Indian Railways made a move in replacing the chain pulling system with the new mobile based communication system where the loco pilot’s mobile phone number shall be shared with all the passengers through a message. Despite the efforts taken to remove the chains from the train, there is a great probability of misuse through the mobile phone number provided. We aim to build a more efficient and secure solution based on the Internet of Things, which is a buzz word in the market. Our proposed system provides an alarm fixed at specific locations in the compartments of a train. In case of emergency, the passenger has to press the alarms’ button, which captures the scene using a built-in digital camera. The system also alarms the Loco-Pilot, Travelling Ticket Examiner, as well as the compartment so as to provide immediate possible help through the fellow co-passengers. The pilot slows down the train to an optimum speed whilst the travelling ticket examiner checks and confirms the pilot whether he has to stop the train. The entire system can be controlled through an authenticated mobile application provided to the ticket examiner. The pictures captured by the camera and other crucial details are uploaded to a cloud-based real-time database. Thus, saving time and taxpayers’ money as well as helping the railways to perform analytics and come up with feasible solutions to the problems of the passengers. The system has the potential to deal with the most prevailing cargo theft like that of coal, by alerting the staff without having to stop the train, making the convicts’ escapes impossible. This also definitely avoids the improper pulling of chains and thereby not causing any hassle to the passengers as well as diminishes the economic loss to the government by reducing the time delay.
1) The document proposes a system for a smart driverless railway engine that uses sensors and wireless technology to enable automatic control of trains.
2) The system aims to prevent railway accidents by allowing for automatic station detection, signaling, track cut detection and mapping train positions. It also enables automatic gate control to reduce human errors.
3) The system is intended to make rail operations independent and automated by allowing for control of trains from a central server using an RF wireless network. The server would monitor train positions and issues and stop trains before any accidents occur.
IRJET - Automated Railway Crossing System using IoTIRJET Journal
The document describes an automated railway crossing system using IoT technology to reduce accidents. It uses ultrasonic sensors placed 6-7km from the crossing to detect approaching trains. When a train is detected, the system activates warning signals, closes the crossing gates, and updates the train's status in the cloud. Additional sensors 2-3km from the crossing detect when trains have passed and reopen the gates. The system is implemented using an Arduino microcontroller, servo motors to operate the gates, ultrasonic sensors, and a NodeMCU ESP8266 to connect to the cloud. A web app allows authorized users to monitor train movements and statuses in real-time to improve safety over the existing manual system.
IRJET- Automatic Crack and Fire Detection in Train with Disaster Management u...IRJET Journal
This document describes an automatic system for detecting cracks and fires in trains using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. Infrared sensors are placed on trains to detect any cracks in the railway tracks. If a crack is found, its location is determined using a GPS module and sent via GSM module to the authorities. Fire detection sensors are also installed in trains to detect fires and activate sprinklers. The system aims to provide quick emergency response, reduce human workload, and prevent accidents by automatically monitoring track conditions and responding to issues in real-time.
Fully automatic anti collision train signalling projectHina Saxena
This document is a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree. It outlines their work on developing a fully automatic anti-collision system for train signalling. The system is designed to control railway tracks using sensors and a microcontroller to avoid accidents. It places sensors at distances from gates to detect approaching trains and control gate operations. Indicator lights also alert motorists of oncoming trains. Diagrams and descriptions of the working model are provided, which uses sensors to detect trains and automatically switch tracks or control gates to prevent collisions. Devices used in the system like the microcontroller, sensors, displays and other electronics are described.
In India, as the fuel cost continues to rise, railway transport plays an important role. Although there are, so many
options of transportation are available like flights, trains, buses etc but most of the people prefer trains only as it
is cost effective and comfortable way of travelling and hence in today’s world railway becomes the lifeline of
India. When anybody goes through the daily news, they come across many accidents which are related to
railroad. So there must be good railway safety for the people as the rail accidents are often dangerous in terms of
the severity and death etc, when compared with the other transportation. There are several reasons present for
railroad related accidents but the major reason is cracks in rails. It is the main cause of railway derailments and
has the capacity to induce major damage to economy of the world. Therefore more efforts are necessary for
achieving the good rail safety. This system introduced a method for rail crack detection. The proposed system is
LED-LDR and Arduino based rail track detection scheme. It is cost effective and simple way of monitoring the
condition of the rails on a continual basis for the improving the railway safety which consists of GSM module
and Encoder.
This document describes a proposed intelligent vehicle system that uses sensors and CAN-bus signals to monitor the driver and vehicle for safety purposes. The system would use a camera to detect driver drowsiness through eye blink detection, ultrasonic sensors to monitor vehicle distance, GPS for location tracking, and sensors to collect vehicle speed, steering angle, and brake pressure data. If the driver's eyes are closed for longer than a set period, an alarm would sound to warn of drowsiness. The goal is to enhance safety by continuously communicating with the driver and alerting them to potential fatigue or risks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document describes a smart helmet system that aims to improve motorcycle safety. The system uses sensors to check if the rider is wearing a helmet before allowing the bike to start. It also checks if the rider has been drinking alcohol. The system contains an Arduino microcontroller, alcohol sensor, IR sensor, vibration sensor, GPS and GSM modules. If an accident occurs, the GPS detects the location which is then sent as a text message via GSM to emergency contacts. The goal is to enforce helmet usage and prevent drunk driving, while facilitating quicker emergency response times after an accident. The system provides safety benefits and could help reduce traffic violations and casualties from motorcycle accidents.
1) The document proposes a system for a smart driverless railway engine that uses sensors and wireless technology to enable automatic control of trains.
2) The system aims to prevent railway accidents by allowing for automatic station detection, signaling, track cut detection and mapping train positions. It also enables automatic gate control to reduce human errors.
3) The system is intended to make rail operations independent and automated by allowing for control of trains from a central server using an RF wireless network. The server would monitor train positions and issues and stop trains before any accidents occur.
IRJET - Automated Railway Crossing System using IoTIRJET Journal
The document describes an automated railway crossing system using IoT technology to reduce accidents. It uses ultrasonic sensors placed 6-7km from the crossing to detect approaching trains. When a train is detected, the system activates warning signals, closes the crossing gates, and updates the train's status in the cloud. Additional sensors 2-3km from the crossing detect when trains have passed and reopen the gates. The system is implemented using an Arduino microcontroller, servo motors to operate the gates, ultrasonic sensors, and a NodeMCU ESP8266 to connect to the cloud. A web app allows authorized users to monitor train movements and statuses in real-time to improve safety over the existing manual system.
IRJET- Automatic Crack and Fire Detection in Train with Disaster Management u...IRJET Journal
This document describes an automatic system for detecting cracks and fires in trains using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. Infrared sensors are placed on trains to detect any cracks in the railway tracks. If a crack is found, its location is determined using a GPS module and sent via GSM module to the authorities. Fire detection sensors are also installed in trains to detect fires and activate sprinklers. The system aims to provide quick emergency response, reduce human workload, and prevent accidents by automatically monitoring track conditions and responding to issues in real-time.
Fully automatic anti collision train signalling projectHina Saxena
This document is a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree. It outlines their work on developing a fully automatic anti-collision system for train signalling. The system is designed to control railway tracks using sensors and a microcontroller to avoid accidents. It places sensors at distances from gates to detect approaching trains and control gate operations. Indicator lights also alert motorists of oncoming trains. Diagrams and descriptions of the working model are provided, which uses sensors to detect trains and automatically switch tracks or control gates to prevent collisions. Devices used in the system like the microcontroller, sensors, displays and other electronics are described.
In India, as the fuel cost continues to rise, railway transport plays an important role. Although there are, so many
options of transportation are available like flights, trains, buses etc but most of the people prefer trains only as it
is cost effective and comfortable way of travelling and hence in today’s world railway becomes the lifeline of
India. When anybody goes through the daily news, they come across many accidents which are related to
railroad. So there must be good railway safety for the people as the rail accidents are often dangerous in terms of
the severity and death etc, when compared with the other transportation. There are several reasons present for
railroad related accidents but the major reason is cracks in rails. It is the main cause of railway derailments and
has the capacity to induce major damage to economy of the world. Therefore more efforts are necessary for
achieving the good rail safety. This system introduced a method for rail crack detection. The proposed system is
LED-LDR and Arduino based rail track detection scheme. It is cost effective and simple way of monitoring the
condition of the rails on a continual basis for the improving the railway safety which consists of GSM module
and Encoder.
