This document discusses the history and classification of doping in sports. It defines doping as the use of substances to artificially enhance performance. It describes some common doping substances like stimulants, steroids, and EPO and classifies them. The document also discusses famous doping cases like Ben Johnson, Lance Armstrong, and Marion Jones. It outlines some major anti-doping operations in Spain called Operation Puerto and Operation Galgo.

2. SUMMARY (I) -1.-What is Doping? -2.-Origins of Doping. -3.-Why is there the Doping? -4.-Classification of Doping substances.

3. SUMMARY (II) -5.- Operations against Doping. -6.- Sanctioned by operations against Doping. -7.- Famous Cases of Doping. -8.- Other Cases of Doping.

4. 1.-What is doping? (I) -The International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) says that doping is a substance that uses an athlete to improve their performance in competition

5. 1.-What is doping? (II) -Doping is also a medical treatment that can increase performance . -The origin of the word ”doping” comes from the british word ”dope” (droga).

6. 2.-Origin of doping . (I) Doping is an example of the many attempts through history man has done to artificially improve their resistance to fatigue by participating in the war, in hunting and sport.

7. 2.-Origin of doping. (II) -On the practice of doping there are many historical precedents. One of the earliest references is provided by a picture showing a Chinese Emperor chewing on a branch of Ephedra.

8. 2.-Origin of doping. (III) - The Norse mythology say that the Berserkers use bufotenine , extracted from the mushroom Amanita muscaria, to increase their strenght at war.

9. 2.-Origin of doping. (IIII) - More recently , caffeine is used since 1805 in swimming, athletics and cycling, which records the first fatal case, the Welsh cyclist Linton , who died in 1866 during the Paris-Bordeaux race by taking drugs .

10. 3.- Why is there the Doping? The athlete uses them to stimulate or sedated, increase strength and muscle mass, cardiac capacity, concentration, relieve fatigue, even caused by your workout.

11. 4.-Classification of Doping substances. - The International Olympic Committee classifies toxic substances into three categories, namely: 1· Doping Substances. 2· Methods of Doping. 3· Substances subject to restriction.

12. 4.1.-Doping Substances. · Stimulants. · Narcotic Analgesics · Anabolic Steroids. · Beta blockers. · Diuretics. · Hormones.

13. 4.1.1.-Doping Substances. · Stimulants. -INDICATIONS: These are substances that stimulate the central nervous system or inhibitsome functions such as appetite. They are commonly used to maintain the individual's emotional stability and control your weight. -ADVERSE REACTIONS. Hypertension, weight loss, psychosis, agitation, anxiety, euphoria, tachycardia, insomnia, depression, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, impotence…

14. 4.1.2.-Doping Substances. Narcotic Analgesics: -INDICATIONS. They are indicated for pain relief in cases such as fractures, postoperative pain, myocardial infarction and cancer, where conventional analgesics are insufficient. -ADVERSE REACTIONS . Nausea, vomiting, headache, rash, convulsions, respiratory depression,drowsiness, dry mouth, feeling faint…

15. 4.1.3.-Doping Substances. · Anabolic Steroids. -INDICATIONS. Are only indicated in cases of increased catabolism (consumption of the body) and in severe malnutrition, cancer and advanced osteoporosis. -ADVERSE REACTIONS. Pain during sexual intercourse and other signs of excessive sexualstimulation, prostate and liver cancer and hair loss. In children beforepuberty, precocious sexual development, increased frequency of erections,phallic enlargement and premature epiphyseal closure…

16. 4.1.4.-Doping Substances. · Beta blockers: -INDICATIONS. Medicines used to control hypertension. - ADVERSE REACTIONS . Hypotension, coldness of the extremities, muscle fatigue, decreased heart rate, sleep disturbances, skin rashes and dry eyes.

17. 4.1.5.-Doping Substances. · Diuretics. - INDICATIONS. Promote or enhance diuresis (urination). It is used in renal andcardiovascular disease and hypertension and renal failure. - ADVERSE REACTIONS . Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance tingling in the extremities, hearingdysfunction, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea…

18. 4.1.6.-Doping Substances. · Hormones. -INDICATIONS. Substances referred to in cases where there is hormone deficiency. -ADVERSE REACTIONS. Nausea, vomiting, rash, anaphylactic shock (generalized reaction that leads to death), early onset of puberty…

19. 4.1.7.-Doping Substances. -EPO: - Erythropoietin or EPO and doping: The use of EPO or its related and drug doping in sports is prohibited. The"positive" effects of EPO is due to increased red cell mass (increasing the hematocrit), which allows for better athlete performance in aerobic activities. This will increase the resistance exercise.

