. It covers the following key points:
- There are different types of bolted connections depending on the loading, including tension, shear, and hanger connections. Bolts can fail due to shear or tension.
- Failure modes of bolted connections include shear failure of bolts, failure of connected members, edge tearing of plates, and excessive bearing deformation at bolt holes.
- The AISC specification provides provisions for calculating the shear strength of bolts and bearing strength of connected plates, including minimum bolt spacings and edge distances.
- Design tables are provided for determining the shear strength of individual and multiple bolts, and the bearing strength of plates
This document outlines specifications for concrete finishers used in construction. It specifies requirements for materials, size, construction, capacity, and performance. Key aspects include:
- Concrete finishers are used after spreaders to finish concrete laid by pavers.
- Materials must meet relevant Indian standards. Common sizes are 3-4.5m and 6-7.5m widths.
- Construction includes a steel frame, traction wheels, steering, adjustable screeds, vibrator attachment, drives, controls, and a diesel or petrol power unit.
- Performance requirements ensure the finisher can operate under different conditions to finish concrete slabs within specifications.
1) Connections are an important part of steel structures as they allow different structural elements to act together as a single unit by transferring forces between members. Common types of connections include riveted, bolted, welded, and pinned connections.
2) Bolted connections use bolts with heads and threaded ends to connect structural elements. Steel washers are often included to distribute clamping pressure and prevent bearing on connected pieces.
3) Design of bolted connections considers factors like bolt grade, type of joint, edge and end distances, pitch, and capacity in shear, tension, and bearing to ensure the connection can safely transfer loads between members. Failure can occur in bolts or connected elements due to various limit
Unit 2 Design Of Shafts Keys and CouplingsMahesh Shinde
This document provides information about the design of shafts, keys, and couplings. It discusses transmission shafts, stresses induced in shafts, and shaft design based on strength and rigidity. It presents formulas for shaft design using maximum shear stress theory, distortion energy theory, and the ASME code. Several examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate the diameter of a shaft given the power transmitted, loads on the shaft, material properties, and other parameters using these theories and codes. Assignments involving similar calculations of shaft diameters are presented.
A116 11 standard specification for metallic-coated, steel woven wire fence fa...Shakerqaidi
This document outlines specifications for metallic-coated steel-woven wire fence fabric. It defines the scope of fence fabrics covered, which include various designs, tensile strength grades, and metallic coatings. The document specifies material requirements, general construction requirements, permissible variations in dimensions, and ordering information needed to describe fence fabrics. It provides tables outlining standard fence fabric designs, metallic coating types and classes, and minimum breaking strengths for line wires.
This document provides information on various industrial materials and products offered by Associated Steel, including:
1. High strength alloy steels in various forms like rounds, flats, and threaded bar with mechanical properties like hardness of 269-341BHN and tensile strength of 156,000 PSI.
2. Stainless steel options for maintenance applications like austenitic stainless CENCOR and duplex stainless ASC2250 with corrosion resistance.
3. Wear resistant plates and strips with hardness over 400BHN for applications like chutes and conveyors as well as abrasion resistant wear pipe that is induction hardened.
Design of compression members in steel structures - civil EngineeringUniqueLife1
This document discusses the design of steel compression members. It covers columns, beams, truss members and different cross section shapes. It explains the allowable stress design and limit state design methods. The key points are:
- Compression members must be designed to resist buckling based on their length, cross section and end conditions.
- A step-by-step example is provided to demonstrate the design procedure for a compression member with fixed ends using limit state design as per IS 800-2007.
- The design compressive stress is calculated based on the effective slenderness ratio and stress reduction factor.
The document discusses bolted connections and provides specifications for bolt hole sizes, pitch, and spacing in bolted connections according to IS 800-2007. It covers various types of bolted joints including lap joints, butt joints, and their modes of failure. High strength friction grip bolts are described which provide rigid connections through clamping action and prevent slippage. The advantages of HSFG bolts include their ability to transmit load through friction eliminating stress concentrations in holes, while their drawbacks include higher cost and fabrication efforts compared to normal bolts.
This document provides guidelines for designing machine foundations, specifically for rotary machines operating at medium to high frequencies. It outlines the necessary data required, including machine data from the manufacturer and geotechnical data. It describes how to size the various components of the foundation, including the top deck, columns, and base mat. It discusses modeling the foundation for structural analysis, including free vibration analysis to determine natural frequencies and forced vibration analysis to determine response at operating speeds. It provides criteria for natural frequencies. It also covers static load analysis, load combinations, and considering soil-structure interaction effects. The guidelines are intended to result in foundations that safely support machines while avoiding resonance.
This document provides specifications for hard-drawn steel wire fabric used for concrete reinforcement. It defines key terms, specifies the material and manufacturing requirements, and sets tolerances. There are two types of fabric - oblong and square mesh. Dimensions include mesh size, weight, and wire diameters. Sheets and rolls have specified widths and lengths to fit construction modules. Mass is calculated based on the steel density, and actual mass is determined by weighing samples.
This document provides details on an Indian standard for concrete vibrators of the screed board type. It outlines:
1. The scope, covering materials, sizes, construction, assembly and performance of screed board concrete vibrators.
2. Terminology for key terms like amplitude of vibration, eccentric shaft, screed board, vibrating unit, etc.
3. Material requirements for parts like the eccentric shaft, tube, rivets, springs and V-belts.
4. Common size designations for screed board vibrators of 3, 4 and 5 meters in length.
5. Construction details covering the mounting of the vibrating unit, positioning, enclosure, lubrication and
This document is the Indian Standard Specification for plain hard-drawn steel wire for prestressed concrete. It outlines the requirements for the manufacture, supply, and testing of steel wire used in prestressed concrete. Some key points:
- The wire must be cold drawn from steel produced by various processes like open hearth or basic oxygen process. The steel composition limits sulfur and phosphorus.
- Wires have nominal diameters between 2.5-8 mm. Tolerances on diameter are specified.
- Physical requirements include minimum tensile strengths specified for each diameter wire. Wire must also meet elongation, relaxation, and stress corrosion requirements.
- Manufacturing process involves cold drawing rods to size, stress relie
This document provides an overview and index for a conveyor belt handbook. It describes various belt reinforcement materials and their properties, including fabrics made from polyester, nylon, cotton, and steel cord. It also discusses belt cover compounds made from materials like natural rubber, polybutadiene, styrene butadiene, and nitrile rubber that are suitable for general service, high heat, chemicals, and fire resistance. The index previews topics that will be covered in the handbook such as belt capacity calculations, power and tension, construction, pulley design, and special belt types for applications like mining.