This document describes a proposed intelligent vehicle system that uses sensors and CAN-bus signals to monitor the driver and vehicle for safety purposes. The system would use a camera to detect driver drowsiness through eye blink detection, ultrasonic sensors to monitor vehicle distance, GPS for location tracking, and sensors to collect vehicle speed, steering angle, and brake pressure data. If the driver's eyes are closed for longer than a set period, an alarm would sound to warn of drowsiness. The goal is to enhance safety by continuously communicating with the driver and alerting them to potential fatigue or risks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document describes a smart helmet system that aims to improve motorcycle safety. The system uses sensors to check if the rider is wearing a helmet before allowing the bike to start. It also checks if the rider has been drinking alcohol. The system contains an Arduino microcontroller, alcohol sensor, IR sensor, vibration sensor, GPS and GSM modules. If an accident occurs, the GPS detects the location which is then sent as a text message via GSM to emergency contacts. The goal is to enforce helmet usage and prevent drunk driving, while facilitating quicker emergency response times after an accident. The system provides safety benefits and could help reduce traffic violations and casualties from motorcycle accidents.
IRJET- College Bus Tracking and Notification SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a college bus tracking and notification system that was developed by a group of students. The system uses a GPS tracker, NodeMCU microcontroller, and vibration sensor installed on college buses to continuously track the bus location and route. This information is sent to a server and database. An Android mobile app was also developed to allow students to view the live location of buses, estimated time of arrival, route details, and receive notifications. The system aims to help students catch their bus on time and notify authorities in case of emergencies or changes to bus schedules. Future work may include expanding the app to other platforms, adding seat availability checks, and applying the system to other transportation services.
IRJET- Automatic Footbridge Platform System on Railway PlatformIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed automatic footbridge platform system for railway stations. The system aims to make crossing between platforms safer and more convenient. It would involve attaching sliding platforms between the two stationary platforms that can be adjusted based on train presence and movement. Sensors and motors would allow the sliding platforms to open when it is safe to cross, and close when a train is approaching or present. This proposed system could help reduce accidents, save time for passengers crossing between platforms, including those with limited mobility, and reduce electricity usage compared to existing solutions like escalators. It provides a potential safer and more efficient way to facilitate passenger movement at railway stations.
IRJET - Driverless Metro Train Shuttle between StationsIRJET Journal
The document proposes a driverless metro train system that uses sensors and a programmable logic controller (PLC) to automatically control train speed and opening/closing of doors between stations. An ultrasonic sensor would detect any obstructions on the track, while infrared sensors would trigger the opening and closing of doors at stations synchronized with the train doors. Glass walls with doors at stations are also proposed to increase passenger safety by preventing crossing of tracks.
IRJET- Improvising Reliability of Autonomous Car using Risk DetectionIRJET Journal
This document describes a system to improve the reliability of autonomous vehicles by detecting risks associated with driver fatigue, distraction, or medical emergencies. The system uses a microcontroller and various modules like a camera to monitor the driver for conditions like fatigue. If detected, the system switches the vehicle from manual to autonomous mode and alerts caretakers. It implements algorithms using OpenCV and Dlib to analyze camera frames and detect drowsiness based on eye aspect ratio. Messages are sent to caretakers using the Twilio API. The system was able to successfully detect drowsiness and switch the vehicle to autonomous mode as well as send alerts.
This document describes the development of an Advanced Parking Guidance System (APGS) to enable autonomous self-parking and self-retrieving of vehicles. The system uses ultrasonic sensors and a wireless keyfob to guide the vehicle into and out of parking spaces. For self-parking, sensors identify available spaces while cameras and controllers steer the vehicle into the space. For self-retrieving, pressing a button on the keyfob causes the vehicle to track the keyfob's wireless signal and exit the space, stopping if obstacles are detected. The system was tested using a prototype "car-like wheel robot" and achieved autonomous parking and retrieving capabilities.
Seminar Report On ACD i.e. Anti collision Devices by Tarun khnaeja ( 09034406...Tarun Khaneja
The document discusses the Anti Collision Device (ACD) system used in Indian railways to prevent train collisions. It works by fitting ACD units on locomotives and guard vans that communicate with each other via radio within a 3 km range. When two trains are approaching each other on the same track and within braking distance, the ACDs automatically apply the brakes to stop the trains without driver intervention. The ACD system is being implemented across Indian railways to increase safety. Future versions will have more centralized control and deeper integration with signaling systems.
The necessity of mobile train radio communication in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract Presently, India has the dubious distinction of recording an exponential number of train accidents as compared to its other developed counterparts. Though, no accident is completely avoidable, what can be done is to develop a certain technologically advanced machinery which can scale down the prospects of such accidents and expedite Disaster Management in case of any mishap. This would help to curtail the damage to life and property. The “Mobile Train Radio Communication (MTRC) “system is a dynamic and technologically avant-garde system based on the “Global System for Mobile Communication-Railways (GSM-R)” technology and it can play an intrinsic role in abbreviating train accidents by aiding effective communication. With the passage of time, India has shown its technological capability to the world, be it through the successful launch of the “Mangalyaan” in the very first attempt, the invention of various machines and electronic gadgets by the Engineers and Scientists across the country, the development of India as a nuclear power and so on. As Dr. D. Swaminadhan said in his speech, “Science and technology have been an integral part of Indian civilization and culture over the past several millennia”. India has the best of resources and technical minds available, through which it can move ahead of its other developed counterparts. As life is very precious, a major requirement of the present is to switch over to the “MTRC” system at the earliest. The railway accidents over the past decade cannot be neglected and the unfortunate events cannot be entirely reasoned as an event occurring out of chance. Trains are merely machines running on railway tracks and they cannot think of how to avoid accidents on their own. As B.F. Skinner rightly said “The real problem is not whether machines think, but whether men do”. It is up to the human beings to design and use an efficient system which can help the train driver and the station master to know about the possibility of any untoward hazard beforehand by developing effective communication between the concerned officials. Key Words: Train Communication, MTRC system , GSM-R Technology, Train Accident
Indian Railways is the 7th largest employer in the world with over 1.4 million employees carrying over 25 million passengers daily. It has 16 zones across India with over 63,000 kilometers of track. Signalling uses color light signals for better visibility at night and day with no moving parts. Axle counters count the number of axles passed to prevent accidents from human error. The Ajmer railway exchange has three exchanges with the largest having 1200 lines using OKI technology connected across India through an underground railnet of optical and copper cables.
This document summarizes and evaluates next generation train positioning systems. It discusses wayside methods like transponders and loops that use radio tags or balises placed along the track to precisely determine train location. Onboard interrogators activate the tags to transmit location codes as trains pass by. Transponder systems provide accurate positioning but not continuous tracking. They require supplemental inertial systems for moving block applications. Inductive loops can also continuously track train location and communicate bidirectionally via phase shifts in the loop signal. Improved train positioning allows for higher capacity and shorter headways between trains through moving block signaling.
IRJET- No Text Driving: Android Deployment of Driver Behaviour AnalysisIRJET Journal
This document describes an Android application that aims to prevent texting while driving. The application monitors mobile texting and movement during driving using the mobile and vehicle's Bluetooth connection. If texting is detected while driving, the mobile screen is locked. Repeated offenses result in penalties deducted from the user's e-wallet. Incoming calls are disconnected while driving but emergency calls are permitted. The application uses sensors to detect texting and reduces vehicle speed when emergency calls are answered to promote safety. The goal is to enforce discipline and reduce distractions while driving through penalties and safety features.
IRJET- Bus Arrival Information System for PassengersIRJET Journal
This document describes a bus arrival information system that provides passengers with real-time updates on bus arrival times and seat availability. The system has two main components: 1) A transmitter module installed on buses that uses RFID cards and sensors to track location, estimate arrival time, and count passengers/vacant seats. 2) A receiver module at bus stations that displays this information via an LCD screen. The system aims to help passengers make more informed decisions by knowing how long until the next bus arrives and if there are seats available. An emergency button is also included to notify delays. The system uses a microcontroller, GSM modem, and other hardware to wirelessly transmit data between buses and stations.
This document provides an overview of the Indian railway system presented at a seminar for railway managers. It discusses the history and organization of the 17 railway zones in India. It then summarizes several key departments and technologies used in Indian railways, including the passenger reservation system (PRS), unreserved ticketing system (UTS), freight operation information system (FOIS), communication mediums like RailNet and optical fiber cables, and interactive voice response systems (IVRS).
1. The document describes a prototype for a smart travel automated vehicle (STAV) that uses sensors and a Raspberry Pi microcontroller to drive autonomously.
2. The STAV is designed to detect obstacles using ultrasonic sensors, identify traffic signs using computer vision, and send alerts to contacts if an accident occurs using GPS.
3. Features of the STAV include automated driving, fast response times through algorithms, traffic sign detection, obstacle avoidance, accident alerts, and automated headlights based on time of day.
This document provides a case study of the development of metro signalling systems in India. It details how Delhi Metro Rail Corporation introduced the latest ERTMS level 2 signalling and train control system, the first of its kind in India. The document describes the features of DMRC's signalling and train control system and the challenges faced in implementing this modern technology. It also summarizes the signalling requirements of upcoming metro systems in India and important issues around achieving interoperability as urban transport expands rapidly.
