This document discusses chirality and enantiomers. It explains that chiral compounds contain a stereocenter, which is an atom connected to four different substituents, and thus exist as two non-superimposable mirror images called enantiomers. The document outlines methods for distinguishing between enantiomers using R/S notation at stereocenters, their different optical rotations when interacting with polarized light, and various diagrammatic representations including Newman projections and Fisher projections. It also discusses racemic mixtures, racemization, and resolution as a process to separate enantiomers from a racemic mixture.

2. Made by
Sofia Mubashir

2,3- dihydroxypropanol

3. Enantiomers
Glyceraldehydes are not supper
impossible on its mirror image has chiral
center and therefore exist as two
different enantiomers with opposite
optical rotation.

4. R/S rotation

The right hand left hand nomenclature is
used to name the enantiomers of chiral
compounds. The sterocenters are labeled
as R or S.
R- Glyceraldehyde
S-Glyceraldehyde

5. Chirality

In compounds in which an atom that is
connected to 4 different substituent groups.
This atom is called a-symmetric atom or a
stereo center. Those compounds are called
chiral compounds.
Chiral Center

6. Optical Activity
The interaction with light is called optical
activity and enantiomers are often called
optical isomers.
 Optical rotation is measured with the
polarimeter.


7. Block diagram
Anti-clock
wise
rotation
(-)(l)
When plane
polarized light
Fall sample
of
enantiomers
Rotate the
light
Clockwise
dextrorotatry
(+)(d)

8. Racemic Mixture

It is a mixture of equal amount of (+)
and (-) enantiomers of chiral
compounds.

It shows no net rotation of plane
polarized light.

9. Racemization

When one enantiomers equilibrates with
its mirror image the process is called is
recemization.
50% +
50%-

11. Representation:
•“andiron” or “sawhorse ”
Newman projections:

12. Fisher Projection
It is a formula which represent tetrahedral
carbon atom and their substituent's in two
dimensions. The molecule is drawn in the
form of cross.
 The tetrahedral carbon is the plane of the
paper at the center of cross.
 Atoms connected to the tetrahedral carbon
by horizontal bonds are behind the plane of
the paper.
 Atoms connected to the tetrahedral carbon
by vertical bonds in front of the plane of the
paper.


13. 
Fisher projection tell us the absolute
configuration then we get R and S
enantiomers.

14. Resolution
Pure enantiomers can be synthesizing
racemic mixture and then separating the
enantiomers Formed by a process
called resolution.
 Glyceraldehydes are separated by
chemical method in compound COOH
must be present in compound does not
contain COOH acid. first it changed into
carboxylic acid then react with
L-brucine.