This document discusses wire rope design and optimization. It analyzes different wire rope constructions, materials, and cores. Testing showed wire ropes with independent wire rope cores outperformed those with fiber cores, exhibiting 33% more fatigue cycles on average. Higher tensile wire ropes with more wires per strand and independent wire rope cores also performed better than lower tensile ropes with fiber cores. Modern tools and technologies have improved wire rope durability and lifetime by facilitating improved design and analysis.
This document provides information on selecting fastener materials and their mechanical properties. It discusses the most common material, carbon steel, and its various grades. It also covers stainless steel types including austenitic, martensitic, and ferritic, and provides examples of common grades for each type. Additional materials discussed include alloy steels and precipitation hardening stainless steel. The document aims to provide basic knowledge on fastener materials to help with evaluating the right material for an application.
This document is the Indian Standard for prestressed concrete pipes and specials. It specifies requirements for materials, dimensions, design criteria, and testing of prestressed concrete cylinder pipes and non-cylinder pipes. The standard covers pipes with nominal diameters between 200-2500 mm. It provides definitions of key terms, references other standards, and outlines design considerations and permissible stress limits for the longitudinal and circumferential prestressing of non-cylinder pressure pipes.
The document is the Indian Standard specification for hard-drawn steel wire for use as reinforcement in concrete. It outlines the requirements and tests for the wire including:
- The wire must be cold-drawn from mild steel and have less than 0.05% sulfur and phosphorus content.
- Wire sizes range from 2.65 to 10 mm in diameter.
- Tolerances on diameter are +/- 1%.
- Tensile strength must be at least 570 MPa, yield strength must be at least 480 MPa, and elongation must be at least 7.3%.
- Wire must pass a reverse bend test without fracturing.
- Testing requirements include tensile tests and bend
This document provides a summary of an Indian standard specification for steel pipe flanges. It includes:
1) The scope which outlines the different types of steel pipe flanges covered such as integral, welding neck, plate, screwed boss, slip-on boss, and loose flanges.
2) The material requirements including specifications for carbon steel, carbon molybdenum steel, chrome-molybdenum steel, and requirements for bolts and nuts.
3) The classification of flanges into different pressure-temperature classes ranging from Classes 0-1 to 16-0.
4) Tables providing material specifications and allowable stress values for different materials at various design temperatures.
This document provides information on various mechanical rebar splicing systems produced by Moment, including:
- Barbreak couplers which use tapered threads for easy alignment and achieve full strength with 4-5 turns.
- Jointec couplers which ensure full strength splicing through parallel threads and behave as continuous reinforcement.
- Reverse lock couplers which are designed for heavily congested areas and connect bent bars.
- Positioning couplers which are used when bars cannot rotate and comprise three components to connect non-rotating bars.
Technical specifications and installation procedures are provided for each coupler type. The couplers are designed to exceed requirements of international codes and provide alternatives to traditional lap splicing.
Automatic gauge control (AGC) regulates the thickness at a mill's exit by monitoring thickness and controlling the loading cylinder to achieve the target thickness. AGC relies on thickness feed-forward control using the entry thickness, thickness feedback control based on exit thickness measurements, mass flow control, and speed feed-forward control. The thickness feedback control strategy measures thickness deviations at the exit and uses a predictive model to improve response times given delays between the roll gap and thickness gauge. Thickness feed-forward control further improves accuracy by compensating for deviations caused by changing entry thicknesses.
A111 99a(2014) standard specification for zinc-coated (galvanized) “iron” tel...Shakerqaidi
This document specifies requirements for zinc-coated iron telephone and telegraph line wire. It defines three classes (A, B, C) of zinc coatings with minimum weight requirements. The wire must meet standards for adherence, breaking strength, elongation, ductility, resistivity, size variations, workmanship and visual appearance. Sampling and testing procedures are provided to ensure specifications are met.
This document discusses bolted connections and their design. It covers the following key points:
- There are different types of bolted connections depending on the loading, including tension, shear, and hanger connections. Bolts can fail due to shear or tension.
- Failure modes of bolted connections include shear failure of bolts, failure of connected members, edge tearing of plates, and excessive bearing deformation at bolt holes.
- The AISC specification provides provisions for calculating the shear strength of bolts and bearing strength of connected plates, including minimum bolt spacings and edge distances.
- Design tables are provided for determining the shear strength of individual and multiple bolts, and the bearing strength of plates
This document outlines specifications for concrete finishers used in construction. It specifies requirements for materials, size, construction, capacity, and performance. Key aspects include:
- Concrete finishers are used after spreaders to finish concrete laid by pavers.
- Materials must meet relevant Indian standards. Common sizes are 3-4.5m and 6-7.5m widths.
- Construction includes a steel frame, traction wheels, steering, adjustable screeds, vibrator attachment, drives, controls, and a diesel or petrol power unit.
- Performance requirements ensure the finisher can operate under different conditions to finish concrete slabs within specifications.
1) Connections are an important part of steel structures as they allow different structural elements to act together as a single unit by transferring forces between members. Common types of connections include riveted, bolted, welded, and pinned connections.
2) Bolted connections use bolts with heads and threaded ends to connect structural elements. Steel washers are often included to distribute clamping pressure and prevent bearing on connected pieces.
3) Design of bolted connections considers factors like bolt grade, type of joint, edge and end distances, pitch, and capacity in shear, tension, and bearing to ensure the connection can safely transfer loads between members. Failure can occur in bolts or connected elements due to various limit
Unit 2 Design Of Shafts Keys and CouplingsMahesh Shinde
This document provides information about the design of shafts, keys, and couplings. It discusses transmission shafts, stresses induced in shafts, and shaft design based on strength and rigidity. It presents formulas for shaft design using maximum shear stress theory, distortion energy theory, and the ASME code. Several examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate the diameter of a shaft given the power transmitted, loads on the shaft, material properties, and other parameters using these theories and codes. Assignments involving similar calculations of shaft diameters are presented.
A116 11 standard specification for metallic-coated, steel woven wire fence fa...Shakerqaidi
This document outlines specifications for metallic-coated steel-woven wire fence fabric. It defines the scope of fence fabrics covered, which include various designs, tensile strength grades, and metallic coatings. The document specifies material requirements, general construction requirements, permissible variations in dimensions, and ordering information needed to describe fence fabrics. It provides tables outlining standard fence fabric designs, metallic coating types and classes, and minimum breaking strengths for line wires.