IRJET- Accident Detection and Monitoring System using IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes an accident detection and monitoring system using IoT. The system uses sensors like a vibration sensor, MEMS sensor, heartbeat sensor and gas sensor to detect if an accident has occurred. If an accident is detected, the Arduino mega controller sends an alert message via GSM and GPS to notify emergency services. The GPS location is also sent so emergency services know the exact location of the accident. Additional sensors measure oxygen levels and heartbeat of victims. All sensor data is sent to a server where it can be monitored via a webpage. This system allows for quick emergency response and monitoring of accident victims to help save lives.
This document provides a case study of the signalling and train control system used for the Dubai Metro in the United Arab Emirates. Key points:
- Dubai Metro is the world's longest fully automated driverless metro system at over 74km in length serving 47 stations.
- It uses Communication Based Train Control (CBTC) signalling, a modern system that provides continuous digital communication between trains and trackside computers.
- The CBTC system provides automatic train protection, operation and supervision functions to run trains automatically, safely and reliably at high frequencies.
- Implementation of the advanced CBTC system for such a large metro presented challenges as the first such system in the Middle East, but it has enabled highly
Automatic Notch Indication and Identification of Compartment in EmergencyIJERA Editor
This document describes a proposed system to automatically display the notch position and identify the compartment where an emergency chain has been pulled on a train. It uses RF modules placed in each train compartment and in the locomotive cabin. When the emergency chain in a compartment is pulled, the RF module transmits the compartment number to the receiver in the locomotive cabin. A microcontroller then displays the compartment number on an LCD screen to quickly inform the driver. It also uses switches to automatically display the current notch position used to control the train's speed. This system aims to enhance passenger safety by quickly identifying emergency situations and notch position.
This document describes a vehicle fuel theft detection system using an 89C51 microcontroller. The system uses a liquid level sensor to detect changes in the fuel level in a vehicle's tank. If the level drops below a threshold when the ignition is off, it signals the microcontroller. The microcontroller then sounds an alarm and sends an SMS notification to the vehicle owner's phone using a GSM modem, alerting them that fuel theft is in progress. The system is designed to be compact and can easily be installed in vehicles to detect and report fuel theft. It aims to address the problem of rising fuel theft incidents.
Indian Railway is the state-owned railway company of India, which owns and operates most of the country's rail transport. It is overseen by the Ministry of Railways of the Government of India It's provides the full knowledge about Indian railways & its signalling system and it's gives the knowledge about rail-net and the network used in Indian rail and the topology used in indian railway for the internet .
The document describes an automated railway monitoring system that uses sensors and a microcontroller to automatically open and close railway crossing gates. It aims to reduce accidents at unmanned crossings by preventing errors from manual operation. The system uses ultrasonic sensors to detect approaching and departing trains, and an Arduino microcontroller that activates a servo motor to open and close gates. It also triggers warning lights and a buzzer to alert road users. This automatic system is intended to improve safety compared to the existing manual process that is prone to errors and accidents at railway crossings in India.
IRJET- A Review on Accident Prevention Methods at Railway Line CrossingsIRJET Journal
This document reviews various accident prevention methods that have been proposed for railway line crossings. It summarizes several existing systems that use technologies like sensors, GPS, image processing and more to detect trains and automatically open and close gates. However, many of these systems have limitations in noisy or harsh environments. The document concludes that while previous methods focused on gate automation, there remains a need for a system that can reliably detect an approaching train and warn humans in noisy conditions, such as when wearing headphones, to help prevent accidents caused by people not noticing trains.
IRJET- College Bus Tracking and Notification SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a college bus tracking and notification system that was developed by a group of students. The system uses a GPS tracker, NodeMCU microcontroller, and vibration sensor installed on college buses to continuously track the bus location and route. This information is sent to a server and database. An Android mobile app was also developed to allow students to view the live location of buses, estimated time of arrival, route details, and receive notifications. The system aims to help students catch their bus on time and notify authorities in case of emergencies or changes to bus schedules. Future work may include expanding the app to other platforms, adding seat availability checks, and applying the system to other transportation services.
IRJET- Automatic Footbridge Platform System on Railway PlatformIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed automatic footbridge platform system for railway stations. The system aims to make crossing between platforms safer and more convenient. It would involve attaching sliding platforms between the two stationary platforms that can be adjusted based on train presence and movement. Sensors and motors would allow the sliding platforms to open when it is safe to cross, and close when a train is approaching or present. This proposed system could help reduce accidents, save time for passengers crossing between platforms, including those with limited mobility, and reduce electricity usage compared to existing solutions like escalators. It provides a potential safer and more efficient way to facilitate passenger movement at railway stations.
IRJET - Driverless Metro Train Shuttle between StationsIRJET Journal
The document proposes a driverless metro train system that uses sensors and a programmable logic controller (PLC) to automatically control train speed and opening/closing of doors between stations. An ultrasonic sensor would detect any obstructions on the track, while infrared sensors would trigger the opening and closing of doors at stations synchronized with the train doors. Glass walls with doors at stations are also proposed to increase passenger safety by preventing crossing of tracks.
IRJET- Improvising Reliability of Autonomous Car using Risk DetectionIRJET Journal
This document describes a system to improve the reliability of autonomous vehicles by detecting risks associated with driver fatigue, distraction, or medical emergencies. The system uses a microcontroller and various modules like a camera to monitor the driver for conditions like fatigue. If detected, the system switches the vehicle from manual to autonomous mode and alerts caretakers. It implements algorithms using OpenCV and Dlib to analyze camera frames and detect drowsiness based on eye aspect ratio. Messages are sent to caretakers using the Twilio API. The system was able to successfully detect drowsiness and switch the vehicle to autonomous mode as well as send alerts.
This document describes the development of an Advanced Parking Guidance System (APGS) to enable autonomous self-parking and self-retrieving of vehicles. The system uses ultrasonic sensors and a wireless keyfob to guide the vehicle into and out of parking spaces. For self-parking, sensors identify available spaces while cameras and controllers steer the vehicle into the space. For self-retrieving, pressing a button on the keyfob causes the vehicle to track the keyfob's wireless signal and exit the space, stopping if obstacles are detected. The system was tested using a prototype "car-like wheel robot" and achieved autonomous parking and retrieving capabilities.
Seminar Report On ACD i.e. Anti collision Devices by Tarun khnaeja ( 09034406...Tarun Khaneja
The document discusses the Anti Collision Device (ACD) system used in Indian railways to prevent train collisions. It works by fitting ACD units on locomotives and guard vans that communicate with each other via radio within a 3 km range. When two trains are approaching each other on the same track and within braking distance, the ACDs automatically apply the brakes to stop the trains without driver intervention. The ACD system is being implemented across Indian railways to increase safety. Future versions will have more centralized control and deeper integration with signaling systems.
The necessity of mobile train radio communication in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract Presently, India has the dubious distinction of recording an exponential number of train accidents as compared to its other developed counterparts. Though, no accident is completely avoidable, what can be done is to develop a certain technologically advanced machinery which can scale down the prospects of such accidents and expedite Disaster Management in case of any mishap. This would help to curtail the damage to life and property. The “Mobile Train Radio Communication (MTRC) “system is a dynamic and technologically avant-garde system based on the “Global System for Mobile Communication-Railways (GSM-R)” technology and it can play an intrinsic role in abbreviating train accidents by aiding effective communication. With the passage of time, India has shown its technological capability to the world, be it through the successful launch of the “Mangalyaan” in the very first attempt, the invention of various machines and electronic gadgets by the Engineers and Scientists across the country, the development of India as a nuclear power and so on. As Dr. D. Swaminadhan said in his speech, “Science and technology have been an integral part of Indian civilization and culture over the past several millennia”. India has the best of resources and technical minds available, through which it can move ahead of its other developed counterparts. As life is very precious, a major requirement of the present is to switch over to the “MTRC” system at the earliest. The railway accidents over the past decade cannot be neglected and the unfortunate events cannot be entirely reasoned as an event occurring out of chance. Trains are merely machines running on railway tracks and they cannot think of how to avoid accidents on their own. As B.F. Skinner rightly said “The real problem is not whether machines think, but whether men do”. It is up to the human beings to design and use an efficient system which can help the train driver and the station master to know about the possibility of any untoward hazard beforehand by developing effective communication between the concerned officials. Key Words: Train Communication, MTRC system , GSM-R Technology, Train Accident
Indian Railways is the 7th largest employer in the world with over 1.4 million employees carrying over 25 million passengers daily. It has 16 zones across India with over 63,000 kilometers of track. Signalling uses color light signals for better visibility at night and day with no moving parts. Axle counters count the number of axles passed to prevent accidents from human error. The Ajmer railway exchange has three exchanges with the largest having 1200 lines using OKI technology connected across India through an underground railnet of optical and copper cables.
