Truman attempted to continue FDR's New Deal programs through his "Fair Deal", which aimed to provide economic justice for all citizens. However, he faced significant opposition from Republicans and southern Democrats. Truman was able to win reelection in 1948 in an upset victory. Eisenhower embraced a philosophy of "Modern Republicanism" that advocated for smaller government and lower taxes. As president, he aimed to cut spending but ultimately grew the deficit. In response to the Soviet launch of Sputnik, Eisenhower helped establish NASA and the National Defense Education Act to bolster science and math education.