This document provides information on various industrial materials and products offered by Associated Steel, including:
1. High strength alloy steels in various forms like rounds, flats, and threaded bar with mechanical properties like hardness of 269-341BHN and tensile strength of 156,000 PSI.
2. Stainless steel options for maintenance applications like austenitic stainless CENCOR and duplex stainless ASC2250 with corrosion resistance.
3. Wear resistant plates and strips with hardness over 400BHN for applications like chutes and conveyors as well as abrasion resistant wear pipe that is induction hardened.
Design of compression members in steel structures - civil EngineeringUniqueLife1
This document discusses the design of steel compression members. It covers columns, beams, truss members and different cross section shapes. It explains the allowable stress design and limit state design methods. The key points are:
- Compression members must be designed to resist buckling based on their length, cross section and end conditions.
- A step-by-step example is provided to demonstrate the design procedure for a compression member with fixed ends using limit state design as per IS 800-2007.
- The design compressive stress is calculated based on the effective slenderness ratio and stress reduction factor.
The document discusses bolted connections and provides specifications for bolt hole sizes, pitch, and spacing in bolted connections according to IS 800-2007. It covers various types of bolted joints including lap joints, butt joints, and their modes of failure. High strength friction grip bolts are described which provide rigid connections through clamping action and prevent slippage. The advantages of HSFG bolts include their ability to transmit load through friction eliminating stress concentrations in holes, while their drawbacks include higher cost and fabrication efforts compared to normal bolts.
This document provides guidelines for designing machine foundations, specifically for rotary machines operating at medium to high frequencies. It outlines the necessary data required, including machine data from the manufacturer and geotechnical data. It describes how to size the various components of the foundation, including the top deck, columns, and base mat. It discusses modeling the foundation for structural analysis, including free vibration analysis to determine natural frequencies and forced vibration analysis to determine response at operating speeds. It provides criteria for natural frequencies. It also covers static load analysis, load combinations, and considering soil-structure interaction effects. The guidelines are intended to result in foundations that safely support machines while avoiding resonance.
This document provides specifications for hard-drawn steel wire fabric used for concrete reinforcement. It defines key terms, specifies the material and manufacturing requirements, and sets tolerances. There are two types of fabric - oblong and square mesh. Dimensions include mesh size, weight, and wire diameters. Sheets and rolls have specified widths and lengths to fit construction modules. Mass is calculated based on the steel density, and actual mass is determined by weighing samples.
This document provides details on an Indian standard for concrete vibrators of the screed board type. It outlines:
1. The scope, covering materials, sizes, construction, assembly and performance of screed board concrete vibrators.
2. Terminology for key terms like amplitude of vibration, eccentric shaft, screed board, vibrating unit, etc.
3. Material requirements for parts like the eccentric shaft, tube, rivets, springs and V-belts.
4. Common size designations for screed board vibrators of 3, 4 and 5 meters in length.
5. Construction details covering the mounting of the vibrating unit, positioning, enclosure, lubrication and
This document provides testing methods to determine the mechanical properties of aggregates for concrete. It describes the procedure to conduct an aggregate crushing value test, which involves placing a sample of coarse aggregate in a cylinder apparatus and compressing it at a uniform rate to measure its resistance to crushing. The sample is sieved after the test to determine the percentage of fines produced. It also outlines tests for 10% fines value, impact value, abrasion value, polished stone value, and crushing strength. The aim is to assess the quality and durability of aggregates used in concrete.
This document provides the Indian Standard method for measuring acid resistant lining work in building and civil engineering projects. It outlines the general principles for measurement, including measuring to the nearest 0.01m and squaring off areas to 2 decimal places. It then describes the specific methods for measuring different types of acid resistant lining works, such as floors, drains, tanks with and without capping, rectangular and circular foundations. Curved surfaces, repairs and isolated small areas are to be described and measured separately.
Mr. E Sreedharan has had a distinguished career working on major railway and metro projects in India since 1954. In 1997, he took over as Managing Director of the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC). The DMRC was established in 1995 as a joint venture between the central and Delhi governments to construct and operate the Delhi Metro. It has successfully completed projects on time and on budget while maintaining high standards of safety, reliability and customer service. Some challenges faced have included tunneling issues, coordination with other infrastructure projects, and responding to demands for more amenities like public toilets. The DMRC is working hard to expand the metro system in time for the 2010 Commonwealth Games, but recent accidents have caused some delays to the
Implementation and Systemic Change with UTTIPEC Street Design GuidelinesUttipec Dda
1) The document discusses the implementation of UTTIPEC Street Design Guidelines in Delhi and other Indian cities to make streets more pedestrian friendly and encourage public transit use.
2) It highlights success stories of redesigning streets in Delhi like Aurobindo Marg, IP Marg and Bhairon Marg. It also discusses pilots to reclaim street space from private parking in Vikas Marg and improve multimodal integration at metro stations in Chhatarpur.
3) It covers UTTIPEC's efforts on capacity building, third party audits, community feedback and participating in international forums to promote sustainable street design principles.
The document provides specifications for an apparatus used to measure the length change of hardened cement paste, mortar, and concrete. It describes the construction, dimensions, materials, and markings required for a length comparator, which uses a micrometer to measure the change in length of specimens against a reference bar. The length comparator consists of an adjustable frame that holds either a screw or dial micrometer and allows measurement of specimens of different lengths.
This document is the Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures, Part 5 Special Loads and Load Combinations from 1997. It provides guidance on loads to consider in structural design related to temperature effects, hydrostatic and soil pressure, fatigue, and recommendations for appropriate load combinations. Temperature ranges in different parts of India are shown in figures to help assess potential variations. Provisions are made for thermal expansion/contraction and temperature gradients. Soil and water pressures on basement walls and footings are also addressed.
This document provides specifications for cable reeling drums used in steel plants. It outlines three types of cable reeling drums: 1) drums driven by rope drums through chain sprockets or gearboxes, 2) spring loaded reeling drums, and 3) drums driven by torque motors. It specifies design and construction requirements for components like slipring assemblies, drums, cassettes, and limit switches. Site conditions and material standards are also defined. The document aims to achieve standardization of cable reeling drums across steel plants.