This document summarizes and evaluates next generation train positioning systems. It discusses wayside methods like transponders and loops that use radio tags or balises placed along the track to precisely determine train location. Onboard interrogators activate the tags to transmit location codes as trains pass by. Transponder systems provide accurate positioning but not continuous tracking. They require supplemental inertial systems for moving block applications. Inductive loops can also continuously track train location and communicate bidirectionally via phase shifts in the loop signal. Improved train positioning allows for higher capacity and shorter headways between trains through moving block signaling.
IRJET- No Text Driving: Android Deployment of Driver Behaviour AnalysisIRJET Journal
This document describes an Android application that aims to prevent texting while driving. The application monitors mobile texting and movement during driving using the mobile and vehicle's Bluetooth connection. If texting is detected while driving, the mobile screen is locked. Repeated offenses result in penalties deducted from the user's e-wallet. Incoming calls are disconnected while driving but emergency calls are permitted. The application uses sensors to detect texting and reduces vehicle speed when emergency calls are answered to promote safety. The goal is to enforce discipline and reduce distractions while driving through penalties and safety features.
IRJET- Bus Arrival Information System for PassengersIRJET Journal
This document describes a bus arrival information system that provides passengers with real-time updates on bus arrival times and seat availability. The system has two main components: 1) A transmitter module installed on buses that uses RFID cards and sensors to track location, estimate arrival time, and count passengers/vacant seats. 2) A receiver module at bus stations that displays this information via an LCD screen. The system aims to help passengers make more informed decisions by knowing how long until the next bus arrives and if there are seats available. An emergency button is also included to notify delays. The system uses a microcontroller, GSM modem, and other hardware to wirelessly transmit data between buses and stations.
This document provides an overview of the Indian railway system presented at a seminar for railway managers. It discusses the history and organization of the 17 railway zones in India. It then summarizes several key departments and technologies used in Indian railways, including the passenger reservation system (PRS), unreserved ticketing system (UTS), freight operation information system (FOIS), communication mediums like RailNet and optical fiber cables, and interactive voice response systems (IVRS).
1. The document describes a prototype for a smart travel automated vehicle (STAV) that uses sensors and a Raspberry Pi microcontroller to drive autonomously.
2. The STAV is designed to detect obstacles using ultrasonic sensors, identify traffic signs using computer vision, and send alerts to contacts if an accident occurs using GPS.
3. Features of the STAV include automated driving, fast response times through algorithms, traffic sign detection, obstacle avoidance, accident alerts, and automated headlights based on time of day.
This document provides a case study of the development of metro signalling systems in India. It details how Delhi Metro Rail Corporation introduced the latest ERTMS level 2 signalling and train control system, the first of its kind in India. The document describes the features of DMRC's signalling and train control system and the challenges faced in implementing this modern technology. It also summarizes the signalling requirements of upcoming metro systems in India and important issues around achieving interoperability as urban transport expands rapidly.
IRJET- Accident Detection and Monitoring System using IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes an accident detection and monitoring system using IoT. The system uses sensors like a vibration sensor, MEMS sensor, heartbeat sensor and gas sensor to detect if an accident has occurred. If an accident is detected, the Arduino mega controller sends an alert message via GSM and GPS to notify emergency services. The GPS location is also sent so emergency services know the exact location of the accident. Additional sensors measure oxygen levels and heartbeat of victims. All sensor data is sent to a server where it can be monitored via a webpage. This system allows for quick emergency response and monitoring of accident victims to help save lives.
This document provides a case study of the signalling and train control system used for the Dubai Metro in the United Arab Emirates. Key points:
- Dubai Metro is the world's longest fully automated driverless metro system at over 74km in length serving 47 stations.
- It uses Communication Based Train Control (CBTC) signalling, a modern system that provides continuous digital communication between trains and trackside computers.
- The CBTC system provides automatic train protection, operation and supervision functions to run trains automatically, safely and reliably at high frequencies.
- Implementation of the advanced CBTC system for such a large metro presented challenges as the first such system in the Middle East, but it has enabled highly
Automatic Notch Indication and Identification of Compartment in EmergencyIJERA Editor
This document describes a proposed system to automatically display the notch position and identify the compartment where an emergency chain has been pulled on a train. It uses RF modules placed in each train compartment and in the locomotive cabin. When the emergency chain in a compartment is pulled, the RF module transmits the compartment number to the receiver in the locomotive cabin. A microcontroller then displays the compartment number on an LCD screen to quickly inform the driver. It also uses switches to automatically display the current notch position used to control the train's speed. This system aims to enhance passenger safety by quickly identifying emergency situations and notch position.
This document describes a vehicle fuel theft detection system using an 89C51 microcontroller. The system uses a liquid level sensor to detect changes in the fuel level in a vehicle's tank. If the level drops below a threshold when the ignition is off, it signals the microcontroller. The microcontroller then sounds an alarm and sends an SMS notification to the vehicle owner's phone using a GSM modem, alerting them that fuel theft is in progress. The system is designed to be compact and can easily be installed in vehicles to detect and report fuel theft. It aims to address the problem of rising fuel theft incidents.
Indian Railway is the state-owned railway company of India, which owns and operates most of the country's rail transport. It is overseen by the Ministry of Railways of the Government of India It's provides the full knowledge about Indian railways & its signalling system and it's gives the knowledge about rail-net and the network used in Indian rail and the topology used in indian railway for the internet .
The document describes an automated railway monitoring system that uses sensors and a microcontroller to automatically open and close railway crossing gates. It aims to reduce accidents at unmanned crossings by preventing errors from manual operation. The system uses ultrasonic sensors to detect approaching and departing trains, and an Arduino microcontroller that activates a servo motor to open and close gates. It also triggers warning lights and a buzzer to alert road users. This automatic system is intended to improve safety compared to the existing manual process that is prone to errors and accidents at railway crossings in India.
IRJET- A Review on Accident Prevention Methods at Railway Line CrossingsIRJET Journal
This document reviews various accident prevention methods that have been proposed for railway line crossings. It summarizes several existing systems that use technologies like sensors, GPS, image processing and more to detect trains and automatically open and close gates. However, many of these systems have limitations in noisy or harsh environments. The document concludes that while previous methods focused on gate automation, there remains a need for a system that can reliably detect an approaching train and warn humans in noisy conditions, such as when wearing headphones, to help prevent accidents caused by people not noticing trains.
This document describes a railway inspection system using IoT. The system includes a sensor-equipped robot car that can detect issues on railway tracks, such as cracks, misalignments, or obstacles using tilt, ultrasonic, infrared, water, and fire sensors. The sensor data is sent to a database using WiFi and protocols like MQTT and HTTP. A mobile app allows for live monitoring of sensor readings using Blynk. The system aims to automatically detect potential issues that could cause accidents, in order to make railway inspection more efficient and reduce accidents.
IRJET- Automatic Metro Train to Shuttle Between Two Stations IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the development of an automatic metro train prototype that shuttles between two stations without a driver. The prototype uses an Arduino controller programmed to stop the train at each station based on signals from infrared sensors. It counts the number of passengers entering and exiting to ensure the train does not exceed capacity. When the train reaches a station, it automatically stops, opens the doors for a set time, then closes the doors and proceeds to the next station according to a predefined schedule. The goal is to develop a framework for a driverless train using sensors and a microcontroller that can safely and reliably transport passengers between stations.
Smart railway crossing embedded with automated platform bridgeeSAT Journals
Abstract The objective of this paper deals with automatic railway gate opening at a level crossing without human intervention. In the present work it is proposed to substitute fully automated railway gate opening feature and as well as automated platform bridge facility in the station which helps peoples to move from flat form to flat form. Now a day all over the world accidents are common because of lack of technology, human carelessness at right time. And these accidental barriers cannot be completely avoidable but some fruitful steps definitely reduced to some extent, in account of this the initiative steps is required to avoid many humans death at any place and time by introducing new technologies, this effort has been taken in this work by adopting automatic railway gate opening without gate keeper near level crossing and automated platform bridge. The above said system works on microcontroller based technique and rack and pinion mechanism which is employed to operate Platform Bridge. Keywords: Level crossing, Automated platform bridge
Project report for railway security monotorin systemASWATHY VG
The document discusses railway safety and proposes a railway security monitoring system using vibration sensors and ZigBee technology. It begins with background on railway accidents and the need to improve safety. The existing signaling system relies on human communication, leading to errors. The proposed system uses vibration sensors on trains to detect collisions or derailment. It uses ZigBee for two-way communication between trains and control centers to automatically control railway gates and avert accidents in real-time. The system is expected to improve safety at a low cost without replacing existing infrastructure.