20. 4.2.- Methods of Doping. · Blood Doping. · Chemical and pharmacological manipulations. · Psychological Doping (Hypnosis).

21. 4.2.1.-Blood Doping. -Blood transfusion is the intravenous administration of erythrocytes or blood-related products.

22. 4.2.3.- Chemical manipulations. -Chemical and pharmacological manipulations. The medical commission of the International Olympic Committee prohibits the use of substances and methods which alter, attempt to alter or may reasonably be expected to alter the integrity and validity of urine samples used in doping controls-

23. 4.3.1.- Substances subject to restriction. · Alcohol · Local Anesthetics · Corticosteroids

24. 5.-Operations against Doping. -Operación puerto. -Operación Galgo.

25. 5.1.-Operación Puerto. - Operacion Puerto : is the code name of a Spanish Police operation against the doping network of Doctor Eufemiano Fuentes , started in May 2006, which resulted in a scandal that involved several of the world most famous cyclists at the time.

26. 5.2.-Operación Galgo - Operación Galgo is an investigation into Doping in athletics by the Guardia Civil in Spain. Initiated in April 2010, the investigation came to public attention with the raid of houses and the arrest of high profile athletes, coaches and doctors, among others.

27. -6.- Sanctioned by operations against doping. (I) - Sanctioned by Operación Puerto: -Jan Ullrich: a Germany cyclist. -Ivan Basso: a Italian cyclist. -Alejandro Valverde: a Spanish cyclist.

28. -6.- Sanctioned by operations against doping. (II) - Suspects in the Operación Galgo: -Marta Domíngez: a Spanish athlete. -Eufemiano Fuentes : a Doctor also involved in Operación Puerto -Alberto García: a Spanish athlete.

29. 8.-Other Cases of Doping (I) -Mike Tyson : ( marihuana) - Fernando Vargas:( Esteroides) -Fernando Couto: a footballer.

30. 7.- Famous Cases of Doping. The Ezequiel Mosquera´s Case. The Ben Johnson´s Case. The Lance Armstrong´s Case. - The Marion Jones Case.

31. 7.1.-The Ezequiel Mosquera´s Case. (I) - Ezequiel Mosquera : is a Galician cyclist thas was accussed of a positive in Anti-Doping analyse. In this analuse they found “ Hidroxetil starch ”

32. 7.1.-The Ezequiel Mosquera´s Case. (II) Hidroxetil starch : this substance is considered non-dopant. It is a substance that does not carry a sanction but it can mask other products.

33. 7.2.-The Ben Johnson´s Case. (I) -Ben Johnson was Canadian sprinter who broke the world record of 100 m (9.79) in the Seoul Olympics in 1988. he became very famous,because nobody had done it before ...

34. 7.2.-The Ben Johnson´s Case. (II) - Hours after the occurrence, was discovered in an anti-doping control: stanozolol , a steroid, this steroid was found in the urine of Ben Johnson . the scandal was greater than his record. Years later he returned and turned to doping, then he was retired

35. 7.3.-The LANCE ARMSTRONG case (I) -Lance Armstrong (a cancer survivor,winner of 7 tours) was a criticed athelete, He has got a great capacity after a cancer…

36. 7.3.-The LANCE ARMSTRONG case (II) Many journalists began to write articles about his alleged doping, but never be demostrated.

37. 7.3.-The LANCE ARMSTRONG case (III)

38. 7.4.-The Marion Jones Case. (I) -Marion Jones: was an American athlete who won five medals at the Sydney Olympics ...

39. 7.4.-The Marion Jones Case. (II) - in a Anti doping control found him steroids. she declared that she had lied to the judge. so she was sentenced to two years in prison. She was related with Tim Montogemery.

40. 8.-Other Cases of Doping (II) - Carlos Gurpegui: a Spanish footballer. - Tim Montgomery: an American Sprinter. -Everton Giovanella: a Brasilean Footballer.

41. 8.-Other Cases of Doping (III) -Johann (Juanito) Mühlegg: a german-spanish skier. - Richard Gasquet: ( cocaine). - Kolo Touré: (drugs)

42. 8.-Other Cases of Doping (IIII) - Gervasio Deffer : (Cannabis). - Justin Gatlin : The winner of 100m in Athens 2004. - Andre Agassi:( Metanfetamine).