This document is the Indian Standard specification for pneumatic concrete breakers from 1966. It defines three classes of concrete breakers based on weight as light (under 20kg), medium (20-32kg), and heavy (32-40kg). It specifies dimensions for tool shanks that connect to the breakers and describes the required construction of the back head assembly, cylinder assembly, and front head assembly. Performance and testing requirements are also specified to ensure breakers meet standards.
Technological Considerations and Constraints in the Manufacture of High Preci...IJERA Editor
Rolling element bearings for application in Aircraft systems are to be manufactured to higher accuracy levels.
Various technology details like raw material, processing stages and facilities such as machining, heat treatment,
grinding, super finishing, assembly and inspection are to be considered for manufacture. However the facilities
available presently in India are inadequate to produce high precision bearings. This paper deals with the
prototype manufacture of bearings for some typical applications.
Seismic optimization of an I shaped shear link damper in EBF and CBF systemsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzes the seismic performance of concentrically braced frames (CBF) and eccentrically braced frames (EBF) with different sizes of I-shaped shear link dampers through numerical modeling and pushover analysis. The study found that a CBF fitted with a 300x15x25 mm I-shaped damper showed the best performance in terms of maximum load capacity and ductility. Compared to an unbraced frame or CBF without a damper, the optimally sized damper significantly improved the seismic energy dissipation capacity and resilience of both CBF and EBF systems.
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This document describes the design and analysis of a universal work holding fixture for a shaft bearing test rig. The current fixture requires time-consuming changes to accommodate different bearing housing diameters. The new design aims to reduce setup time through adjustable V-blocks that can center housings from 350-700mm universally. Structural and modal analyses were performed to validate the design under operating loads and frequencies. A standard operating procedure was also established to standardize usage of the new fixture.
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This document summarizes a study on analyzing vibrations in a bearing housing made of different materials. The study used mild steel and Bakelite as housing materials for a 30205 taper roller bearing tested between 500-2500 RPM. Vibration signals were collected from the housings using an FFT analyzer. Results showed Bakelite housing had more uniform vibration patterns and lower amplitudes compared to mild steel across all speeds and axes. Bakelite demonstrated better damping of vibrations. The study concluded Bakelite is a more reliable housing material than mild steel for applications like offshore pumps due to its vibration damping and chemical resistivity properties.
The document provides the technical specifications for hardware and accessories for ACSR Moose conductor for 400kV transmission lines. It includes requirements for materials, design, galvanization, insulator hardware like suspension and tension clamps, hardware fittings, and testing. Key points include:
- Hardware must meet IS: 2486 standards and be made of high strength aluminum alloys and forged steel.
- Clamps must have sufficient contact area and strength to withstand conductor tension loads without damage or failure.
- All ferrous parts must be hot dip galvanized per IS: 2629 with a minimum coating of 610 gm/m2.
- Testing includes visual, dimensional, mechanical, electrical resistance, slip strength,
This document provides guidelines for installing and observing cross arms to measure internal vertical movement in earth dams. It describes the components of the mechanical cross arm installation including the base extension, cross arm units, spacer sections, and top section. It provides details on installing each component as the dam is constructed in rock-free or rocky soils. Observation involves using a measuring torpedo attached to a steel tape or cable to take settlement readings from the installed cross arm system.
This document is the Indian Standard for prestressed concrete pipes and specials. It lays out requirements and specifications for two types of prestressed concrete pipes - prestressed concrete cylinder pipes and prestressed concrete non-cylinder pipes. It covers materials, dimensions, tolerances, design criteria, testing procedures, and other technical details for the manufacture and use of these pipes. The standard was originally published in 1959 and revised in 1978 and 2001, with the latest revision incorporating modifications to design aspects, inclusion of design examples and inspection procedures, and an increased diameter range for the pipes.
This document provides the specifications for form vibrators used for compacting concrete. It outlines the different types of form vibrators, including fixed or clamp type vibrators and manual type vibrators. It specifies requirements for materials, sizes, construction, and performance of form vibrators. Key details include acceptable materials for components, acceptable size designations based on power unit capacity and vibrator type, and construction requirements for fixed/clamp and manual vibrator types. The document aims to provide guidance to manufacturers and users on obtaining vibrators capable of satisfactory service for concrete compaction.
This document provides information on the disclosure of a public safety standard by the Bureau of Indian Standards to promote transparency and access to information. It aims to make this standard available, especially to disadvantaged communities and those in education.
The standard is for steel wire ropes for general engineering purposes. It specifies the requirements, constructions, types, grades, cores and size ranges covered. Various quotes on knowledge, invention and information rights from important Indian figures are also included. The document then provides the technical specifications and requirements of IS 2266:2002 for steel wire ropes.
This document provides the Indian Standard specification for electric wire rope hoists. It outlines various requirements for the design, testing, and operation of electric wire rope hoists with capacities up to 16 tonnes. Some key points include:
- It defines terminology related to electric wire rope hoists and their components.
- It specifies mechanical design requirements including material selection, stress limits, welding, bolts/nuts, and drum/sheave dimensions.
- It provides electrical characteristics and requirements for tests, marking, and supply of hoists.
- Appendices provide additional information on relevant standards, selection of motors, rating of resistors, and information to be supplied by manufacturers.
The document aims to provide
11.[38 48]performance evaluation of locally fabricated slipping machine for n...Alexander Decker
Researchers in Nigeria evaluated the performance of a locally fabricated machine for processing natural rubber wood. The machine was able to cut rubber wood into various sizes, including rough sawn kiln dried timber measuring 150mm wide, 2400mm long, and 25-75mm thick, and finger jointed four side planed sections measuring 30-100mm wide, 20-65mm thick, and up to 2400mm long depending on specifications. The researchers concluded that the machine performed efficiently, with an estimated efficiency of 96%, and was suitable for its intended purpose of cutting rubber wood samples for research studies.
This document provides the specification for high tensile steel bars used in prestressed concrete. It outlines the requirements for the manufacture, chemical composition, sizes, tolerances, physical properties, testing procedures, sampling methods, and criteria for conformity of the steel bars. The bars must be made through specific steel manufacturing processes and have certain chemical compositions. They are tested to ensure they meet the specified requirements for properties like tensile strength, proof stress, and elongation.
IRJET- Earthquake Resistance Column by using Helical ReinforcementIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses using helical reinforcement in columns to improve earthquake resistance of reinforced concrete buildings. Conventional column reinforcement uses transverse ties, but helical reinforcement provides better protection against vibratory shocks.
2. A test was conducted casting a circular column with helical reinforcement and subjecting it to vibrations equivalent to a 6.0 magnitude earthquake. The column resisted the vibrations, demonstrating helical reinforcement can withstand earthquake loads.