Design of intelligent traffic light controller using gsm & embedded systemYakkali Kiran
This document describes the design of an intelligent traffic light controller using an embedded system. The proposed system aims to make traffic light control more efficient by using sensor networks and embedded technology to dynamically determine light timings based on real-time traffic conditions. This allows the system to optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion compared to traditional fixed-time controllers. Key features include emergency vehicle detection and providing traffic information to drivers via GSM. The performance of the intelligent controller is evaluated against a conventional fixed-time controller based on metrics like waiting time, vehicle travel distance, and efficient emergency response.
Esert the complete system design to make railway traffic effective, safer a...eSAT Journals
Abstract This proposal aims to develop complete system design for railways. It will focus to develop an Effective, Safer and Easier method to resolve Railway traffic issues. This simple method of continuous monitoring and assessment of the condition of the rail tracks can prevent major disasters and save valuable human spirits. Our system process is able to get attentive the train in case of any dislocations in the track, avert the collision of the train with train or other vehicle/mankind trying to moving across the level crossing. To accomplish this it uses wireless technology based Real time system with Web user interface. Keywords: Vibration sensors, Zigbee, PIC microcontroller, Level Crossing, DC motor, Railway Gate
IRJET - Asset Monitoring of Railroad Switch using IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system to monitor railroad switch assets using IoT. The system would monitor the position of the actuator, current supplied to the point machine, and vibrations of the point machine using ultrasonic, current transformer, and piezo-electric sensors respectively. The sensor data would be sent to a cloud server via an ESP32 microcontroller for visualization and monitoring in the control room. This system aims to reduce maintenance delays by enabling continuous remote monitoring of critical switch parameters, as currently maintenance is done manually once a week. It could help reduce accidents by detecting issues early and extending the life of railroad infrastructure.
The Indian Railway reservation system worked well when it adopted an online reservation system, allowing customers to book tickets from home or offices conveniently. This was particularly helpful for remote customers. The system handles reservation and cancellation of tickets efficiently through a computerized process, overcoming limitations of the manual system like data redundancy, access difficulties, and security issues. It provides functions like reservation status, booking and cancelling seats, and maintains train and passenger information to efficiently manage reservations for India's large railway network.
IRJET- Automatic Movable Railway Bridge & Energy Generation from Piezoelectri...IRJET Journal
This document proposes an automated movable railway bridge that can open and close based on train arrival and departure to help people safely cross between platforms. It would use sensors to detect trains and a microcontroller to control a motor that opens and closes the bridge. Additionally, piezoelectric tiles placed on the bridge could generate electricity from foot traffic and reduce energy usage. The system is intended to increase safety and efficiency at busy train stations while providing energy generation capabilities.
Combined IOT and Cloud Computing Solution for Railway Accident AvoidanceIRJET Journal
1. The document proposes an IoT and cloud computing solution to help avoid railway accidents in real-time by detecting damage to railway tracks.
2. Sensors would be installed on railway tracks divided into segments to monitor the voltage passing through. A drop in voltage would indicate damage in that track segment.
3. A Raspberry Pi would receive sensor data and update the status of each track segment on an IoT-based cloud platform. The cloud system would then automatically send SMS alerts to railway authorities about any detected damage.
IRJET- A Review on Automatic Gate Crossing and IoT based Train Track Crac...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an automatic gate crossing and train track crack detection system using infrared (IR) sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The system has two main parts: 1) an automated railway gate control system that uses IR sensors to detect approaching trains and control a stepper motor to open and close the gate automatically, and 2) an automated train track crack detection system that uses IR sensors to detect cracks in the tracks and sends the location data via GPS and GSM modules to a website for monitoring via IoT. The proposed system aims to increase railway safety by automating gate operations and detecting cracks early to prevent accidents, without human intervention.
IRJET- IoT based Multi Sensory System to Enhance Railway SafetyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on an IoT-based multisensory system to enhance railway safety. The proposed system uses infrared and ultrasonic sensors placed on opposite sides of railway tracks to establish optical and acoustic links. When a train arrives, its details are checked against a database. The system then measures parameters like rainfall, temperature, fog, humidity and route vibrations. It calculates the allowable speed for the train based on these parameters and sends it to the loco pilot's display. The information is also sent to the database and to the next arriving train. This multisensory system can enhance railway safety by monitoring conditions and providing real-time speed guidance to loco pilots.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Railway Reservation and Route Optimization System with ImplementationIRJET Journal
This document describes a railway reservation and route optimization system that was developed. It allows users to book tickets, check PNR status, view live train status and station information. Additionally, it finds the shortest route between two stations by analyzing all available train routes and times. The system was built using Android studio and combines modules developed using XML and Java. It aims to make the reservation process more convenient and help users identify the most time efficient train routes. Future work could involve integrating GPS tracking of trains and improving cleanliness/facilities on trains.
IRJET-An Experimental Study on Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with...IRJET Journal
This document describes an online bus system that was developed to address issues with the current public transportation system. The system provides several features for users including online pass generation, bus schedules, real-time bus tracking using GPS and sensors, and a way for users to submit grievances. It also includes an employee portal for drivers, conductors, ticket checkers, and technicians to efficiently manage bus operations. The system uses Arduino sensors that can detect accidents and send location details to nearby hospitals. The goal is to attract more people to use public transportation by making the system more convenient, efficient, and safe.
Abstract Traffic congestion on city road networks is one of the main issues to be addressed by today’s traffic management schemes. The frequent traffic jams at major junctions call for an efficient traffic management system in place. The image sequences from a camera are analyzed using edge detection technique, object counting method and queue length estimation to obtain the most efficient technique. Subsequently, the number of vehicles at the intersection is evaluated and traffic is efficiently managed. The paper also proposes to implement a real-time emergency vehicle detection system. In case an emergency vehicle is detected, the lane is given priority over all the others. Using image-processing operations to calculate traffic density is cost effective as cameras are cheaper and affordable devices compared to any other devices such as sensors. Keywords: Edge detection, Object counting, vehicle queue length, traffic management, image processing.
This document describes a solar-powered automatic railway gate control system that uses sensors and a microcontroller to safely operate railway crossing gates. The system includes six obstacle sensors to detect arriving and departing trains. When the first sensor detects a train, the microcontroller signals the gate motor driver to close the gate. When the train passes the second sensor, the gate reopens. This automatic system is designed to prevent accidents at unmanned railway crossings by properly controlling gate operation based on train movement. The goal is to increase safety for both train and road users through an efficient method that replaces human gate operators.
Smart vehicle and smart signboard system with zonal speed regulationIAEME Publication
To control the accident highway department have placed the signboards. Increasing number of accidents at busy junctions are a major threat faced by today’s world. Nowadays people are driving very fast; we lost our valuable life by making small mistake while driving (school zone, hills area, and highways). Most of accidents are occur due to two wheelers Speed control is required at busy junctions.
Similar to 24 29 may17 18apr 15759 31620-1-ed(edit) (20)
This document describes an electronic doorbell system that uses a keypad and GSM for home security. The system consists of a doorbell connected to a microcontroller that triggers a GSM module to send an SMS to the homeowner when the doorbell is pressed. The homeowner can then respond via button press to open the door, or a message will be displayed if they do not respond. An authorized person can enter a password on the keypad, and if multiple wrong passwords are entered, a message will be sent to the homeowner about a potential burglary attempt. The system aims to provide notification to homeowners and prevent unauthorized access through use of passwords and messaging capabilities.
Augmented reality, the new age technology, has widespread applications in every field imaginable. This technology has proven to be an inflection point in numerous verticals, improving lives and improving performance. In this paper, we explore the various possible applications of Augmented Reality (AR) in the field of Medicine. The objective of using AR in medicine or generally in any field is the fact that, AR helps in motivating the user, making sessions interactive and assist in faster learning. In this paper, we discuss about the applicability of AR in the field of medical diagnosis. Augmented reality technology reinforces remote collaboration, allowing doctors to diagnose patients from a different locality. Additionally, we believe that a much more pronounced effect can be achieved by bringing together the cutting edge technology of AR and the lifesaving field of Medical sciences. AR is a mechanism that could be applied in the learning process too. Similarly, virtual reality could be used in the field where more of practical experience is needed such as driving, sports, neonatal care training.
Image fusion is a sub field of image processing in which more than one images are fused to create an image where all the objects are in focus. The process of image fusion is performed for multi-sensor and multi-focus images of the same scene. Multi-sensor images of the same scene are captured by different sensors whereas multi-focus images are captured by the same sensor. In multi-focus images, the objects in the scene which are closer to the camera are in focus and the farther objects get blurred. Contrary to it, when the farther objects are focused then closer objects get blurred in the image. To achieve an image where all the objects are in focus, the process of images fusion is performed either in spatial domain or in transformed domain. In recent times, the applications of image processing have grown immensely. Usually due to limited depth of field of optical lenses especially with greater focal length, it becomes impossible to obtain an image where all the objects are in focus. Thus, it plays an important role to perform other tasks of image processing such as image segmentation, edge detection, stereo matching and image enhancement. Hence, a novel feature-level multi-focus image fusion technique has been proposed which fuses multi-focus images. Thus, the results of extensive experimentation performed to highlight the efficiency and utility of the proposed technique is presented. The proposed work further explores comparison between fuzzy based image fusion and neuro fuzzy fusion technique along with quality evaluation indices.
