The document provides an overview of programming fundamentals in C including instructions, operators, and control flow. It discusses assignment operations, arithmetic instructions like addition and multiplication, and logical operators for conditions. Decision making statements like if/else are covered along with examples of their use. Basic programs are shown to demonstrate assignment statements and arithmetic calculations.
State-Space Realizations Using Control Canonical Form and Simulation DiagramMIbrar4
State-Space Realizations Using Control Canonical Form and Simulation
Diagram
Objective:
• To compute the Control Canonical Form using MATLAB
• To design the simulation diagram and check it’s any desired Response though the simulation diagram
Theory
we consider the common and useful form of the simulation diagram, namely, control canonical
form. The simulation diagram is derived from the general transfer functions of the form
Adbms 39 algorithms for project and set operationsVaibhav Khanna
• Algorithm for SET operations
• Set operations:
– UNION, INTERSECTION, SET DIFFERENCE and CARTESIAN PRODUCT
• CARTESIAN PRODUCT of relations R and S include all possible combinations of records from R and S. The attribute of the result include all attributes of R and S.
• Cost analysis of CARTESIAN PRODUCT
– If R has n records and j attributes and S has m records and k attributes, the result relation will have n*m records and j+k attributes.
• CARTESIAN PRODUCT operation is very expensive and should be avoided if possible.
State-Space Realizations Using Control Canonical Form and Simulation DiagramMIbrar4
State-Space Realizations Using Control Canonical Form and Simulation
Diagram
Objective:
• To compute the Control Canonical Form using MATLAB
• To design the simulation diagram and check it’s any desired Response though the simulation diagram
Theory
we consider the common and useful form of the simulation diagram, namely, control canonical
form. The simulation diagram is derived from the general transfer functions of the form
Adbms 39 algorithms for project and set operationsVaibhav Khanna
• Algorithm for SET operations
• Set operations:
– UNION, INTERSECTION, SET DIFFERENCE and CARTESIAN PRODUCT
• CARTESIAN PRODUCT of relations R and S include all possible combinations of records from R and S. The attribute of the result include all attributes of R and S.
• Cost analysis of CARTESIAN PRODUCT
– If R has n records and j attributes and S has m records and k attributes, the result relation will have n*m records and j+k attributes.
• CARTESIAN PRODUCT operation is very expensive and should be avoided if possible.
Get more from www.programmingcampus.com
Operators in c programming
-definition of operator
-types of operators
1.Arithmetic operators.
2. Relational operators.
3. Logical operators.
4. Assignment operators.
5. Increment & decrement operators.
a. pre and post increment operator
b. pre and post increment operator
6. Conditional operators.
7. Bitwise operators.
8. Special operators
• Operators are needed to transform or manipulate data
• Mathematical computations, comparison of two values or setting initial values of variables are made possible by using arithmetic or relational operators
• Operators are important in that a miscalculation, missed value or wrong comparison may compromise the integrity of a whole module or a whole program
C OPERATORS
The operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical manipulations. C language is rich in built-in operators and provides the following types of operators:
1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Relational Operators
3. Logical Operators
4. Assignment Operators
5. Increment and Decrement Operators
6. Conditional Operators
7. Bitwise Operators
8. Special Operators
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Get more from www.programmingcampus.com
Operators in c programming
-definition of operator
-types of operators
1.Arithmetic operators.
2. Relational operators.
3. Logical operators.
4. Assignment operators.
5. Increment & decrement operators.
a. pre and post increment operator
b. pre and post increment operator
6. Conditional operators.
7. Bitwise operators.
8. Special operators
• Operators are needed to transform or manipulate data
• Mathematical computations, comparison of two values or setting initial values of variables are made possible by using arithmetic or relational operators
• Operators are important in that a miscalculation, missed value or wrong comparison may compromise the integrity of a whole module or a whole program
C OPERATORS
The operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical manipulations. C language is rich in built-in operators and provides the following types of operators:
1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Relational Operators
3. Logical Operators
4. Assignment Operators
5. Increment and Decrement Operators
6. Conditional Operators
7. Bitwise Operators
8. Special Operators
Computer programming:Know How to FlowchartAngelo Tomboc
This topic guides you how to flowchart...What are the symbols. Some mathematical symbols are included to especially equal,more than, less than, not equal, more than or equal to, and less than or equal to. Flowcharting...what is that???Flowcharting is just a building house using your bricks, tools in carpenter, and a blueprint...So, [G]LHF ([G]OOD LUCK HAVE FUN) ^_^
At the end of this lecture students should be able to;
Define the terms operators, operands, operator precedence and associativity.
Describe operators in C programming language.
Practice the effect of different operators in C programming language.
Justify evaluation of expressions in programming.
Apply taught concepts for writing programs.
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2. Contents
• Instructions in C
• Assignment Operation
• Arithmetic Instructions
• Rules & Operators Hierarchy
• Decision Control Instructions (If/Else) & Conditional Operators
• Example
3. Instructions in C
• C programming consists of
• Memory Allocation
• Arithmetic
• Logical Statements and Decisions
• Input and Output
4. Assignment operator
• = is termed as assignment operator
• Any statement that contains = is termed as assignment statement
• int a=23; (an integer space is named as a and a value of 23 is kept in it)
• A=‘b’; (A is now equal to character b)
• A=A+3; (new A is equal to old A plus 3)
6. Arithmetic Instructions
• +, -, *, /, % (modulo||reminder),( and )
• + and – has same importance and it doesn’t follow general
mathematic rules for precedence
• * and / as same importance but are more important and has high
precedence value from + and –
• Braces (); has higher precedence than +, -, * and %
• % has used for finding the remainder
• Assignment statement always follow rules from left to right and once
it applies it for a single arithmetic operator. It starts from left again.
9. Logical Instruction
AND(&&), OR(||), NOT(!), EQUAL(==),
NOT EQUAL,(!=) GREATER(>), LESS(<),
LESS OR EQUAL(<=), GREATER OR EQUAL(>=)
are some instruction used for logical decisions and branching.
• Logical instruction are bitwise comparison based
Example:
if(a>=12){//statement to execute}
if(!x){//statement}
if(x!=1000){x=x+1;}
10. If/Else statement in C Programming
• If checks a special condition
• Here inside If, if some condition meets, the next instruction occurs,
else, the compiler neglects the immediate next instruction
• There are four types of conditional statements
• If
• If and else
• If, else if…
• Nested if (anther if inside if)