3. Helical reinforcement helps carry shear forces during earthquakes, prevents vertical bars from bending outward, and keeps concrete confined within closed loops. It allows columns to bear higher working loads than conventional reinforcement.
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This document summarizes an experimental study that investigated the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams with partially replaced concrete below the neutral axis. Six groups of beams were tested: 1) control beams made of M-25 concrete, 2) beams with M-25 concrete above the neutral axis and M-20 concrete below, 3) beams with M-25 above and M-15 below, 4) beams with M-25 concrete and a hollow pipe below the neutral axis, 5) beams with M-25/M-20 concrete and a hollow pipe below, and 6) beams with M-25/M-15 concrete and a hollow pipe below. The study found that beams with lower grade concrete or a hollow section below the
11.performance evaluation of locally fabricated slipping machine for natural ...Alexander Decker
This document evaluates the performance of a locally fabricated slipping machine for processing natural rubber wood. The summary is as follows:
[1] The machine was able to cut rubber wood into various sizes, including rough sawn kiln dried timber and finger jointed four side planed sections.
[2] The design calculations for components like the belt, shaft, saw blade, and lift system were presented. The machine was found to have an efficiency of around 85%.
[3] Based on its ability to cut rubber wood into specified sizes and its high efficiency, the machine was determined to be suitable for its intended purpose of processing rubber wood for research studies.
IRJET- Development and Analysis of Special Purpose Machine (Peck Drilling Mac...IRJET Journal
This document describes the development and analysis of a special purpose peck drilling machine. Peck drilling is a technique used for deep hole drilling that reduces issues like tool wear, poor surface finish, and heat generation compared to conventional drilling. The researchers developed an auto-feed pillar drilling machine with a hydraulic power pack, PLC controller, rack and pinion feed mechanism, and limit switches to automate the peck drilling cycle. They conducted experiments using the special machine and conventional drilling to analyze factors like surface roughness, tool life, and production costs. The special peck drilling machine was found to decrease surface roughness and optimize the drilling cycle time to increase tool life and reduce production costs compared to conventional drilling.
This document provides the standard form and dimensions for bending and fixing reinforcement bars for concrete structures according to Indian Standard IS: 2502-1963. It specifies the symbols and approximate dimensions for bar bends, as well as the bending and fixing procedures. Tables are included that define the standard hook and bend allowances, curved bar radii, bending and cutting tolerances, and other key specifications for reinforcement bar fabrication according to this Indian code of practice.
This document provides product information on John Crane's Metastream T Series couplings. The couplings feature scalloped stainless steel flexible membranes designed for high torque and misalignment conditions. They are available in a cartridge design for easy installation and maintenance of integral balance. Standard features include API compliance, intrinsic balance exceeding class 9, and temperature range of -55°C to 150°C. The document describes the selection process and provides technical specifications and dimensions for the T Series couplings.
28-5.21 Company Profile of Pyrmaid structural consultant.pptxBoopathi Yoganathan
Pyramid Structural Consultant provides structural design, building approval, and construction services. They have a team of experienced engineers and workers who use software like AutoCAD and STAAD to complete structural designs for RCC and steel buildings. Notable projects include the design of a G+1 residential building in Namakkal. They are located in Puduchatram, Namakkal and can be found on LinkedIn and Facebook.
This document provides a bonafide certificate for a project report on the study of mechanical properties of eco-friendly economic concrete. It certifies that the project was conducted by three students, M.Vineeth, Y.Boopathi, and P.Murali, in partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Engineering degree from Kongu Engineering College. The project investigated replacing natural aggregates with steel slag aggregates and M-sand to produce more sustainable concrete. Tests were conducted to determine the compressive strength, split tensile strength, modulus of rupture, and modulus of elasticity of concrete mixes with varying replacement levels.
The document describes an experimental investigation into the properties of concrete with different replacement percentages of natural aggregates with manufactured sand and steel slag. The methodology involves collecting cement, fine aggregates (natural sand and m-sand), coarse aggregates, and steel slag. The mix design for M20 grade concrete is calculated and concrete specimens are cast. The specimens are cured and then tested to determine their mechanical properties. The results are compared to those of conventional concrete to evaluate the suitability of manufactured sand and steel slag as partial replacements for natural aggregates in concrete.
The document discusses two methods for mesh refinement - the p-method and h-method. The p-method increases the order of the polynomial used in the finite element model, allowing for more accurate results without changing the mesh. The h-method reduces the size of elements to create a finer mesh, better approximating the real solution in areas of high stress gradients. Both methods aim to improve the accuracy of finite element analysis results, with the p-method doing so without requiring changes to the mesh.
This document provides guidance on using epoxy injection to repair cracks in concrete structures. The method involves drilling holes along cracks, injecting epoxy under pressure, and allowing it to seep into the cracks. It can repair cracks as small as 0.002 inches. Epoxy injection requires skilled workers and specialized equipment. While it can effectively repair cracks temporarily, the underlying issues causing the cracks may remain if not addressed.
An embedded system is a dedicated computer system that performs specific tasks. An important application of embedded systems is anti-lock braking systems (ABS) in automobiles. ABS uses sensors and electronic control modules to monitor wheel speed and automatically modulate brake pressure to prevent wheel lockup and maintain steering control during emergency braking. By preventing skidding, ABS can help drivers stop more safely and shorten stopping distances on wet or slippery surfaces compared to standard brakes. ABS works by pulsing the brakes rapidly when it detects a wheel is about to lock up, which allows the wheel to continue turning and maintaining traction with the road.
This document discusses past earthquakes in India and retrofitting techniques for masonry structures. It summarizes the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, which had a magnitude of 9.1-9.3 making it one of the largest ever recorded. Over 230,000 people were killed across 14 countries by the resulting tsunamis. The document then discusses failure modes of confined masonry walls and retrofitting techniques to improve seismic resistance, including adding horizontal reinforcement, improving wall density and tie columns. Key factors for seismic resistance of confined masonry structures are also summarized.
The document provides guidelines for selecting, splicing, installing, and protecting open cable ends for resistance-type measuring devices in concrete and masonry dams. It discusses cable specifications, approved splicing methods including vulcanized rubber splices, rubber sleeve covering, and self-bonding tape. It also covers cable and conduit selection, including choosing the proper conduit size based on the number and size of cables to be run. Proper installation techniques are outlined to protect cable runs within concrete structures.