Graphs have become the dominant life-form of many tasks as they advance a
structure to represent many tasks and the corresponding relations. A powerful
role of networks/graphs is to bridge local feats that exist in vertices as they
blossom into patterns that help explain how nodal relations and their edges
impacts a complex effect that ripple via a graph. User cluster are formed as a
result of interactions between entities. Many users can hardly categorize their
contact into groups today such as “family”, “friends”, “colleagues” etc. Thus,
the need to analyze such user social graph via implicit clusters, enables the
dynamism in contact management. Study seeks to implement this dynamism
via a comparative study of deep neural network and friend suggest algorithm.
We analyze a user’s implicit social graph and seek to automatically create
custom contact groups using metrics that classify such contacts based on a
user’s affinity to contacts. Experimental results demonstrate the importance
of both the implicit group relationships and the interaction-based affinity in
suggesting friends.
This paper projects Gryllidae Optimization Algorithm (GOA) has been applied to solve optimal reactive power problem. Proposed GOA approach is based on the chirping characteristics of Gryllidae. In common, male Gryllidae chirp, on the other hand some female Gryllidae also do as well. Male Gryllidae draw the females by this sound which they produce. Moreover, they caution the other Gryllidae against dangers with this sound. The hearing organs of the Gryllidae are housed in an expansion of their forelegs. Through this, they bias to the produced fluttering sounds. Proposed Gryllidae Optimization Algorithm (GOA) has been tested in standard IEEE 14, 30 bus test systems and simulation results show that the projected algorithms reduced the real power loss considerably.
In the wake of the sudden replacement of wood and kerosene by gas cookers for several purposes in Nigeria, gas leakage has caused several damages in our homes, Laboratories among others. installation of a gas leakage detection device was globally inspired to eliminate accidents related to gas leakage. We present an alternative approach to developing a device that can automatically detect and control gas leakages and also monitor temperature. The system detects the leakage of the LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) using a gas sensor, then triggred the control system response which employs ventilator system, Mobile phone alert and alarm when the LPG concentration in the air exceeds a certain level. The performance of two gas sensors (MQ5 and MQ6) were tested for a guided decision. Also, when the temperature of the environment poses a danger, LED (indicator), buzzer and LCD (16x2) display was used to indicate temperature and gas leakage status in degree Celsius and PPM respectively. Attension was given to the response time of the control system, which was ascertained that this system significantly increases the chances and efficiency of eliminating gas leakage related accident.
Feature selection problem is one of the main important problems in the text and data mining domain. This paper presents a comparative study of feature selection methods for Arabic text classification. Five of the feature selection methods were selected: ICHI square, CHI square, Information Gain, Mutual Information and Wrapper. It was tested with five classification algorithms: Bayes Net, Naive Bayes, Random Forest, Decision Tree and Artificial Neural Networks. In addition, Data Collection was used in Arabic consisting of 9055 documents, which were compared by four criteria: Precision, Recall, F-measure and Time to build model. The results showed that the improved ICHI feature selection got almost all the best results in comparison with other methods.
The document proposes the Gentoo Penguin Algorithm (GPA) to solve the optimal reactive power problem. The goal is to minimize real power loss. GPA is inspired by the natural behaviors of Gentoo penguins. In GPA, penguin positions represent potential solutions. Penguins move toward other penguins with lower "cost" or higher heat concentration, representing better solutions. Cost is defined by heat concentration and distance between penguins. Heat radiation decreases with distance. The algorithm is tested on the IEEE 57 bus system and reduces real power loss effectively compared to other methods.
08 20272 academic insight on applicationIAESIJEECS
This research has thrown up many questions in need of further investigation.There was an expressive quantitative-qualitative research, which a common investigation form was used in.The dialogue item was also applied to discover if the contributors asserted the media-based attitude supplements their learning of academic English writing classes or not.Data recounted academic” insights toward using Skype as a sustaining implement for lessons releasing based on chosen variables: their occupation, year of education, and knowledge with Skype discovered that there were no important statistical differences in the use of Skype units because of medical academics major knowledge. There are statistically important differences in using Skype units. The findings also, disclosed that there are statistically significant differences in using Skype units due to the practice with Skype variable, in favors of academics with no Skype use practice. Skype instrument as an instructive media is a positive medium to be employed to supply academic medical writing data and assist education. Academics who do not have enough time to contribute in classes believe comfortable using the Skype-based attitude in scientific writing. They who took part in the course claimed that their approval of this media is due to learning academic innovative medical writing.
Cloud computing has sweeping impact on the human productivity. Today it’s used for Computing, Storage, Predictions and Intelligent Decision Making, among others. Intelligent Decision-Making using Machine Learning has pushed for the Cloud Services to be even more fast, robust and accurate. Security remains one of the major concerns which affect the cloud computing growth however there exist various research challenges in cloud computing adoption such as lack of well managed service level agreement (SLA), frequent disconnections, resource scarcity, interoperability, privacy, and reliability. Tremendous amount of work still needs to be done to explore the security challenges arising due to widespread usage of cloud deployment using Containers. We also discuss Impact of Cloud Computing and Cloud Standards. Hence in this research paper, a detailed survey of cloud computing, concepts, architectural principles, key services, and implementation, design and deployment challenges of cloud computing are discussed in detail and important future research directions in the era of Machine Learning and Data Science have been identified.
Notary is an official authorized to make an authentic deed regarding all deeds, agreements and stipulations required by a general rule. Activities carried out at the notary office such as recording client data and file data still use traditional systems that tend to be manual. The problem that occurs is the inefficiency in data processing and providing information to clients. Clients have difficulty getting information related to the progress of documents that are being taken care of at the notary's office. The client must take the time to arrive to the notary's office repeatedly to check the progress of the work of the document file. The purpose of this study is to facilitate clients in obtaining information about the progress of the work in progress, and make it easier for employees to process incoming documents by implementing an administrative system. This system was developed with the waterfall system development method and uses the Multi-Channel Access Technology integrated in the website to simplify the process of delivering information and requesting information from clients and to clients with Telegram and SMS Gateway. Clients will come to the office only when there is a notification from the system via Telegram or SMS notifying that the client must come directly to the notary's office, thus leading to an efficient time and avoiding excessive transportation costs. The overall functional system can function properly based on the results of alpha testing. The results of beta testing conducted by distributing the system feasibility test questionnaire to end users, get a percentage of 96% of users agree the system is feasible to be implemented.
In this work Tundra wolf algorithm (TWA) is proposed to solve the optimal reactive power problem. In the projected Tundra wolf algorithm (TWA) in order to avoid the searching agents from trapping into the local optimal the converging towards global optimal is divided based on two different conditions. In the proposed Tundra wolf algorithm (TWA) omega tundra wolf has been taken as searching agent as an alternative of indebted to pursue the first three most excellent candidates. Escalating the searching agents’ numbers will perk up the exploration capability of the Tundra wolf wolves in an extensive range. Proposed Tundra wolf algorithm (TWA) has been tested in standard IEEE 14, 30 bus test systems and simulation results show the proposed algorithm reduced the real power loss effectively.
In this work Predestination of Particles Wavering Search (PPS) algorithm has been applied to solve optimal reactive power problem. PPS algorithm has been modeled based on the motion of the particles in the exploration space. Normally the movement of the particle is based on gradient and swarming motion. Particles are permitted to progress in steady velocity in gradient-based progress, but when the outcome is poor when compared to previous upshot, immediately particle rapidity will be upturned with semi of the magnitude and it will help to reach local optimal solution and it is expressed as wavering movement. In standard IEEE 14, 30, 57,118,300 bus systems Proposed Predestination of Particles Wavering Search (PPS) algorithm is evaluated and simulation results show the PPS reduced the power loss efficiently.
In this paper, Mine Blast Algorithm (MBA) has been intermingled with Harmony Search (HS) algorithm for solving optimal reactive power dispatch problem. MBA is based on explosion of landmines and HS is based on Creativeness progression of musicians-both are hybridized to solve the problem. In MBA Initial distance of shrapnel pieces are reduced gradually to allow the mine bombs search the probable global minimum location in order to amplify the global explore capability. Harmony search (HS) imitates the music creativity process where the musicians supervise their instruments’ pitch by searching for a best state of harmony. Hybridization of Mine Blast Algorithm with Harmony Search algorithm (MH) improves the search effectively in the solution space. Mine blast algorithm improves the exploration and harmony search algorithm augments the exploitation. At first the proposed algorithm starts with exploration & gradually it moves to the phase of exploitation. Proposed Hybridized Mine Blast Algorithm with Harmony Search algorithm (MH) has been tested on standard IEEE 14, 300 bus test systems. Real power loss has been reduced considerably by the proposed algorithm. Then Hybridized Mine Blast Algorithm with Harmony Search algorithm (MH) tested in IEEE 30, bus system (with considering voltage stability index)- real power loss minimization, voltage deviation minimization, and voltage stability index enhancement has been attained.