This document provides information on an Indian Standard (IS) for a unified nomenclature of workmen for civil engineering. It was adopted in 1982 by the Indian Standards Institution Construction Management Sectional Committee. The standard aims to unify the different names used for workmen engaged in civil engineering works across India. It then lists the unified nomenclature for various types of workmen and for carts/animals commonly used in civil engineering works.
This document provides details on the design and construction of floors and roofs using precast reinforced or prestressed concrete ribbed or cored slab units. It specifies dimensions for the precast units, including widths up to 3000mm for ribbed units and 2100mm for cored units. It also provides requirements for material strengths, structural design considerations, and loads to be accounted for in design according to other relevant Indian Standards.
This document provides definitions for key terms related to concrete monolith structures used in port and harbour construction. It defines elements like the bottom plug, cutting edge, deck slab, dewatering, fascia wall, filling, kentledge, kerb, and monolith. A monolith is a large hollow rectangular or circular foundation sunk as an open caisson through various soil strata until reaching the desired founding level, at which point the bottom is plugged with concrete.
This document provides the code of practice for the design and construction of conical and hyperbolic paraboloidal shell foundations. It discusses the preliminary design considerations for shell foundations, including determining the soil design to proportion the foundation dimensions based on allowable bearing pressure and net loading intensity, as well as the structural design of the shell. It also provides figures illustrating reinforcement details for conical and hyperbolic paraboloidal shell foundations. The code covers the relevant terminology and information needed for design, and notes the membrane analysis approach is commonly used for structural design of shell foundations.
This document provides guidelines for designing drainage systems for earth and rockfill dams. It discusses key considerations like controlling pore pressures, internal erosion, and piping. The guidelines cover selecting appropriate drainage features based on the dam type and materials. Features discussed include inclined/vertical filters, horizontal filters, longitudinal and cross drains, transition zones, rock toes, and toe drains. Filter material criteria and design procedures are also outlined.
This document provides recommendations for welding cold-worked steel bars used for reinforced concrete construction according to Indian Standard IS 9417. It summarizes the key welding processes that can be used including flash butt welding, shielded metal arc welding, and gas pressure welding. For each process, it outlines preparation of the bars, selection of electrodes, welding procedures, and safety requirements. Diagrams are provided to illustrate edge preparation and sequences for multi-run butt welding and lap welding joints.
This document provides guidelines for lime concrete lining of canals. It discusses materials used for lime concrete lining such as lime, sand, coarse aggregate and water. It also discusses preparation of subgrade for different soil types including expansive soils, rock and earth. Compaction methods are provided for different soil types. The document also discusses laying of concrete lining and provides specifications for lime concrete mix such as minimum compressive and flexural strength.
This document provides guidelines for structural design of cut and cover concrete conduits meant for transporting water. It outlines various installation conditions for underground conduits and describes how to calculate design loads from backfill pressure, internal/external water pressure, and concentrated surface loads. Design loads include vertical and lateral pressure from backfill based on fill material properties, hydrostatic pressure from water surcharge, and dispersed point loads accounting for fill height and conduit geometry. The conduit is to be designed for the most unfavorable combination of these loads. Recommended fill material properties and methods for load and stress analysis are also provided.
This document provides guidelines for instrumentation of concrete and masonry dams. It outlines obligatory and optional measurements for dams, including uplift pressure, seepage, temperature, and displacement. Obligatory measurements include uplift pressure, seepage, temperature inside the dam, and displacement measurements using plumb lines or other methods. Optional measurements that may provide additional insights include stress, strain, pore pressure, and seismicity measurements. The document describes different types of measurements in detail and how they can be used to monitor dam performance and safety over time.
This document provides guidelines for selecting measurement instruments and their locations for monitoring earth and rockfill dams. It describes various types of measurements needed, including pore pressure, movements, seepage, strains/stresses, and dynamic loads from earthquakes. Planning the instrumentation system is important to ensure required data is obtained during construction and the dam's lifetime. The document discusses different instruments for measuring vertical and horizontal movements, such as surface markers, cross-arm installations, hydraulic devices, magnetic probes, and inclinometers.
This document provides recommendations for using table vibrators to consolidate concrete. It discusses general considerations like the suitability of table vibrators, power units, handling the vibrator, and performance and sizing of vibrators. It also covers concrete mix design, formwork design, and testing of vibrating tables according to relevant Indian Standards. The key points are that table vibrators are well-suited for precast concrete elements, proper power units and maintenance are important, and concrete mix workability and form rigidity affect vibration effectiveness.
This document provides specifications for concrete pavers. It outlines requirements for the materials, size, construction, capacity, and performance of concrete pavers. Some key points:
1) Concrete pavers are self-contained, self-propelled machines used to distribute concrete for road and runway construction.
2) Common paver sizes are 800 and 1000 liters, with non-tilting concrete mixers and booms that can place concrete from 0.65 to 3 meters above ground level.
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This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
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Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
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Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
1. IS 2508 : 1992
Indian Standard
CONCRETEVIBRATORS-IMMERSIONTYPE--/ '
GENERALREQUIREMENTS
August 1992
( Third Revision )
UDC 666*97*03?16
@ BIS 1992
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DbLHI 110002
Price Gromp 2
3
( Reaffirmed 1999 )
2. Construction Plant and Machinery Sectional Committee, HMD 18
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard ( Third Revision ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the
draft finalized by the Construction Plant and Machinery Sectional Committee had been approved
by the Heavy Mechanical Engineering Division Couccil.
The compaction of concrete by vibration has revolutionized the concept of concrete technology,
making possible practical use of low slump, stiff mixes for production of high quality concrete with
required degree of strength, density, durability and impermeability. Immersion vibrators are
most commonly used for compaction of plain as well as reinforced concrete and are known for
their efficacy and ease of operation even in thin and narrow sections, intricate forms, and sections
with closely spaced reinforcement. This standard has been prepared with a view to providing
guidance both in the manufacture and purchase of concrete vibrators of immersion type capable
of giving satisfactory performance.
Pneumatic or electrically driven motor in head type immersion vibrators and flexible shaft driven
immersion vibrators of size larger than 90 mm are not covered in the standard although some of
the provisions may also apply to these types of vibrators.
The prime mover to be used with the vibrator shall be of sufficient power to ensure required
performance. The prime mover may be with internal combustion engine or electric motor con-
forming to relevant Indian Standards. It may be mounted on a suitable base. A suitable device
foistarting or stopping the vibrator without disconnecting the flexible shaft from the prime mover
may also be provided.
The moving parts of the vibrator shall be suitably encased and appropriate safeguards against
accident be provided. Suitable earthing and other safety arrangements shall also be provided
for the electrical motors and components in accordance with the provisions of relevent Indian
Standards.
This standard was first published in 1963 and subsequently revised in 1968 and 1980. The present
revision has been done with a view to incorporate modifications necessary as a result of experience
gained with the use of this standard.
immersion vibrators have been added.
In this revision, provisions relating to pendulum type of
A mere measurement of amplitude and frequency may not always yield a firm basis for judging
the efficiency of an immersion vibrator. On the other hand, a direct measurement of the degree
and uniformity of compaction of concrete achieved with such a vibrator would give a more con-
vincing and fairer appreciation of its performance. However, in view of large number of variables
involved, it has not been found feasible as yet to prescribe in this standard a simple and practical
method of test for direct measurement of compaction characteristics. Further the Sectional
Committee has also appreciated that even the requirements in regard to amplitude and frequency
may considerably vary from case to case and, therefore, the attempt in this standard has been
made to lay down, only the limiting ranges to the operational and performance characteristics
besides the physical dimensions of the vibrators, on the basis of available technical literature on
the subject, experience and the current manufacturing practices in the country.
In the preparation of this standard, considerable assistance has been given by Central Building
Research Institute, Roorkee.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with,
the final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded
off in accordance with IS 2 :1960‘Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised )‘. The
number of significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the
specified value in this standard.
3. Indian Standard
IS2505:1992
,CONCRETE VIBRATORS - IMMERSION TYPE -
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
( TfzirdRevision )
1 SCOPE 3 TERMINOLOGY
1.1This standard lays down the requirements
for materials, sizes, construction and perfor-
mance of concrete vibrators of immersion type,
flexible shaft driven and up to 90 mm size.
:2 REFERENCES
2.1The following Indian Standards are necessary
.adjuncts to this standard.
IS No.
1030 : 1989
1161 : 1979
1239
( Part 1 ) : 1979
1570
( Part 1 ) : 1978
B.6276: 1971
J1389 : 1985
Title
Carbon steel castings for
general engineering purposes
( fourth revision )
Steel tubes for structural
purposes ( third revision )
Mild steel tubes, tubulars
and other wrought steel
fittings: Part 1 Mild steel
tubes ( fourth revision )
Schedules for wrought steels:
Part 1 Steels specified by
tensile and/or yield proper-
ties ( first revision )
Flexible shafts used in
concrete vibratiors
Methods of test for per-
formance of concrete vibra-
tors; Immersion type.
OUTER CASING
3.1 Amplitude of Vibration
Maximum displacement from its mean position
measured at the centre of the length of vibrating
needle. It is usually expressed as half of its
total displacement.
3.2 Bottom Cap
Cap fitted at the lower end of the vibrating
needle casing ( see Fig. 1A and 1B ).
3.3 Eccentric Shaft
Rotating shaft with eccentrically placed mass
designed to produce the required amplitude of
vibration to the vibrating needle ( see Fig. 1A 1.
3.3.1 Rotor and Runner
Rotating members in the pendulum type
vibrators designed to produce the required
amplitude of vibration in vibrating needle
( see Fig. 1B ).
3.4 Flexible Shaft
Shaft consisting of inner core and casing which
transmits rotary motion from prime mover to
eccentric shaft/rotor, runner and vibrating needle
( see IS 6276 : 1971 ).
BOTTOM CAP
1TOP CAP/ LENGTH OF VIBRATING NEEDLE
FIG. 1A TYPICAL VIBRATING NEEDLEWITH ECCENTRICSHAFT
CAP
/_TOP CAP/ LENGTH OF VIBRATING NEEDLE
FIG. 113 TYPICAL VIBRATING NEEDLEWITH ROTORAND RUNNER
1
4. IS 2505 : 1992
3.5 Frequency
Number of complete cycles of vibration per
second of the vibrating needle.
3.6 Inner Core
Core of the flexible shaft.
3.7 Inner Core Coupling
Connecting member at either end of the inner
core witb the eccentric shaft/rotor and runner
of the prime mover.
3.8 Needle Coupling
Connecting member in the vibrating needle used
for joining the eccentric shaft/rotor and runner
to inner core coupling of the flexible shaft.
3.9 Outer Casing Coupling
Fitting at either end of the outer core of the
flexible shaft to connect it to the prime mover
or the top cap of the vibrating needle.
3.io Top Cap
Cap which is on driving end/power
vibrator connected by flexible shaft.
3.11 Tube
end of
Outer casing of the vibrating needle.
CcmDlete assembly of tube, eccentric shaft/
3.12 Vibrating Needle
rote; and runner, dottom cap,. needle coupling,
top cap, etc.
4 MATERIALS
4.1 The tube of the vibrating needle shall be
seamless steel tube or heavy class ERW tube
conforming to IS 1161 : 1979 or IS 1239
( Part 1 ) : 1979.
4.2 The bottom cap shall be of carbon steel of
Grade 35C8 of IS 1570 ( Part 1 > : 1978 or cast
steel conforming to Grade I of IS 1030 : 1969
and shall be tempered and hardened to 40 to
50 HRC.
4.3 The eccentric shaft/rotor shall be made of
carbon steel of Grade 35C8 of IS 1570 (Part 1) :
1978 and shall be tempered.
4.3.1 The runner shall be made of high carbon
steel of Gralde 45C8 of IS 1570 (Part 1) : 1978.
4.4 Bearings
The bearings shall be preferably double row ball
bearing or cylindrical roller bearing, for eccentric
shaft type vibrating needle and double row
self-aligning bearing for pendulum type vibrat-
ing needle. The bearings shall conform to
relevant Indian Standards.
4.4.1 Seals
The oil seal used in pendulum type vibrating.
needle shall be made of good quality rubber
conforming to relevant Indian Standards.
4.5 The flexible shaft shall conform to IS 6276 :
1971.
5 SIZES
5.1 The size of the vibrator shall be denoted
by the nominal outside diameter of the vibrating
needle expressed in mm.
5.1.1 The actual outside diameter of the needle
measure anywhere in its length excluding the
bottom cap shall not differ from the nominal
diameter by more than &2 mm.
5.1.2 The standard nominal outside diameter of-
the vibrating needle shall be as given below:
25, 35, 40, 50, 60, 75, and 90 mm.