Artificial Neural Networks have proved their efficiency in a large number of research domains. In this paper, we have applied Artificial Neural Networks on Arabic text to prove correct language modeling, text generation, and missing text prediction. In one hand, we have adapted Recurrent Neural Networks architectures to model Arabic language in order to generate correct Arabic sequences. In the other hand, Convolutional Neural Networks have been parameterized, basing on some specific features of Arabic, to predict missing text in Arabic documents. We have demonstrated the power of our adapted models in generating and predicting correct Arabic text comparing to the standard model. The model had been trained and tested on known free Arabic datasets. Results have been promising with sufficient accuracy.
In the present-day communications speech signals get contaminated due to
various sorts of noises that degrade the speech quality and adversely impacts
speech recognition performance. To overcome these issues, a novel approach
for speech enhancement using Modified Wiener filtering is developed and
power spectrum computation is applied for degraded signal to obtain the
noise characteristics from a noisy spectrum. In next phase, MMSE technique
is applied where Gaussian distribution of each signal i.e. original and noisy
signal is analyzed. The Gaussian distribution provides spectrum estimation
and spectral coefficient parameters which can be used for probabilistic model
formulation. Moreover, a-priori-SNR computation is also incorporated for
coefficient updation and noise presence estimation which operates similar to
the conventional VAD. However, conventional VAD scheme is based on the
hard threshold which is not capable to derive satisfactory performance and a
soft-decision based threshold is developed for improving the performance of
speech enhancement. An extensive simulation study is carried out using
MATLAB simulation tool on NOIZEUS speech database and a comparative
study is presented where proposed approach is proved better in comparison
with existing technique.
Previous research work has highlighted that neuro-signals of Alzheimer’s disease patients are least complex and have low synchronization as compared to that of healthy and normal subjects. The changes in EEG signals of Alzheimer’s subjects start at early stage but are not clinically observed and detected. To detect these abnormalities, three synchrony measures and wavelet-based features have been computed and studied on experimental database. After computing these synchrony measures and wavelet features, it is observed that Phase Synchrony and Coherence based features are able to distinguish between Alzheimer’s disease patients and healthy subjects. Support Vector Machine classifier is used for classification giving 94% accuracy on experimental database used. Combining, these synchrony features and other such relevant features can yield a reliable system for diagnosing the Alzheimer’s disease.
Attenuation correction designed for PET/MR hybrid imaging frameworks along with portion making arrangements used for MR-based radiation treatment remain testing because of lacking high-energy photon weakening data. We present a new method so as to uses the learned nonlinear neighborhood descriptors also highlight coordinating toward foresee pseudo-CT pictures starting T1w along with T2w MRI information. The nonlinear neighborhood descriptors are acquired through anticipating the direct descriptors interested in the nonlinear high-dimensional space utilizing an unequivocal constituent guide also low-position guess through regulated complex regularization. The nearby neighbors of every near descriptor inside the data MR pictures are looked during an obliged spatial extent of the MR pictures among the training dataset. By that point, the pseudo-CT patches are evaluated through k-closest neighbor relapse. The planned procedure designed for pseudo-CT forecast is quantitatively broke downward on top of a dataset comprising of coordinated mind MRI along with CT pictures on or after 13 subjects.
The cognitive radio prototype performance is to alleviate the scarcity of spectral resources for wireless communication through intelligent sensing and quick resource allocation techniques. Secondary users (SU’s) actively obtain the spectrum access opportunity by supporting primary users (PU’s) in cognitive radio networks (CRNs). In present generation, spectrum access is endowed through cooperative communication-based link-level frame-based cooperative (LLC) principle. In this SUs independently act as conveyors for PUs to achieve spectrum access opportunities. Unfortunately, this LLC approach cannot fully exploit spectrum access opportunities to enhance the throughput of CRNs and fails to motivate PUs to join the spectrum sharing processes. Therefore, to overcome this con, network level cooperative (NLC) principle was used, where SUs are integrated mutually to collaborate with PUs session by session, instead of frame based cooperation for spectrum access opportunities. NLC approach has justified the challenges facing in LLC approach. In this paper we make a survey of some models that have been proposed to tackle the problem of LLC. We show the relevant aspects of each model, in order to characterize the parameters that we should take in account to achieve a spectrum access opportunity.
In this paper, the author provides insights and lessons that can be learned from colleagues at American universities about their online education experiences. The literature review and previous studies of online educations gains are explored and summarized in this research. Emerging trends in online education are discussed in detail, and strategies to implement these trends are explained. The author provides several tools and strategies that enable universities to ensure the quality of online education. At the end of this research paper, the researcher provides examples from Arab universities who have successfully implemented online education and expanded their impact on the society. This research provides a strategy and a model that can be used by universities in the Middle East as a roadmap to implement online education in their regions.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
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Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
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Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
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IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
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1.1. State of the Art- An Analysis of the Existing System
The proposal is made with an intention to provide a better service to railway
passengers, efficiently handling emergency scenarios and reducing the economic loss that is
incurred due to the unnecessary halting of the train [3]. To achieve this, we plan to establish a
secure medium for the train authorities to monitor and communicate with the on-board
passengers, hence helping them to take right decisions during critical situations. This not only
reduces the loco pilot’s burden but also eliminates the misutilization of loco pilots’ mobile phone
number, which is given in public interest. As our system’s network is completely locale to the
train, the challenge with network connectivity does not arise. Thus, we suggest and provide a
stable, reliable and secure system to the railways to carry on its routine without hassle while
also considering the economic viability.
2. Related Work
2.1. Insights into the Working of Chain Pulling System
It has been a long time since the Indian Railways introduced the chain pulling system in
the trains. As the years passed, the need for public transportation increased. To meet the
requirements, the railway network along with the number of trains has been dramatically
increased. But, the chain pulling mechanism is the only emergency braking system serving the
passengers since then.
The chain pulling mechanism is entirely mechanical; its schematic representation as
shown in Figure 1. The two pipe hoses between every two coaches are for the continual
connection of the train compartments. The alarm valve vent as shown in Figure 2, which plays a
major part in chain pulling system, locks the air from entering the braking system when the
chain is pulled. This will initiate a sudden drop in air pressure, hence triggering the brakes [4].
Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the braking system
In a moving train‟s point of view, once the chain is pulled, its associated warning bulb
as shown in Figure 2 is triggered and the train‟s is slowed down by a rapid drop in power. The
guard at the end of the train can also notice a loss in the brake pressure with the help of a
gauge and uses his brakes to help stabilise the train. It is obvious that guard may not be sure
about the reason for the loss in air pressure. The loco pilot also gets the information about the
air pressure drop and he ensures smooth stopping of the train by his technical skills. The loco
pilot has the authority to override an emergency stop request by superseding the alarm chain
pull [5]. These cases are very rare and usually take place in an abrupt stopping of trains or
derailing. Usually, the loco pilot gets the information first and notify the TTE and the guard by
whistling in a two short one long manner. It is pretty much evident from the above complexities
that stopping a train is not an easy job and giving unrestricted access to the brakes to all the
passengers is something to give a thought to.
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Figure 2. Passenger emergency alarm valve, Sandip Besra, Railmaniac, Web. 21 Mar 2017
2.2. Major Drawbacks of the Chain Pulling System
Once the train stops, the guard and onboard crew have to find the compartment with
the indicator bulb switched on. This is the compartment where the chain is pulled. The crew has
to release a small lever at the brake valve at the end of the coach as shown in Figure 3. This
whole process has to be done manually as the lever does not come back to its initial position
even after the chain is released. Alarm and bulb associated will remain active until the lever is
reset [6]. Adding to this the lamps and alarms are controlled by a circuit breaker which has to be
taken care of as well. This is one of the main reasons for the huge time delays after a train is
halted due to emergency stop [7]. This is not required when the train is generally stopped by the
loco pilot. Hence a huge amount of time, thus money can be saved by making the passengers
signal the loco pilot rather than allowing them to stop the train themselves.
Figure 3. Passenger emergency alarm signal device, Sandip Besra, Railmaniac, Web. 21 Mar
2017
Hence this system needs a lot of manual intervention say, from the guard, TTE and loco
pilots. There is no scope to check the validity of the emergency stop request, which really is the
root cause of all the challenges. Miss-utilization this provision, many passengers indirectly incur
huge economic and labour loss. To overcome these complications, the Indian Railways have
come up with a new system where the passengers will be provided with the mobile phone
number of the loco pilot and are allowed to contact him in the case of emergencies. The
vulnerabilities in this new system include the lack of mobile network connectivity in most of the
rail routes and every passenger is expected to possess a mobile all the time. Above all the
system‟s scheme adds a lot of work to the already hefty job of the loco pilot. The purview of the
misuse is vast and even includes youngsters try to prank the driver. Analogous to the chain
pulling system, there are a lot of loopholes that should be paid attention to. Hence, the change
in the system did not bring in as many solutions required.