5.1.3 Length of the Vibrating Needle
The length of the vibrating needle shall be
measured from the outer end of the bottom cap
to the joint between needle casing and upper
eccentric housing.
shall be f5 mm.
Tolerance on the length
NOTE -The following standard lengths in mm
are recommended for selection of suitable length,
depending upon the nature of the job required.
These sizes have been recommended arbitrarily,
purely with a view to aiding rationalized production
by limiting the number of sizes:
300, 325. 350, 375, 400,575,600, 625, and 650. 425,475, 500, 525, 550,
5.1.4 Mass
The mass of the vibrating needle shall be
expressed in kilograms and shall conform to the
following minimum values for needles of
different sizes:
Size of the Vibrator
mm
25
35
40
50
60
75
90
Mass
kg
1
2
2
3
4
5
6
NOTE - The mass of the vibrating needle excludes
the chuck of the flexible shaft guard ring.
5. IS 2505:1992
6 CONSTRCCTION
6.1 Vibrating Needle
7 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
7.1 Operational Characteristics
6.1.1 Tube
The wall thickness of the tube at the threaded
portion, measured from the root of the thread
shall not be less than the following:
Size of the Vibrator Wall Thickness
mm mm
The vibrating needle shall be so designed that
when tested for operationa characteristics shall
be in accordance with IS 11389 : 1985 and with
the provision given in 7.1.1 and 7.1.2. The
requirements given in 7.1.1 and 7.1.2 shall be
checked on selected samples on the basis of
suitable sampling scheme.
25 1’5 7.1.1 Frequency
35 1’5
40 1’5 The operational frequency ( see 3.5 ) under no
50 2’0
load state ( operation in the air ) shall be not
60 2’5
less than 100 Hz and should preferably be
higher. This is 100 Hz to 270 Hz related to the
75 3’0 amplitude of vibration and the concrete mix
90 3’0 proportions and workability.
6.1.2 Bearings 7.1.2 The optimum amplitude ( see 3.1 ) under
no load state ( operation ) measurement in the
These shall be of adequate size and suitably middle of the vibrating needle for different sizes
mounted, preferably press fitted on the shaft
of needle shall be as under.
so as to take both radial and axial loads. The
bearings and the eccentric shaft assembly shall
be such as to enable the removal of the shaft for
D’nmeter Of F~~r~~~?frAmPzitu$Lmm)
Vibrating --7
repairs and replacement. Needle ( Hz 1 Eccentric Pendulum
(mm) Shaft Tvne
6.1.3 Concentricity
The eccentric shaft or rotor upon assembly shall
be such that all components are eccentric about
their respective centre lines, where bearing
journals and housing are concerned. This
requirement may, however, be suitably modified
for vibrating needles designed on the principle
of the conical pendulum combined with that of
epicyclic gears.
6.1.4 The vibrating needle shall be completely
sealed against entrance of moisture or dust.
6.2 Flexible Shaft
25-35 200-270
40-60 150-200
75-90 100-150
7.2 Range of Action
Type Vibztion
Vibration
0’85-0’55 0’65-0’40
1’1O-0.75 0’85-0’55
1.60-l ‘30 1’20-0’95
The area of the range of action of the vibrating
needle measured in accordance with IS 11389 :
1985 in concrete with maximum nominal size of
aggregate not more than 20 mm and of work-
ability 0‘74 to 0’82 compacting factor shall be
not less than 100 times the cross sectional area
of the needle.
6.2.1 The inner core shall be of adeauate strength 7*3 Leakage Test
to transfer the power. The out& casing shall
be capable of holding the needle securely with- The vibrator shall be operated for one hour in
out stretching under normal conditions of use 75 mm slump concrete to determine its ability
in construction and without damage to the core. to operate with the needle submerged and to
The outer casing shall be provided with adequate determine if the needle is completely sealed
insulated covering. against the entrance of concrete, mortar and/
or water. After one hour of op-_ration, the
6.2.2 Coupling or threading arra?gement
vibrator needle shall be disassembled and
between the flexible shaft and the vibrating
examined for presence of concrete, mortar and/
needle shall be designed to prevent disengage-
or water inside the vibrator head, The presence
ment of the needle from the shaft during its
of either concrete, mortar and/or water on the
operation.
inside mechanism shall be the cause for rejection.
It shall be a type test.
6.2.3 The length of the flexible shaft shall be 7 4 Endurance Test
expressed in metres and shall be either 4 or 6 m ’
or as required and shall be measured from
extreme end of both couplings.
The vibrator shall be operated continuously for
20 hours with not more than 2 stoppages of
3
m
6. IS2505:1992
15 minutes required for change of prime mover
in a barrel of crushed stone aggregate, sand and
water simulating a concrete mix. The minimum
size of the barrel shall be such that the cross-
sectional area is at least equal to the range of
action; the depth being at least twice the length.
The vibrator shall be able to complete this test
without any break down. It shall be a type
test.
8 INSTRUCTION SHEET
8.1 An instruction sheet containing instructions
relating to installation, maintenance including
safety requirem:nts and lubrication of the
vibrator and the prime mover shall be given.
9 MARKING
9.1Each vibrator shall have firmly attached to
it a mark plate bearing the following
information:
a) Manufacturer’s name or trade-mark,
b) Vibrator reference number,
c) Type and rating of the power unit,
d) Year of manufacture, and
e) Frequency and amplitude.
4
7. IStindard Mark I
The use of the Standard Mark is governed by the provisions of the Bureau of Indian
Standards Act, 2986 and the Rules and Regulations made thereunder. The Standard Mark on
products covered by an Indian Standard conveys the assurance that they have been produced
to comply with the requirements of that standard under a well defined system of inspection,
testing and quality control which is devised and supervised by BIS and operated by the pro-
ducer. Standard.marked products are also continuously checked by BIS for conformity to
that standard as a further safeguard. Details of conditions under which a licence for the use
of the Standard Mark may be granted to manufacturers or producers may be obtained from
the Bureau of Indian Standards.
8. Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, I986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of
goods and attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in
any form without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in
the course of implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, types or
grade designations. Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director ( Publications ), BIS.
Revision of Indian Standards
Indian Standards are reviewed periodically and revised, when necessary and amendments, if any,
are issued from time to time. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession
of the latest amendments or edition. Comments on this Indian Standard may be sent to BIS giving
the following reference :
Dot : No. HMD 18 ( 3443 )
Amendments Issued Since Publication
.-. _
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
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