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Some of the serious challenges Indian Railways are still facing are as follows. The huge
risks of derailing accidents increase when someone tries to stop the train when it is at high
speeds. The sudden drop in speed can cause the trail to become unstable. The loco pilot has to
put in all his experience and skills to handle the situation from worsening or to prevent the train
from derailing at curvatures [8]. Studies have shown that these chain pulling related accidents
have been very adverse always and even the punishments and penalty introduced by the
government has not reduced it anyway.
Another challenge before the railways is the huge goods loss especially that of coal [9].
This is mostly observed in rural north India. Locals in the areas in Jharkhand have been
reported for coal theft for years together. Coal robbery is a way of life for those people. Reports
show an estimated 600 crore rupees annual loss due to coal theft in the state of Jharkhand
alone [10]. Trains are usually stopped in the middle of jungles and very remote areas and coal
units are looted [11]. As anybody can stop a moving train in the middle of nowhere, where the
train is vulnerable, it does not take much courage for people to turn into robbers. Though not
everyone will attempt to steal, it is enough if even very few turn robbers.
3. Architecture of the Proposed System
To construct the proposed system we make use of interconnected computing units, one
can call it IoT (Internet of Things) [12]. They do the talking to the sensors and actuators of the
system. The system includes emergency stop buttons, which alarms the crew as well as the co-
passengers in that particular compartment. A camera is installed to capture an image of the
person who triggered the alarm which, not only serves as a reference for TTE to identify but
also, as a proof for further official proceedings with the appropriate court of law. The proofs
along with other crucial data are then uploaded to cloud servers when the train goes through
stations with Wi-Fi capabilities. The entire system as shown in Figure 4 can be controlled by an
authenticated android application which is to be possessed by the TTE. The cloud resources
can be accessed from anywhere by the railways.
Figure 4. Proposed implementation strategy
4. Functioning of the Proposed System
The proposed system comprises of three major units. First being the input, second
being the control unit and third being the storage unit. All the units coordinate and make the
infallible workflow possible. The brief explanation of each unit is as follows (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Core units of the system
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4.1 Input Unit
The stop button, camera and the alarm are controlled by the computing device as
shown in Figure 6, which is supervised by on-board staff using an android application. The
application is authenticated to ensure security. All the devices mentioned above are powered by
the computing device itself, which in turn, draws power from the train. The embedded system
and all the peripherals connected to it consume very low power.
Figure 6. Prototype of the proposed system
The Raspberry Pi 3, which is the computing system of our board, is powered by a +5.1V
micro USB supply channel as portrayed in Figure 7. We have found that a 2.5A power supply
will provide ample power to run the system. This small amount of power can be easily taken
from the surplus power of the train.
Figure 7. Schematics of Raspberry Pi 3 B GPIO Schematics - Raspberry Pi Documentation.
Raspberrypi.org. N.p., 2017. Web. 21 Mar. 2017.
4.2 Control Unit
This core unit comprises of multiple Raspberry Pis, which are a single board computers.
They are pre-programmed and are interconnected among themselves as well as with the
authenticated devices the TTEs carry. The devices use an android application that lets the
Raspberry Pi to share control and information with the TTE through a secured channel. The
information includes the pictures of the passenger like in the Figure 8, who triggered the alarm
along with other vital information retrieved from the system’s sensors.
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Figure 8. Sample picture captured from the camera module
4.3 Storage Unit
All the collected resources are primarily stored in the computing devices‟ internal
memory. The viable data from the sensors and the data collected by the TTE after any valid
case are tagged and stored. Such crucial information is then uploaded to cloud storage when
goes through railway stations with Wi-Fi capabilities. Thankfully the Indian Railways have
provided Wi-Fi facility in most of the busy railway stations [13]. Hence, facilitating the authorities
to perform analytics and come up with feasible solutions to the problems of the passengers.
5. Application Workflow
For the effective functioning of the proposed system, the crew and the passengers
should follow the below mentioned protocol.
In the case of emergency, the passenger has to press the alarms‟ button, which
captures the scene using a built-in digital camera. The system then alarms the Loco pilot and
the TTE as well as the compartment so as to provide immediate help possible through the fellow
co-passengers. Meanwhile, the loco pilot has to slow down the train to an optimum speed whilst
the TTE checks and confirms the loco pilot whether he has to stop the train. The entire system
is controlled through an authenticated mobile application provided to the TTE. The pictures
captured by the camera and other crucial details are uploaded to a cloud-based real-time
database as depicted in the Figure 9 [14].
Figure 9. Proposed workflow
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6. Vast Scope for Advancements
There is a lot of scope to improve its working, and can make the product cheaper,
compact and durable. More smartness can be brought in with rapidly growing IOT technologies.
The same can be made mandatory in all trains in India, ensuring to provide the best care to all
the citizens. Centralised data monitoring and analytics can be carried out to identify patterns
and work upon it to improvise the network. Also, better image processing algorithms can be
used towards identification and retrieval for the human faces [15, 16].
7. Conclusion
This system comprising of Raspberry Pi, its peripherals and an android application,
provides a secure and efficient emergency stopping procedure. This helps the railway staff to
have better control during emergencies. As this is simple and inexpensive this can be
immediately implemented in the regions where the chain pulling cases are the highest. Hence
through this approach we could prevent wastage of both railways and taxpayers’ time and
money.
References
[1] Mygov Innovation | Innovation Challenge for Developing New Digital Capabilities at the Stations of
Indian Railways. Innovate.mygov.in. N.p., 2017. Web. 20 Mar. 2017.
[2] Tiwari, Mrigank. No More Pulling Chain to Stop Train - Times of India. The Times of India. N.p.,
2017. Web. 8 Mar. 2017.
[3] Indian Railways Earnings: Records Loss of Rs 3000 Cr from Last Year. Indiasamvad.co.in. N.p.,
2017. Web. 10 Mar. 2017.
[4] Besra, Sandip. How Does The Emergency Alarm Chain Pull Stops The Train?. Rail Maniac. N.p.,
2017. Web. 20 Mar. 2017.
[5] [IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: Railway Operations - II. Irfca.org. N.p., 2017. Web. 20 Mar. 2017.
[6] Emergency Brake (Train). En.wikipedia.org. N.p., 2017. Web. 20 Mar. 2017.
[7] Mehta, Manthan. Chain-Pulling Delays 25 Central Railway Trains Every Day - Times of India. The
Times of India. N.p., 2017. Web. 8 Mar. 2017.
[8] Mendonsa, Kevin. Chain-Pulling Pranksters Derail SWR Services - Times of India. The Times of
India. N.p., 2017. Web. 20 Mar. 2017.
[9] Passenger Train Decoy in Coal Theft. The Telegraph. N.p., 2017. Web. 10 Mar. 2017.
[10] In Jharkhand, Coal Robbery Has Become a Way of Life. Indiatoday.intoday.in. N.p., 2017. Web. 20
Mar. 2017.
[11] Theft or Leakage: 22 Tons of Coal Goes, Missing. Railways Comes Under Pressure - The Express
Tribune. The Express Tribune. N.p., 2017. Web. 20 Mar. 2017.
[12] Kaushik Velusamy, Deepthi Venkitaramanan, Shriram K Vasudevan, Prakash Periasamy and
Balachandran Arumugam. Internet of Things in Cloud. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
(JEAS), Published by Medwell journals- Scientific Research Publishing Company, Year: 2013; 8(9):
304-313., ISSN: 1816-949x. DOI:.10.3923/jeasci.2013.304.313
[13] Free Wi-Fi Service Now Available At 100 Railway Stations Across India, 400 Stations To Be Covered
Next Year. The Economic Times. N.p., 2017. Web. 20 Mar. 2017.
[14] Chandak A, Aravind A, Kamath N. Wall-E Surveyor Robot using Wireless Networks. IAES
International Journal of Robotics and Automation (IJRA). 2015; 4(2).
[15] KV Shriram, PLK Priyadarsini, Kaushik Velusamy and A.Balachandran, An Efficient/Enhanced
Content Based Image Retrieval for a Computational Engine, Journal of Computer Science (JCS),
Published by Science Publications Adelaide, Australia and New York, USA, 2013; 10(2): 272-284,
ISSN Print: 1549-3636, DOI: 10.3844/jcssp.2014.272.284.
[16] Jati AN, Novamizanti L, Prasetyo MB, Putra AR. Evaluation of Moving Object Detection Methods
based on General Purpose Single Board Computer. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Science. 2015; 14(1): 123-9.